Week 12 Chp 14 & 15 Demonstration, Verbal Instruction & Augmented Feedback
The statement _____ is an example of a verbal cue.
"follow the ball till it reaches the bat"
(A descriptive knowledge of performance statement) -A prescriptive knowledge of performance statement
(More helpful for more advanced performers) -More helpful for beginners
(When a person's performance is not acceptable) -When a person's performance is acceptable
(feedback is given) -Feedback is not given
A benefit of using verbal cues is that a person does not need to give attention to a large number of verbal instructions and can _____.
focus attention on the important perceptual and movement components of the skill
One way to use verbal cues is to give cues to help learners _____.
focus on critical parts of skills
One proposed benefit of using unskilled demonstrators is that it discourages imitation of a skilled model's performance of the skill and encourages _____.
the observer to engage in more active problem solving
According to the dynamic view of modeling, an individual does not need to transform the information received via the visual system into a cognitive code and store it in memory because _____.
the visual information directly provides the basis for coordination and control of the various body parts required to produce the action
The action effect hypothesis proposes that actions are best planned and controlled by _____.
their intended effects
In the context of augmented feedback, what are the benefits of knowledge of results (KR) for skill learning for learners? (Check all that apply.)
-It establishes a discovery learning practice environment. -It encourages trial-and-error problem-solving activities.
Which of the following are indicated by the need, or lack of need, for augmented feedback to acquire motor skills? (Check all that apply.)
-It tells much about what characterizes the human learning system. -It reveals how the human learning system functions to acquire new skills.
What are the roles of augmented feedback in the skill learning process? (Check all that apply.)
-To facilitate achievement of the action goal of a skill -To motivate a learner to continue striving toward a goal
In the context of augmented feedback, in which of the following conditions is knowledge of performance (KP) beneficial for skill learning. (Check all that apply.)
-When skills must be performed according to specified movement characteristics -When knowledge of results (KR) is redundant with task-intrinsic feedback
Identify an example of knowledge of results (KR) in the context of augmented feedback.
A coach informs the sprinter that she finished the first lap in 11 seconds.
Identify the situation in which the performer is unable to use important task-intrinsic feedback effectively because the skill performance context does not make critical sensory feedback available to him or her.
A golfer who hit a shot but cannot spot where the ball landed as it is too far
In the context of augmented feedback, identify an example of knowledge of performance.
A gymnast watches videotape replays of the moves she executed during a performance.
Which of the following is an example of knowledge of results (KR)?
A person monitors the distance covered by him or her while running on a treadmill.
Identify an example of augmented feedback through manual guidance.
A teacher holds a student's hand and helps him or her to form letters.
Which of the following is a consequence of people practicing and using verbal cues?
An association develops between the cue and the act it prompts.
_____ is a generic term that describes information about a performance that supplements sensory feedback and comes from an external source.
Augmented feedback
Identify an example of qualitative augmented feedback.
Computer display that shows the kinematic motion of a gymnast
In an origami class, students are instructed by their teacher to create various structures using colored paper. The teacher guides and corrects the students from time to time while they are at work. Identify the type of feedback provided to the students in this scenario.
Concurrent augmented feedback
Sarah is a dance teacher. She usually corrects her students by providing instructions to them while they are performing. In this scenario, identify the type of feedback provided by Sarah.
Concurrent augmented feedback
Identify an example of quantitative augmented feedback.
Distance covered by a partially paralyzed patient
At which stage do people give attention primarily to the qualitative augmented information, even if they have quantitative information available?
During the early stage of learning
True or false: Verbal cues are used to obtain complete information about a required skill or the results expected.
FALSE
True or false: Practice condition characteristics do not influence the need for augmented feedback.
False
Which of the following statements is true of augmented feedback?
It can hinder a learning process by creating dependency.
Which of the following statements is true of augmented feedback?
It enhances task-intrinsic feedback.
Which of the following statements is true of augmented feedback?
It helps a person achieve a skill goal more quickly or more easily.
In the context of augmented feedback, which of the following is true about error information?
It is effective for facilitating skill learning.
Identify a true statement about the significance of knowledge of results (KR).
It tells performers whether they have achieved a performance goal.
Which of the following is a true statement about the point-light technique?
Lights are placed on the joints of a person.
In a ballet training class, the trainer corrects the trainee dancers and points out their errors only if they make more than 10 errors per class. At other times, the trainer accepts their errors as part of the learning process. Identify the technique used by the trainer in this scenario.
Performance bandwidth technique
When applied to the use of demonstration, Gentile's view of the first stage of learning suggests that it is beneficial to demonstrate a skill _____.
before the person begins practicing it
Why will a beginner have difficulty paying attention to more than one or two verbal instructions on how to perform a skill?
The beginner will need to divide attention between remembering the instructions and actually performing the skill.
