Week 1
31) Eccrine sweat glands ________. A) are most common in the axilla B) are the same as apocrine glands C) function in thermoregulation D) are usually attached to hair follicles E) produce a potentially odorous secretion
C
62) Which type of cell junction attach an epithelial cell to extracellular structures. A) Hemidesmosomes B) Spot desmosomes C) Gap junction D) Tight junction E) All of these choices are correct
A
63) Skeletal muscle tissue contains large fibers that are ________. A) multinucleated B) involuntary C) nonstriated D) controlled by pacesetter cells E) connected by intercalated discs
A
69) Which of the following events occur during metaphase? A) Centromeres move along the chromosomal microtubules to a narrow central zone. B) Microtubules form the spindle apparatus. C) Daughter chromosomes move toward the opposite ends of the cell. D) Centrioles move apart. E) All of the answers are correct.
A
7) The epidermis is primarily composed of which type of epithelium? A) stratified squamous B) stratified cuboidal C) simple squamous D) simple columnar E) transitional
A
8) The presence of large numbers of microvilli on the exposed surfaces of epithelial cells indicates that ________. A) it is an area where absorption and secretion occur B) these cells provide energy for transport activities C) these cells are probably located along portions of the respiratory tract from the lungs toward the throat D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct.
A
8) The study of the heart, blood, and blood vessels is which of the following 8) The study of the heart, blood, and blood vessels is which of the following approaches? A) systemic anatomy B) regional anatomy C) developmental anatomy D) surface anatomy E) gross anatomyapproaches? A) systemic anatomy B) regional anatomy C) developmental anatomy D) surface anatomy E) gross anatomy
A
47) In cartilage, ________ growth occurs when stem cells of the inner layer of the perichondrium divide repeatedly; the innermost cells differentiate into chondroblasts that produce new cartilage matrix. A) superficial B) appositional C) subserous D) interstitial E) synovial
B
5) The epidermis in a section of thin skin includes the following four layers. In what order do these occur, from the basal lamina to the superficial surface? (1) stratum granulosum (2) stratum corneum (3) stratum basale (4) stratum spinosum A) 1, 2, 3, 4 B) 3, 4, 1, 2 C) 4, 3, 2, 1 D) 3, 2, 4, 1 E) 1, 3, 4, 2
B
52) Which membrane is thick, relatively waterproof, and usually dry? A) hypodermis B) cutaneous membrane C) deep fascia D) subserous fascia E) synovial membrane
B
57) The axilla is ________ and ________ to the nasus. A) superior; lateral B) inferior; lateral C) anterior; lateral D) ventral; medial E) posterior; medial
B
57) Why is the skin capable of repair, even after serious damage? A) Individual skin cells have a high metabolic rate. B) Stem cells persist in both the epithelial and connective tissue components. C) Construction of scar tissue is easier than making normal skin. D) All layers of the skin have an excellent blood supply. E) There are abundant fibroblasts in the epidermis.
B
58) The anatomical name for the front of the elbow is ________. A) olecranon B) antecubitis C) carpus D) antebrachium E) manus
B
14) Which of the following terms means two or more layers? A) pseudostratified B) columnar C) stratified D) cuboidal E) simple
C
16) Which type of epithelium lines the renal pelvis, ureters, and urinary bladder? A) cuboidal B) columnar C) transitional D) squamous E) glandular
C
17) Choose the correct arrangement of items 1-5, ranking them from the highest to the lowest level of complexity. (1) organism (2) tissue (3) chemical or molecular (4) cellular (5) organ system A) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 B) 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 C) 1, 5, 2, 4, 3 D) 5, 3, 2, 4, 1 E) 2, 4, 1, 5, 3
C
43) The most widely distributed type of sweat gland on the body is (the) ________. A) apocrine sweat gland B) eccrine sweat gland C) ceruminous gland D) myoepithelial gland E) None of the answers are correct.
B
44) ________ is/are the substance(s) involved in facilitated diffusion. A) Only water B) Glucose and amino acids C) Lipid-soluble materials D) Small organic ions and molecules E) Extracellular fluid
B
2) The integument is separated from the deep fascia around the other organs by (the) ________. A) epidermis B) dermis C) subcutaneous layer D) cutaneous membrane E) None of the answers are correct.
C
2) Which of the following is the study of tissues and groups of specialized cells and cell products that work together to perform specific functions? A) cytology B) anatomy C) histology D) physiology E) embryology
C
20) Unicellular exocrine glands are ________. A) mixed exocrine glands B) connected to a surface by ducts C) also called goblet cells D) arranged in a secretory sheet E) None of the answers are correct.
C
22) An epithelium always has an exposed surface, which is referred to as the ________ surface. A) basal B) lateral C) apical D) intercellular E) basolateral
C
28) The nucleus of a cell ________. A) is completely enclosed with no way in or out B) contains only the DNA C) is surrounded by a double layered membrane D) it contains large proteins that form the chromosomes and are the genetic material for the cell E) has all of these attributes
C
3) Which of the following is a function of the epidermis? A) excretes B) stores lipids C) synthesizes vitamin D3 D) regulates body temperature E) None of the answers are correct.
C
30) Manufactured proteins from the rough endoplasmic reticulum are delivered to the Golgi apparatus by ________. A) cisternae B) bulk transport C) transport vesicles D) ribosomal RNA E) None of the answers are correct.
