Water Balance

released from pituitary gland, released in response to low H2O volume in blood

ADH different

related from adrenal gland, released in response to low blood pressure, increased Na reabsorption from the urine, sweat, and gut - H20 is reabsorbed along with the NA+, helps maintain bloods pH and electrolyte levels, part of the renin-angiotensin-aldosteron system

Aldosterone

liver metabolizes the alcohol using an enzyme known as alcohol dehydrogenase to break down the alcohol into acetate, where it is further broken down into carbon dioxide and water. The kidney handles the excess, diluted urine caused by the diuretic effect of alcohol.

Describe the role of at least two other organs or structures that help the body deal with an influx of alcohol

Diuretics cause the kidneys to remove more sodium and water from the body, which helps to relax the blood vessel walls, thereby lowering blood pressure

Diuretics are often prescribed to treat high blood pressure. Given the name of the class of drug, how do you think diuretics affect the kidney, the fluid and electrolyte balance in the body and overall blood pressure?

Cell size responds to tonicity. Osmosis is the passive movement of water across a cell membrane. When body cells are in isotonic solutions the net movement of water is zero, creating a healthy, stable cell. This means the amount of water moving into the cell matches that of the amount of water moving out of the cell. When body cells are in hypertonic solutions the net movement of water is out of the cell, causing it to shrink and shrivel. This is bad because the internal components of the cell will not have enough water to function properly. This can be reversed and typically is not as harmful as hypotonic solutions. When body cells are in hypotonic solutions the net movement of water is into the cell, causing it to expand. This could be deadly if it happens to swell so large that it bursts.

Explain how a shortage of water affects the health of your cells. Make sure to use words such as osmosis, hypertonic solution, hypotonic solution, or isotonic solution in your answer

EXTERMELY rare, extreme result of a bodily imbalance between electrolytes, any substance that ionizes, (the minerals in your blood and body fluid that carry an electric charge) and water, a condition called "hyponatremia." In severe cases of hyponatremia, the kidneys - which help, among other things, to regulate water and electrolyte levels in the body - become overwhelmed. At rest, under normal conditions, your kidneys are a supremely efficient filtration system. Consume water at a faster rate than the kidneys can process it, however, and the excess is driven by osmosis to regions of the body with high electrolyte concentration, beginning with the blood and eventually seeping into the salt-rich interiors of cells throughout the body. The cellular influx of water is manifest as swelling known as edema; the cells of your body become turgid, ballooning and distending with their newly acquired water weight.

Explain how drinking too much water can throw off the electrolyte balance in your blood. How does this imbalance specifically affect the nervous system and the muscular system?

Sweating causes a person to lose water and salt, causing them to become dehydrated if they are not taking in enough water and salt to make up for this loss. This also contributed to Bill's dehydration and subsequent hangover.

Explain the role of sweating in the body. What effect did sweating have on Bill's water balance?

Alcohol also reduces the production of a hormone called vasopressin, also known as ADH (anti-diuretic hormone), which tells your kidneys to reabsorb water rather than flush it out through the bladder. With the body's natural signal switched off, the bladder is free to fill up with fluid.

How are changed in the ADH hormone linked to Bill's symptoms?

•Limited the amount of alcohol he drank; drink water instead of alcohol or at least switch between alcohol and water •Not ran around so much so that there would have been less sweating •Drink Gatorade to replenish both water and electrolytes •Find cooler shelter reduce sweating

How could Bill have prevented his horrible hangover? Explain

Bill became dehydrated because ADH (vasopressin) was suppressed by the alcohol, causing his homeostasis to become out of whack since he was releasing more water than he should have, causing him to become increasingly dehydrated.

How did the events of Bill's day impact his body's ability to conserve and balance water?

Negative because the opposite is attempting to happen. ADH is attempting to conserve water to increase blood volume and raise blood pressure when the blood pressure is too low. Hypotension is currently in place, so blood pressure is trying to increase.

Is the ADH feedback loop an example of positive or negative feedback? Explain

OKAY

LOOK AT KEY FEEDBACK LOOP

Erythropoietin - vital hormone for the production of red blood cells (regulate cardiovascular system) Calcitriol - vital for calcium homeostasis (regulate Skeletal system) and acts to raise plasma calcium levels, Renin - forms a vital part in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, a complex system of hormones and enzymes which raise blood pressure when stimulated by hypotension.

What hormones are produced by the kidney and what function do they serve?

Alcohol is a diuretic. Alcohol also reduces the production of a hormone called vasopressin, which tells your kidneys to reabsorb water rather than flush it out through the bladder. With the body's natural signal switched off, the bladder is free to fill up with fluid. Bill is becoming increasingly dehydrated

Why did Bill keep running to the bathroom? What is happening to his body since he is producing so much urine?

The blood level of ADH would be higher than normal after a 5km run, due to loss of body water in sweat, since ADH is anti-diuretic and the person is trying to conserve as much water as possible.

Would blood ADH levels be higher or lower than normal in a person who just completed a three mile run without drinking any water? Explain

causes water to be reabsorbed along with sodium; this increases blood volume and therefore blood pressure. indirectly regulates blood levels of electrolytes (sodium, potassium and hydrogen) and helps to maintain the blood pH.

aldosterone

adrenal gland

what is this?