A generic term that describes information people receive about their performance of a motor skill during or after the performance is _____.
feedback
In the experiment conducted by Blais (1991), three groups of participants received verbal instructions that emphasized being accurate, being fast, or being both accurate and fast while performing a task. After five days of practice, when the participants were asked to emphasize both speed and accuracy, which participants had the fastest average overall response time?
The participants who were initially asked to focus on accuracy
According to Cutton and Landin's research example, which of the following was true of students who used verbal cues?
They learned tennis groundstrokes better than those who did not use the cues.
Which of the following is a feature of verbal cues?
They prompt key movement components of skills.
True or false: Cognitive processing serves as a mediator between the perception of movement information and the performance of the skill.
True
True or false: To understand the neural basis for observation learning, it is important to determine the presence of mirror neurons in the human brain.
True
_____ are verbal descriptions designed to highlight the similarities between two things.
Verbal analogies
Mirror neurons belong to which specific class of neurons in the brain?
Visuomotor neurons
Ismael is a physical therapist. Identify a condition in which he should use knowledge of performance (KP) as a source of augmented feedback while treating his patients.
When the goal of an action is to produce a specific kinematic, kinetic, or muscle activity profile
The _____ predicts that actions will be more effective when a person focuses his or her attention on the intended outcomes of an action, rather than on the movements required by the skill.
action effect hypothesis
Providing only knowledge of results (KR) is likely to ensure that learners _____.
adopt an external focus of attention
Results of the research by Adams and others have consistently shown that beginners who observe other beginners practicing a skill will perform _____.
at a higher level when they begin to perform than the beginners they observed
An instructor should be aware of various important considerations when giving verbal instructions including a person's _____.
attention capacity limits
In the context of the subprocesses that govern observational learning, the importance of the _____ for learning makes it important to direct full focus to a demonstration rather than merely observing it.
attention process
In the experiment by Wuyts and Buekers (1995), where participants with no prior dance or music experience learned a sequence of thirty-two choreographed steps, they demonstrated the benefits of _____.
auditory modeling in the learning of a rhythmic sequence of dance steps
The experiment by Doody, Bird, and Ross (1985), where the task required people to perform a complex sequential movement with one hand in a criterion movement time of 2.1 sec, showed the effectiveness of _____.
auditory modeling when the goal is a specific movement time
During a soccer training session, Maya's coach instructs her to improve her pullbacks and scissors for better performance. Consequently, she is able to monitor her moves better than earlier. In this scenario, the type of feedback provided by Maya's coach is an example of _____ feedback.
augmented
The experiment by Schoenfelder-Zohdi, in which subjects practiced the slalom ski simulator task, provides evidence to support the expectation that the learners' pattern of relative motions _____.
changes after they have viewed a skilled demonstration
Researchers Magill and Schoenfelder-Zohdi have pointed out that the influence of demonstration on skill acquisition depends on the _____.
characteristics of the skill being learned
The _____ proposes that when a person observes a model, he or she translates the observed movement information into a symbolic memory code that forms the basis of a stored representation in memory.
cognitive mediation theory
By highlighting similarities to something a person already knows and understands, verbal analogies help individuals to _____.
comprehend something they have not encountered before
When applied to the use of demonstration, Gentile's view of the first stage of learning suggests that the instructor should _____.
continue demonstrating during practice as frequently as necessary
Research has shown that based on point-light displays, observers are able to _____.
detect a range of different movements and different movement characteristics
A motor skill experiment was conducted on middle-school students. The students were instructed to press a buzzer provided on their desks as soon as their names were announced. The time interval between the announcement of the names and the pressing of buzzers by the students was noted. In this scenario, the students could perform the task without augmented feedback because of the presence of a(n) _____.
detectable external referent
Research has shown that observers perceive and use, from a demonstration, the invariant relative motions that characterize the coordinated movement pattern to _____.
develop his or her own movement patter to perform the skill
In the experiment by Schoenfelder-Zohdi, a kinematic analysis of limb movements showed that unlike the participants who had not observed the skilled demonstration, those who had observed the demonstration _____.
developed coordinated movement patterns earlier in practice
One of the important conclusions found through the research by Hoenkamp and others on the perception of human movement is that people can recognize _____ without seeing the entire body or all the limbs move.
different gait patterns accurately and quickly
One of the downsides of providing skilled demonstration for teaching motor skills is that it _____.
does not necessarily represent the ideal form for every learner.