C
40) The two groups of sweat glands in the skin are ________. A) sebaceous and eccrine B) apocrine and endocrine C) holocrine and endocrine D) eccrine and apocrine E) adrenal and holocrine
D
41) Functions of eccrine sweat glands include which combination of the following? (1) lubricating the skin (2) thermoregulation (3) inhibiting the growth of microorganisms (4) excretion of water, electrolytes, and some drugs A) 1, 2 B) 1, 2, 3 C) 1, 3 D) 2, 3, 4 E) 4, 5
D
43) Small, finger-shaped projections of the plasma membrane are termed ________. A) flagella B) centrioles C) thick filaments D) microvilli E) cilia
D
45) A passive process that involves movement of substances from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration is called ________. A) osmosis B) pinocytosis C) exocytosis D) diffusion E) phagocytosis
D
1) It is important to study the discipline of anatomy because it ________. A) is important to understand the link between human structure and function B) develop a three-dimensional understanding of anatomical relationships C) will assist individuals to make informed decisions about their personal health D) provides a basis for understanding more advanced courses in anatomy, physiology, and related disciplines E) All of the answers are correct
E
1) Which of the following is NOT a primary tissue type? A) Epithelial B) Connective C) Muscle D) Neural E) None of the answers are correct.
E
11) Epithelial cells usually have ________. A) a basal lamina B) unevenly distributed organelles C) apical and basolateral plasma membranes with different associated proteins and functions D) an exposed apical surface E) All of the answers are correct.
E
13) Processes involved in the movement of substances across a membrane at the expense of ATP, via exchange pumps, are classified as ________. A) osmosis B) diffusion C) filtration D) facilitated diffusion E) active transport
E
15) Which of the following is the highest level of organization? A) chemical B) organelles C) cellular D) tissues E) organs
E
18) The basic functions performed by all living humans include(s) ________. A) excretion B) metabolism C) growth and differentiation D) movement E) All of the answers are correct.
E
19) The protein-synthesizing organelles are the ________. A) nucleus B) Golgi apparatus C) mitochondria D) lysosomes E) ribosomes
E
20) The epidermal layer that is found only in thick skin is called ________. A) stratum corneum B) stratum basale C) stratum granulosum D) stratum spinosum E) stratum lucidum
E
22) Growth and differentiation often include ________. A) specialization of individual cells B) increase in cell size C) increase in cell numbers D) changes in form and function E) All of the answers are correct.
E
23) Epithelia ________. A) provide sensation B) control permeability C) protect surfaces D) produce specialized secretions E) All of the answers are correct.
E
25) The major functions of the ________ system are temperature control and protection of the body from the external environmental hazards. A) digestive B) cardiovascular C) urinary D) respiratory E) integumentary
E
1) A passive process that allows passage of small inorganic ions and molecules, gases, and lipidsoluble materials in all cell types is called diffusion.
TRUE
1) Developmental anatomy refers to the study of changes in form over time.
TRUE
12) Cords of dense regular connective tissue that attach skeletal muscles to bones and cartilage are called tendons.
TRUE
13) Relatively long, cylindrical, and multinucleate cells are characteristic of skeletal muscle cells.
TRUE
2) Cellular structures and the functions of major organelles focus attention at the cellular level
TRUE
2) Cuboidal cells resemble little hexagonal boxes, which appear square in typical sectional views.
TRUE
4) In eccrine secretion, secretory products are released from gland cells through exocytosis onto the surface of the cell.
TRUE
5) Active transport is an energy-requiring process whereby ions and possibly other materials are moved across a membrane by carrier proteins, which work despite an opposing concentration gradient.
TRUE
5) Apocrine secretion occurs when gland cells shed the apical portion of their cytoplasm, which has become packed with secretory vesicles.
TRUE
5) Cranial refers to "toward the head.
TRUE
6) Vesicles that contain oxidases and catalase are called peroxisomes
TRUE
7) Holocrine secretion occurs when a gland cell becomes packed with secretory products and then bursts apart; the secretion is released and the cell dies.
TRUE
7) The endoplasmic reticulum is the organelle responsible for the synthesis of secretory products and provides for intracellular storage and transport
TRUE
7) The femur is deep to the surrounding skeletal muscles.
TRUE
8) Gluteus refers to the portion of the body upon which one sits.
TRUE
9) The mitochondrion is enclosed by a double membrane with numerous folds, or cristae, in the inner membrane; the fluid matrix of these organelles contains important metabolic enzymes.
TRUE
9) The supporting structural material of the epiglottis is elastic cartilage.
TRUE
10) Why is it important for all health care professionals to understand anatomical/medical terminology?
: Effective communication begins with speaking, writing, and reading the same language. In effect, anatomy uses a special language that must be learned at the start. Just as an individual who does not speak Spanish is lost in Spain, an individual who does not understand the language of anatomy is lost in the hospital.
