Web Accessibility
What does the Three Flashes or Below Threshold web accessibility mandate say?
. A web page shouldn't contain any content that flashes more than three times in any one second period, or the flash is below the general flash and red flash thresholds.
What was decided in the Robles v. Dominos Pizza LLC case?
1. The ADA applies to websites 2. The ADA applies to mobile apps
When was the Rehabilitation Act enacted?
1973
When was the Americans with Disabilities Act enacted?
1990
What percentage of people are estimated to have some sort of disability?
20%
When was the 21st Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act (CCVA) enacted?
2010
About how many web accessibility related lawsuits were filed in 2018 and 2019?
2200
What is the best practice ratio for color contrast between text and background?
4.5 to 1
What does it mean for a website to be accessible?
A disabled person can: Perceive/understand web content Navigate around the web Interact with or use the web Contribute to the web
What does ARIA do?
ARIA adds attributes to existing HTML elements to help identify their role, purpose, and what other elements are connected to it
What does ARIA stand for?
Accessible Rich Internet Applications
What are two examples of level A accessibility modifications?
Alternative text Identifiable link text (ME: Don't be afraid of big links or buttons!)
What are three kinds of visual impairment beyond complete vision loss?
Color blindness Light sensitivity Night blindness
What was the only accessibility-related case for online spaces before Robles v. Dominos Pizza LLC reversed it, and why was it thrown out?
Cullen vs Netflix in 2015, because Netflix isn't a physical place
What are some examples of level AA accessibility features?
Having a label's "for" attribute and corresponding input's "id" attribute Header guidelines: Only ONE h1 per page Proper nesting Descriptive text Use Distinguishable Colors -- Avoid directions that solely rely on recognition of color Use Color Contrast Make sure the site is Keyboard Operable Not everyone has a mouse or trackpad so navigation should be possible with keyboard shortcuts alone No Keyboard Traps -- Some sites have dozens of links in the navbar! Let people out of this "trap" by providing a "skip navigation" or "skip to main content" link at the top of the page! If you have to tab through dozens of links in a navbar in order to get to the main content, that's a pretty terrible experience, even if it's technically accessible given enough determination. We don't want people to struggle through our site, so we can provide a skip link. We can even go so far as to make this link "invisible" to most users.
What does aria-labelledby do?
It connects something to the id of another element that isn't clearly related simply by looking at the HTML alone.
What does the 21st Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act (CCVA) require?
It requires content that is closed captioned on TV to have captions on the web too
What are some reasons for making the web more accessible?
More inclusive Make people feel cared about Benefits for everyone such as faster speed, better SEO Legal compliance Avoid lawsuits Sell products and services to a wider audience
Why is correct use of headers important in regard to web accessibility?
Most screen reader users use header text to parse content
What are some kinds of impairment besides visual impairment that web accessibility measures can help with?
Motor Auditory / Hearing Speech Neurological
What are the three modes of disability?
Permanent Disability Temporary Disability (or Limitation) (ex. injuries or restrictions due to recent surgery) Situational Disability (or Limitation) (Situational disability is also known as conditional disability or a situational limitation)(anything that affects your ability to access a site that isn't a permanent disability)
What precedent was established in the Robles v. Dominos Pizza LLC case?
Persons with disabilities deserve to fully participate in society, even for things that may seem mundane
How do you make sure to make headers that aid in web accessibility?
Proper nesting order for headers is that "h2" must follow an "h1", an "h3" must follow an "h2", and so on. Using the different headers to change the text size should not be the goal! Instead, the headers should have text that describes your content in order of importance. Additionally, avoid making headers that are "hidden" to screen readers by using only bolded text.
What has been a main (but invalid) argument for businesses defending themselves against lawsuits?
That guidelines around accessibility are unclear
What law is the most commonly referred to regarding web accessibility?
The Americans with Disabilities Act
What was the first law (Sec. 508) regarding accessibility for information and communication technology?
The Rehabilitation Act
Which initiative mandates that any visual content should not flash more than three times in a second on a Web page?
The Three Flashes or Below Threshold
What is the current gold standard for web accessibility guidelines?
Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) of the W3C (World Wide Web Consortium)
Why might someone not be able to use a mouse and rely on keyboard shortcuts for navigation?
because of not being on a particular type of device
What is ARIA role for?
defines the purpose.
What does Title III of the Americans with Disabilities Act prohibit?
discrimination based on disability in places of public accommodation including private businesses
To what does the Rehabilitation Act apply?
federal government jobs and contractors
Stack overflow for having text only accessible by screen readers
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/26032089/in-html-how-can-i-have-text-that-is-only-accessible-for-screen-readers-i-e-fo#:~:text=visibility%3A%20hidden%3B%20and%2For%20display%3Anone%3B&text=The%20text%20is%20removed%20from,is%20ignored%20by%20screen%20readers.&text=But%20DO%20use%20it%20for,want%20read%20by%20screen%20readers.
What is a good resource for checking that the level of contrast of colors matches the 4.5 to 1 standard?
https://webaim.org/resources/contrastchecker/
What protections does the Rehabilitation Act contain?
protections against discrimination due to disability
What kind of situational limitation would cause you to make a faster website for?
unreliable Internet