The _____ states that the visual system is capable of automatically processing visual information in a manner that constrains the motor control system to act according to what the visual system detects.
dynamic view of modeling
When teaching a skill that requires both accuracy and speed, an instructor should _____.
emphasize movement accuracy during the initial practice and the speed component at a later stage
Richard Masters and his colleagues have argued that movement analogies are effective instructional strategies because they _____.
encourage implicit learning
One way of giving verbal instructions to direct attention to movement outcomes involves instructions presented in a way that _____.
establishes a discovery learning situation
An important function of instructions is to direct learners' attention to focus on the _____.
features of a skill or environmental context that will enhance their performance of the skill
In the context of the point-light technique, Hoenkamp, using a computer simulation, showed that the movement characteristic people use to identify different gait patterns is not any one kinematic variable, but the ratio of the time duration between the _____.
forward and return swings of the lower leg
One way of implementing verbal cues is to _____.
give the cues along with a demonstration
From a practical perspective, determining the necessity for augmented feedback for skill learning can serve to _____.
guide the development and implementation of effective instructional strategies
In the context of understanding the neural basis for observational learning, researchers noted that during observation, specific areas activated in the _____, but not during the movement imitation.
inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), which is in the inferior frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex
In the context of observational learning, research evidence has shown that observers perceive from the demonstration _____.
information about the coordination pattern of a skill
One of the important conclusions found through the research by Hoenkamp and others on the perception of human movement is that the most critical information people perceive in order to distinguish one type of gait pattern from another is the _____.
invariant relative time relationship between two components of the gait
Brad is a baseball coach to a high school team. He monitors the players to ensure that they consistently improve their performance. He also records their matches so that he, along with the players, can watch and analyze the moves of each player. In this scenario, Brad's approach of providing information is an example of _____.
knowledge of performance
In the context of the types of augmented feedback, information about the movement characteristics that led to an execution outcome is known as _____.
knowledge of performance
In the context of practice condition characteristics that influence the need for augmented feedback, an observational learning situation is one in which a(n) _____.
learner observes a skilled model perform a skill
In an experiment by Masser, when verbal cues were given to learners, these learners _____.
maintained the acquired skill even after practice
Learning a skill by observing a person perform the skill is known as _____ learning.
observational
During a physical therapy session, patients are interrupted and corrected by the therapist when they make more than ten errors in an hour. If the frequency of errors per hour is less than ten, then no feedback is provided to them. Identify the technique the physical therapist implements in this scenario.
performance bandwidth technique
Using the _____, researchers have identified the relative information involved in the visual perception of human movement.
point-light technique
Performers can use verbal cues while performing to _____.
prompt themselves to attend to or perform key aspects of skills
An advantage of qualitative augmented information during the preliminary stages of skill learning is that it _____.
provides an easier way to make a first approximation of a required movement
If information refers to the quality of a performance characteristic without regard for the numerical values associated with it, it is known as______augmented feedback.
qualitative
If an augmented feedback involves a numerical value related to the magnitude of some performance characteristic, it is known as____augmented feedback
quantitative
The importance of the selective attention problem in motor skills development relates to a critical goal of Gentile's initial stage of learning, which is to learn the _____.
regulatory conditions that direct the movements required to achieve the action goal of a skill
In the context of the types of performance-related information available to motor skill performers, the _____ system of the body can provide task-intrinsic feedback.
sensory
The most important characteristic that determines whether a demonstration will be beneficial is whether the _____.
skill being learned requires the acquisition of a new pattern of coordination
According to Rothstein and Arnold (1976), a critical factor for determining the effectiveness of video replays as an instructional aid is the _____.
skill level of a learner
S. Higgins (1991) has argued that providing learners with other people's solutions to movement problems, via demonstrations, can _____.
subvert the problem solving that is central to learning
Ken is a shooter. He experiences a jerk in his shoulder due to the gun's recoil as the trigger is pulled. In this scenario, the type of feedback received by Ken is an example of _____ feedback.
task-intrinsic
The sensory-perceptual information that is a natural part of performing a skill is known as _____ feedback.
task-intrinsic
Dependence on augmented feedback is most likely to occur when _____.
task-intrinsic feedback is minimal
One of the problems that arises with the use of verbal knowledge of performance is determining _____.
the appropriate content
In the context of understanding the neural basis for observational learning, research by Catmur, Walsh, and Heyes showed that automatic imitation of finger movements is disrupted by _____.
theta-burst transcranial magnetic stimulation of the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG)
According to the results of an experiment by Butler, Reeve, and Fischman, the performance bandwidth technique leads to better learning if participants know in advance that not receiving knowledge of results means that _____.
they are essentially correct
While practicing for an upcoming baseball game, the coach of team A prompts the batter by saying "Keep your eye on the ball." In this scenario, the coach is using a _____.
verbal cue
Practitioners give _____ often because it gives people more information to help them improve the movement characteristics that underlie skilled performance.
verbal knowledge of performance
An issue associated with attention and the content of instructions relates to the selective attention problem of _____.
what in the environment to look for that will help perform a skill
A key point with regard to the content of instructions relates to attention and consciousness as attention can be either conscious or nonconscious, with the person being either aware or not aware of _____.
what is being attended to