11) Gross anatomical specialties include ________. A) radiographic and surgical anatomy B) cytology and embryology C) histology D) radiographic anatomy, surgical anatomy, cytology and embryology E) cytology, histology and embryology
A
12) Carbon dioxide moves through the plasma membrane through the process of ________. A) diffusion B) osmosis C) facilitated diffusion D) active transport E) both diffusion and osmosis
A
12) What type of epithelium makes up the endothelium of blood vessels? A) simple squamous B) stratified cuboidal C) transitional D) simple columnar E) pseudostratified columnar
A
2) Which of the following describes phospholipids in the plasma membrane? A) The phospholipid tails are hydrophobic. B) The phospholipid tails are hydrophilic. C) The phospholipid heads are hydrophobic. D) The phospholipid tails are at the surface. E) The phospholipid heads are on the inside.
A
23) Support, protection of soft tissues, mineral storage, and blood cell formation are all functions of the ________. A) skeletal system B) cardiovascular system C) immune system D) reproductive system E) excretory system
A
26) ________ epithelium is the most delicate type in the body. A) Simple squamous B) Simple cuboidal C) Simple columnar D) Pseudostratified columnar E) Transitional
A
27) Components of the urinary system include ________. A) ureters and kidneys B) liver and pancreas C) thymus and spleen D) bronchi and alveoli E) None of the answers are correct.
A
29) Which of the following is the primary function of the thymus in the lymphatic system? A) controls the development and maintenance of one class of lymphocytes B) engulfs pathogens C) monitors circulating blood D) carries lymph and lymphocytes from peripheral tissues to the veins of the cardiovascular system E) monitors the composition of lymph
A
30) Which of the following is not present in the subcutaneous layer which allows this area to be advantageous for injections? A) vital organs B) capillaries C) adipose D) nerve fibers E) lymphatic vessels
A
31) Most energy storage in the body is accomplished by which of the following cells? A) adipocytes B) melanocytes C) macrophages D) fibroblasts E) lymphocytes
A
36) The ________ system allows for gas exchange between the air and circulating blood. A) respiratory B) urinary C) digestive D) lymphatic E) cardiovascular
A
38) In osmosis, the substance(s) moved across a selectively permeable membrane is/are ________. A) water B) extracellular fluid and its associated solutes C) gases, small inorganic ions and molecules D) glucose and amino acids E) fluid and cellular wastes
A
38) Liposuction is a surgical procedure for reducing subcutaneous ________ tissue. A) adipose B) areolar connective C) reticular D) fibrous cartilage E) dense regular connective
A
41) A(n) ________ consists of 3 fibrous protein subunits wound together like the strands of a rope; it is flexible, yet very strong when pulled by either end. A) collagen fiber B) parenchyma C) elastic fiber D) reticular fiber E) fibroblast
A
44) Tendons, aponeuroses, and ligaments are all composed of ________ connective tissue, which contains tightly packed collagen fibers aligned parallel to applied forces. A) dense regular B) osseous C) cartilaginous D) reticular E) areolar
A
48) Membranes are formed by the combination of which tissues? A) epithelial and connective B) epithelial and muscle C) connective and muscle D) muscle and neural E) connective and neural
A
49) The pericardial cavity contains which of the following? A) heart B) liver C) intestines D) brain E) both the heart and the liver
A
53) A ________ moves a cell through the surrounding fluid, rather than moving the fluid past a stationary cell. A) flagellum B) centriole C) neurofilament D) cilium E) thick filament
A
57) A major function of the Golgi apparatus is ________. A) the synthesis and packaging of secretions B) the renewal or modification of the nuclear envelope C) packaging of lipids for use in lysosomes D) detoxification and neutralization of cellular toxins E) degradation of bacteria and organic debris
A
59) The hips are ________, or inferior, to the shoulders. A) caudal B) ventral C) superficial D) dorsal E) cranial
A
6) The anatomical specialty that refers to the study of general form (or morphology) and superficial anatomical markings is called ________. A) surface anatomy B) comparative anatomy C) regional anatomy D) developmental anatomy E) systemic anatomy
A
60) The layer of dense regular connective tissue that is bound to capsules, tendons, and ligaments is called ________. A) deep fascia B) subserous fascia C) lamina propria D) reticular lamina E) subcutaneous layer
A
61) Muscle tissue located in layers around the digestive tract is called ________. A) smooth muscle B) crenulated muscle C) skeletal muscle D) cardiac muscle E) All of the answers are correct
A
62) Which of the following is characteristic of cardiac muscle tissue? A) consists of a branching network of interconnected muscle cells B) individual cells have many, irregularly shaped nuclei C) can replace cells and regenerate after an injury D) contracts only with nervous stimulation E) also called striated voluntary muscle
A
4) The analysis of the smallest units of life is called ________. A) embryology B) cytology C) physiology D) histology E) morphology
B
42) Which of the following is the most inferior of the nine abdominopelvic regions? A) hypochondriac region B) hypogastric region C) umbilical region D) left lumbar region E) epigastric region
B
10) The most abundant cells in the epidermis are ________. A) melanocytes B) keratinocytes C) Merkel cells D) Langerhans cells E) None of the answers are correct. Answer: B
B
14) What is the term for the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from a low solute concentration to a high solute concentration? A) facilitated diffusion B) osmosis C) filtration D) active transport E) None of the answers are correct.
B
17) The epithelium lining the small intestine of the digestive tract is ________. A) stratified squamous B) simple columnar C) stratified columnar D) simple squamous E) None of the answers are correct.
B
18) Hormones are examples of ________ secretion. A) exocrine B) endocrine C) holocrine D) merocrine E) apocrine
B
19) What is the simplest multicellular exocrine gland called? A) tubular glands B) secretory sheet C) acinar glands D) alveolar glands E) simple coiled tubular
B
2) Which of the following statements about anatomical information is correct? A) Anatomic information is all historical. B) It describes external and internal structures of the body and considers probable function .C) It addresses large body structures visible to the naked eye only. D) Physiology and anatomy are unrelated. E) The study of cells or cytology is useless to anatomy.
B
22) The superficial layer of the dermis consists of ________. A) stratified squamous epithelial tissue B) loose connective tissue C) denser regular connective tissue D) dense irregular connective tissue E) simple cuboidal epithelial tissue
B
25) The blood supply to the skin is called (the) ________. A) brachial plexus B) cutaneous plexus C) celiac plexus D) venous anastomosis E) None of the answers are correct.
B
26) In the nucleus, what is the special protein to which DNA strands are bound? A) tubulin B) histone C) cytokeratin D) actin E) myosin
B
26) The primary site of blood cell production is within the ________. A) cardiovascular system B) skeletal system C) integumentary system D) lymphatic system E) endocrine system Answer: B
B
28) The subcutaneous layer is important in ________. A) connecting the dermis to the epidermis B) stabilizing the position of the skin in relation to underlying tissues C) preventing unacceptable water losses through the skin D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct
B
29) The subcutaneous layer consists of loose connective tissue with abundant ________. A) keratinocytes B) adipocytes C) Merkel cells D) melanocytes E) sebaceous glands
B
29) Which of the following is a vesicle that contains enzymes? A) ribosome B) lysosome C) nucleosome D) chromosome E) hyaluronan
B
3) The branch of science that studies groups of specialized cells and how they work together is called ________. A) physiology B) histology C) anatomy D) cytology E) None of the answers are correct
B
31) Renewal or modification of the plasma membrane is the major function of which organelle? A) lysosomes B) Golgi apparatus C) peroxisomes D) mitochondria E) cytoskeleton
B
31) The process of creating subsequent generations, either unicellular or multicellular, is referred to as ________. A) growth B) reproduction C) metabolism D) differentiation E) responsiveness
B
32) A single layer of dead, keratinized cells at the outer surface of the hair overlap and form the ________. A) cortex B) cuticle C) medulla D) soft keratin E) external root sheath
B
32) The process of cellular specialization to perform particular functions is called ________. A) reproduction B) differentiation C) growth D) irritability E) anabolism
B
33) The type of cartilage that is specialized to resist compression is ________. A) osteocartilage B) fibrous cartilage C) elastic cartilage D) hyaline cartilage E) All of the answers are correct.
B
35) ________ increase surface area to facilitate absorption of extracellular materials. A) Cilia B) Microvilli C) Flagella D) Centrioles E) Mitochondria
B
36) Extracellular fibers and ________ comprise the matrix that surrounds the cells of a connective tissue. A) melanocytes B) ground substance C) fibroblasts D) mesenchymal cells E) neutrophils and eosinophils
B
37) The connective tissue type that has a distinctive population of cells suspended in a fluid matrix is called ________. A) cartilage B) reticular tissue C) blood D) lymph E) osseous tissue
B
39) "Little organs" inside a cell that have specialized functions are called ________. A) glycocalyx B) organelles C) microvillus D) intracellular fluids E) microfilaments
B
61) Peroxisomes function in the ________. A) production of ATP required by the cell B) absorption and breakdown (catabolism) of fatty acids C) movement of materials over the cell surface D) control of metabolism E) synthesis of secretory products
B
62) The ________ abdominopelvic region is sandwiched between the right and left hypochondriac regions. A) umbilical B) epigastric C) hypogastric D) lumbar E) hypochondriac
B
64) Which of these are not an effect of aging? A) epidermis thins B) melanocyte activity increases C) glandular activity decreases D) blood supply decreases E) dermis thins
B
65) Muscle tissue is unique in its ability to ________. A) repair itself after damage B) produce powerful contractions C) transmit electrical impulses D) regulate the composition of interstitial fluid E) All of the answers are correc
B
68) Cytokinesis ________. A) usually begins after metaphase B) separates the daughter cells after mitosis C) is the last phase of mitosis D) initiates the process of mitosis E) All of the answers are correct.
B
7) Which type of anatomy refers to the study of all of the superficial and internal features in a specific area of the body? A) surface anatomy B) regional anatomy C) systemic anatomy D) gross anatomy E) microscopic anatomy
B
71) Which of the following is true of cell division? A) Its importance diminishes after an individual grows to maturity. B) It requires accurate duplication (replication) of the genetic material. C) Each dividing somatic cell produces four daughter cells at the end of cell division. D) Mitosis is the distinct process for producing gametes. E) Protein synthesis in preparation for division occurs during the S phase of interphase.
B
75) In the formation of a(n) ________, the connecting cells disappear, and the cells secrete into blood vessels or into the surrounding tissue fluids. A) loose connective tissue B) endocrine gland C) respiratory epithelium D) exocrine gland E) cutaneous membrane
B
13) Eccrine or merocrine sweat glands are classified as which of the following? A) simple alveolar B) simple tubular C) simple coiled tubular D) simple branched alveolar E) simple branched tubular
C
34) The cell theory states that ________. A) cells are produced by the division of newly synthesized cells B) cells are the largest structural units of life C) cells are structural "building blocks" D) cells perform limited, nonessential functions E) All of the statements are correct
C
35) The ________ system allows for locomotion, provides support, and produces heat. A) integumentary B) skeletal C) muscular D) cardiovascular E) digestive
C
37) Gas exchange is also facilitated by the ________ system, which is responsible for the internal transport of cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes, and gases. A) urinary B) digestive C) cardiovascular D) respiratory E) lymphatic
C
37) The membrane of a cell is composed of a(n) ________ bilayer. A) endoplasmic B) cytoskeleton C) phospholipid D) steroid E) glycolipid
C
38) In the prone position, ________. A) the body faces posteriorly B) the body is lying in anatomical position face up C) the body is lying in anatomical position face down D) the head is turned to the left, and the eyes are closed E) the body is situated facing posteriorly and the eyes are open
C
40) A frontal (coronal) section is in a plane that ________. A) divides the body along the midline B) divides the body into left and right sections C) divides the body into anterior and posterior sections D) divides the body into superior and inferior sections E) divides the body into frontal sections
C
42) Sebaceous glands are often associated with ________. A) nails B) eccrine sweat glands C) hair follicles D) apocrine sweat glands E) All of the answers are correct.
C
44) Cerumen is commonly known as ________. A) salts B) proteins C) earwax D) water E) saliva
C
45) Elastic connective tissues ________. A) are comprised of collagenous sheets or ribbons that resemble flat, broad tendons B) often contain significant numbers of elastic fibers as well as collagen fibers; and usually connect cartilage-to-cartilage, bone to cartilage, or one bone to another bone C) often underlie transitional epithelia; and are also found in the walls of blood vessels and surrounding the respiratory passageways D) are actually cords of dense regular connective tissue that attach skeletal muscles to bones and cartilage E) form an interwoven meshwork and do not show any consistent pattern; it provides strength and support to areas subjected to stresses from many directions
C
47) The thoracic cavity is separated from the abdominopelvic cavity by ________. A) the inferior border of the rib cage B) a sheet of connective tissue C) the diaphragm D) the liver E) None of the answers are correct.
C
50) The hair matrix is a layer of ________. A) loose connective tissue B) apocrine glands C) epithelium D) sebum E) dense connective tissue
C
50) ________ are slender strands, usually composed of the protein actin. A) Microtubules B) Thick filaments C) Microfilaments D) Myosin filaments E) Neurofilaments
C
51) Which of the following organs occupies the pleural cavity? A) trachea B) heart C) lungs D) esophagus E) thyroid gland
C
53) The two layers of a serous membrane are ________. A) pericardial and parietal B) double sheets of peritoneum C) visceral and parietal D) pleural and parietal E) internal and external
C
61) Pain originating from the spleen would most likely be felt in the ________ abdominopelvic quadrant. A) right upper B) right lower C) left upper D) left lower E) left inguinal
C
64) The urinary bladder is located in the ________ cavity. A) abdominal B) thoracic C) pelvic D) mediastinal E) pleural
C
66) In the neck and limbs, the deep fascia ________. A) covers the external surface of the body B) is a layer of loose connective tissue, which prevents the distortion of the delicate lining of organs during movement of muscles or muscular organs C) divides the muscles into compartments or groups that are different functionally and developmentally D) is lined by simple epithelium that performs absorptive or secretory functions E) consists of areolar connective tissue, minimizing friction between opposing surfaces
C
70) Which of the following processes occurs during interphase? A) Chromatid pairs separate. B) Chromatin condenses into chromosomes. C) DNA replicates. D) A cleavage furrow forms. E) The mitotic spindle forms.
C
73) The process that involves the phases prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase is called ________. A) DNA replication B) cytokinesis C) mitosis D) reproduction E) interphase
C
8) Because the plasma membrane restricts some substances and permits others through, it is referred to as being ________. A) structurally rigid B) impermeable C) selectively permeable D) freely permeable E) both structurally rigid and selectively permeable
C
0) Which of the following is NOT a primary function of the kidneys in the urinary system? A) form and concentrate urine B) regulate blood pH and ion concentrations C) perform endocrine functions D) All are primary functions of the kidneys. E) None of the answers are primary functions of the kidneys.
D
10) Which type of epithelium is present where easy exchange of materials out of the blood is most important, such as that in the lining of the heart and all blood vessels? A) stratified squamous B) stratified columnar C) simple cuboidal D) endothelium E) simple columnar
D
15) The extracellular fluid contains high concentration of ________. A) potassium ions B) dissolved and suspended proteins C) amino acids D) sodium ions E) lipids
D
15) Thick skin can be found on the sole and the ________. A) scalp B) back of thorax C) abdomen D) palm E) knee surface
D
20) Which of the following is a non-membranous organelle? A) Golgi apparatus B) mitochondria C) nucleus D) centriole E) All of the answers are correct.
D
20) Which of the following refers to all the chemical operations under way in the body? A) anabolism B) respiration C) absorption D) metabolism E) excretion
D
21) Excretion involves ________. A) changes to adjust to an organism's environment B) creation of a new generation of individuals C) transport of substances within an organism D) elimination of unnecessary or potentially harmful materials metabolic waste from the body E) locomotion of the body
D
21) Exocrine glands, which secrete a watery solution that usually contains enzymes are called ________. A) mucous glands B) endocrine glands C) serous glands D) mixed exocrine glands E) None of the answers are correct.
D
21) Which of the following structures produce black, yellow-brown, or brown pigment? A) tactile corpuscles B) Ruffini corpuscles C) lamellated corpuscles D) melanocytes E) Merkel cells
D
24) Directing immediate responses to stimuli, usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems is the function of the ________. A) integumentary system B) endocrine system C) urinary system D) nervous system E) reproductive system
D
24) Nerve fibers in the skin are found in which of the following layers? A) epidermis B) reticular layer of dermis C) papillary layer of dermis D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct.
D
25) ________ epithelia are quite rare; they are found lining the ducts of sweat glands and in larger ducts of some other exocrine glands, such as mammary glands. A) Simple cuboidal B) Simple squamous C) Stratified columnar D) Stratified cuboidal E) Stratified squamous
D
27) Which cellular operation occurs in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum? A) regulation of protein synthesis B) synthesis of RNA C) DNA replication leading to cell division D) synthesis of carbohydrates and lipids E) synthesis of ribosomes via nucleoli
D
3) In epithelial tissues ________. A) cells that are damaged or lost at the surface cannot be replaced B) cells obtain nutrients via blood vessels found in the tissues C) extracellular fluid or fibers separate the individual cells D) there is little or no intercellular space between the cells E) the organelles and other cytoplasmic components are evenly distributed between the exposed and attached surfaces of the epithelial cells
D
34) The ________ system contains glandular structures that direct long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems. A) nervous B) cardiovascular C) integumentary D) endocrine E) lymphati
D
39) In anatomical position, a person stands with the legs together and the feet flat on the floor. Additionally, the ________. A) hands are raised above the head B) hands are facing posteriorly C) hands are hanging naturally at the person's sides D) hands are at the sides, and the palms face anteriorly E) hands are facing laterally
D
39) The relatively few ________ residing in connective tissues engulf damaged or dead cells or invading pathogens, and release chemicals that attract many more cells to activate the immune system. A) mast cells B) mesenchymal cells C) fibrocytes D) fixed macrophages E) monocytes
D
4) How do peripheral proteins contribute to the structure of the plasma membrane? A) They form a structural element by being embedded in the plasma membrane. B) Some form channels to permit passage of water molecules, ions, and small water-soluble compounds into and out of the cell. C) Some may function as catalysts. D) They are attached to either the inner or outer surface of the membrane. E) None of the answers are correct.
D
49) Mucous membranes ________. A) line the ventral body cavities that are enclosed B) keep connective tissue surfaces moist at all times C) are lined by stratified epithelia that perform absorptive or secretory functions D) line passageways that communicate with the exterior and form a barrier that resists the entry of pathogens E) None of the answers are correct.
D
5) Substances that enter the cell usually do so through the ________. A) cholesterol B) glycocalyx C) glycolipids D) integral proteins E) peripheral proteins
D
5) The discipline that might examine structural interactions within a sheet of muscle tissue, or groups of specialized cells and cell products that work together to perform specific functions, is called ________. A) morphology B) radiology C) embryology D) histology E) cytology
D
50) A person lying down in the anatomical position is said to be ________ when lying face up. A) homeostatic B) prone C) superficial D) supine E) ventral
D
54) ________ are organelles that contain an unusual double-layered membrane, and functions in producing most of the ATP in the body. A) Ribosomes B) Microvilli C) Lysosomes D) Mitochondria E) Endoplasmic reticulum
D
56) Which radiological procedure uses high-frequency sound to produce an echogram? A) CT scan B) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) C) x-ray D) ultrasound E) digital subtraction angiography (DSA)
D
57) Connective tissues form the internal framework of the body that does which of the following? A) provides strength and stability B) maintains the relative positions of internal organs C) provides a route for the distribution of blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct.
D
58) Loose connective tissue layers that lie between deep fascia and serous membranes, and line body cavities is called ________. A) superficial fascia B) intermuscular fascia C) subcutaneous layer D) subserous fascia E) hypodermis
D
58) Which of the following characterizes step 4 of the regeneration of skin after an injury? A) bleeding at the site B) inflammatory response C) granulation tissue formation D) scar tissue formation E) activity leads to collagen fiber appearance
D
59) The superficial fascia, also called the ________, is the layer of loose connective tissue that separates the skin from underlying tissues and organs. A) cutaneous fascia B) dermis C) intermuscular fascia D) subcutaneous layer E) reticular lamina
D
60) ________ are organelles filled with digestive enzymes, which function in the intracellular removal of pathogens and damaged organelles. A) Peroxisomes B) Rough endoplasmic reticulum C) Centrosomes D) Lysosomes E) Mitochondria
D
61) Which of the following effects of aging causes the elderly to be at greater risk of overheating in warm environments? A) thinning of the epidermis of the skin B) a decrease in the number of Langerhans cells C) a decrease in melanocyte activity D) a decrease in glandular activity E) All of the answers are correct
D
62) In older individuals, wrinkling of the skin occurs because of ________. A) thinning of the dermis B) a decrease of elastic fiber network size C) weakening of the integument D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct.
D
65) Organs such as the liver, stomach, and pancreas are located within the ________ cavity, superior to the level of the pelvis. A) dorsal B) pelvic C) abdominal D) cranial E) inguinal
D
67) In correct order from beginning to end, cells undergoing mitosis pass through ________. A) anaphase, prophase, interphase, and telophase B) metaphase, prophase, telophase, and anaphase C) interphase, telophase, metaphase, and prophase D) prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase E) telophase, anaphase, metaphase, and prophase
D
68) Cardiac muscle fibers form extensive connections with one another at specialized regions called ________. A) sarcolemmae B) intermuscular fascia C) soma D) intercalated discs E) striations
D
69) Which of the following is a cell process that receives incoming electrical impulses? A) soma B) neuroglia C) dendrites D) nerve fibers E) axon
D
7) Which of the following exclusively describes stratified epithelia? A) They consist of a single cell layer. B) They always have a free surface exposed to some inner chamber or passageway. C) They are avascular. D) They cover surfaces subjected to mechanical and chemical stress. E) None of the answers are correct.
D
7) Which statement describes how the plasma membrane is used in communication and sensitivity? A) It serves as a storage site for large amounts of proteins for future use by the cell. B) It effectively isolates the cytoplasm from the surrounding fluid environment. C) It serves as an impermeable membrane. D) It acts as a site for the attachment of glycoproteins and glycolipids, which act as receptors for molecules present in the extracellular fluid. E) It provides for specialized connections between neighboring cells, giving tissues a stable structure
D
27) A transitional epithelium ________. A) provides specialized protection along the pharynx, urethra, and anus B) is a simple epithelium whose exposed epithelial cells typically possess cilia C) is usually found where mechanical stresses are severe D) provides limited protection and occurs in regions where absorption and secretion occur E) has a special characteristic that allows for considerable distention of the epithelium without damaging the component cells
E
28) Functions of connective tissue include ________. A) establishing a structural framework for the body B) transporting fluid and dissolved materials from one body region to another C) protecting delicate organs D) supporting, surrounding, and interconnecting other tissue types E) All of the answers are correct.
E
28) Organs systems are a component of the integumentary system which includes ________. A) anatomical units with related functions B) formed by two or more organs C) often large enough to be studied without magnification D) interdependent on each other E) All of the answers are correct.
E
29) Which of the following cells can be found in connective tissue? A) mesenchymal cells B) fibroblasts C) eosinophils D) mast cells E) All of the answers are correct.
E
3) Which epidermal layer is not distinguishable in thin skin, and cells do not stain well in standard histological preparations? A) stratum spinosum B) stratum basale C) stratum corneum D) stratum granulosum E) stratum lucidum
E
32) Which organelle determines the structural and functional characteristics of the cell by controlling protein synthesis, determining what proteins are synthesized, and in what amounts? A) endoplasmic reticulum B) Golgi apparatus C) ribosomes D) mitochondria E) nucleus
E
33) Functions of the hair on the body include ________. A) protecting the skin from ultraviolet radiation B) cushioning blows C) providing insulating benefits D) providing nervous sensation E) All of the answers are correct
E
33) The property of living things to transport food, blood, or other materials inside the body is called ________. A) digestion B) respiration C) catabolism D) growth E) movement
E
33) Which of the following synthesizes the components of ribosomes? A) nuclear envelope B) nuclear pore C) nucleoplasm D) nucleosome E) nucleolus
E
34) Almost all bone surfaces are covered by ________. A) stratified squamous epithelial tissue B) hyaline cartilage C) loose connective tissue D) lacunae E) periosteum
E
35) Which of the following comprises a list of the most closely related connective tissue types? A) adipose tissue, tendon, blood, lymph, bone B) elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage, skin C) tendon, blood, lymph, reticular tissue D) areolar tissue, tendon, bone, cartilage E) reticular tissue, areolar, adipose tissue
E
4) Which feature(s) provides great strength and stability to epithelia? A) intercellular cement B) cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) C) cell junctions D) physical interlocking E) All of the answers are correct
E
40) Dissolved ions and water-soluble compounds cannot cross the ________ portion of a plasma membrane. A) integral protein B) carbohydrate C) peripheral protein D) glycocalyx E) lipid
E
41) Which of the following directional reference pairs consists of anatomical equivalents when referring to the human body? A) distal, medial B) proximal, lateral C) cranial, caudal D) cephalic, posterior E) anterior, ventral
E
42) ________ is highly vascularized, very active biochemically, and its individual cells contain numerous mitochondria, which gives the tissue a deep, rich color. A) Elastic tissue B) Reticular tissue C) White adipose tissue D) Areolar connective tissue E) Brown adipose tissue
E
43) ________ tissue provides a supporting framework of the liver, spleen, bone marrow, and lymph nodes. A) Dense irregular B) Areolar C) Adipose D) Elastic E) Reticular
E
46) The fibers in ________ connective tissue form an interwoven meshwork that does not show any consistent pattern, but maintains tensile strength in all directions. A) reticular B) dense irregular C) periosteal D) areolar E) elastic
E
48) The space that contains organs of the respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive, urine, and reproductive systems is called the ________. A) mediastinum B) pleural cavity C) mesentery proper D) pelvic cavity E) None of these choices are correct.
E
49) Mammary glands are anatomically related to ________. A) sebaceous glands B) merocrine sweat glands C) ceruminous glands D) eccrine sweat glands E) apocrine sweat glands
E
5) Which epithelial feature, dominated by glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and a network of fine microfilaments, functions in providing a barrier that restricts the movement of proteins and other large molecules from the underlying connective tissue? A) basolateral surface B) apical surface C) reticular lamina D) intercellular connections E) basal lamina
E
50) Which of the following describes the major function of serous membranes? A) Each consists of a mesothelium supported by dense connective tissue. B) They line body cavities that communicate with the exterior. C) They are loosely attached to the body wall and to the organs they cover. D) Their parietal and visceral portions never touch. E) Tiny amounts of transudate formed on the surfaces of the membrane reduce friction
E
52) Which of the following is considered a radiological procedure? A) CT (computerized tomography) B) MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) C) ultrasound D) angiography E) All of the answers are correct.
E
54) A transverse section at the level immediately below the nipple would pass through which body cavity(ies)? A) pleural cavities B) pericardial cavity C) abdominal cavity D) pelvic cavity E) both the pleural cavities and the pericardial cavity
E
59) Calluses form when skin is subjected to mechanical stress, and cells in the ________ divide more rapidly. A) stratum corneum B) stratum spinosum C) stratum lucidum D) stratum granulosum E) stratum basale
E
6) The general functions of the plasma membrane include ________. A) physical isolation of the cell contents from the surrounding extracellular fluid B) regulation of exchange of materials with the environment C) sensitivity to changes in the extracellular fluid D) structural support of the cell E) All of the answers are correct.
E
6) Which type of epithelium is found in portions of the respiratory tract and includes a mixture of cell types whose nuclei are situated at varying distances from the surface? A) simple squamous B) simple cuboidal C) stratified columnar D) stratified cuboidal E) pseudostratified columnar
E
60) A ________ section is produced if the body is separated into superior and inferior portions. A) coronal B) medial C) frontal D) parasagittal E) transverse
E
63) At structures called ________, two cells are held together by membrane proteins that function as a narrow passageway, allowing ions, small metabolites, and regulatory molecules to pass from cell to cell.
E
64) Features of smooth muscle tissue include ________. A) its exclusive location in the heart B) multiple nuclei (usually) for each cell C) the presence of striations D) intercalated discs and multinucleated E) having a single nucleus (usually) for each cell and regenerative capabilities
E
70) Neural tissue is characterized by ________. A) extremely long cells B) cells with branching processes C) neuroglia with varied functions D) the ability to transmit electrical impulses E) All of the answers are correct.
E
71) Neuroglia ________. A) provide a supporting framework for neural tissue B) regulate the composition of interstitial fluid C) provide nutrients to neurons D) provide a supporting framework for neural tissue and provide nutrients to neurons E) All of the answers are correct.
E
9) Skin color is due to ________. A) dermal blood supply B) ultraviolet exposure C) melanin D) carotene E) All of the answers are correct.
E
9) Which of the following is a passive process for material movement across a plasma membrane? A) receptor-mediated endocytosis B) phagocytosis C) exocytosis D) active transport E) facilitated diffusion
E
A ________ section through the umbilicus divides the human body into equal left and right portions. A) cross-sectional B) parasagittal C) transverse D) coronal E) midsagittal
E
4) How does improper functioning at the chemical level affect cellular, tissue, organ, and organism function?
Each complex level is totally dependent upon all the levels that are less complex, therefore damage at the level of the smallest structure affects larger and more complex structures throughout the system. For example, the inability of a protein to function in a cell causes improper functioning of the cell. The faulty cell then leads to a tissue that is not fully capable of its functions. The organ is affected by the development of defective tissue. Finally, the entire organism is affected because the organ is not functioning properly
1) Multiple layers of cells, found where mechanical stresses are severe, are called simple cuboidal epithelium
FALSE
10) The anatomical term calcaneus refers to the calf
FALSE
2) A passive process that involves the movement of water (solvent) molecules toward solute concentrations across a membrane is called facilitated diffusion.
FALSE
2) The stratum basale is the layer of cells superficial to the stratum spinosum
FALSE
3) A passive process wherein carrier molecules transport materials down concentration gradients across a membrane is called osmosis.
FALSE
3) Transitional cells are relatively tall, slender cells with nuclei in a narrow band close to the basement membrane.
FALSE
4) Multiple tissues that interact to perform a united group of functions show organization at the organismal level.
FALSE
6) Endocrine secretions are discharged, often through a duct, onto the surface of the skin or on the epithelial lining of an internal passageway that communicates with the exterior
FALSE
8) As the Golgi apparatus loses membrane through generation of vesicles at the cis face, it gains membrane by the fusion of transport vesicles at the trans face
FALSE
9) Facies is the anatomical term, which refers to the chin.
FALSE
6) What is the function of an organ system in the body?
Organ systems are groups of organs that function together to produce coordinated effects, such as the example of the cardiovascular system, which consists of the heart, blood, and the network of blood vessels (circulatory system).
1) How does the regional approach differ from the systemic approach in the study of anatomy
Systemic anatomy considers all of the components of each organ system simultaneously, regardless of body location. Regional anatomy considers all of the superficial and internal structures in a specific area of the body, regardless of the organ system
