Week 2 - External respiration

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Largest component to air

Nitrogen

What is the air pressure at sea level?

760 mmHg

When oxygen is low, bronchioles will slightly (dilate/constrict), and when oxygen is high, bronchioles will slightly (dilate/constrict).

dilate; constrict

Pulmonary capillaries will respond to oxygen by (constricting/dilating) to increase oxygenation and (constricting/dilating) to reduce oxygenation.

dilating; constricting

What is the protein that helps keep alveoli open?

elastin

The diffusion of oxygen from alveoli into low oxygenated blood coming from the right heart, and the diffusion of that CO2 into the low CO2 compartment inside the alveolus is called ____.

external respiration

Mucus and fluids that are obstructing the airway may (increase/decrease) blood flow to a region, but overall the overall reoxygenation of arterial blood will be (increased/reduced) since air is being obstructed from the mucus and fluids.

increase; reduced

In a highly oxygenated region of the body, an (increase/decrease) in blood flow occurs via (vasoconstriction/vasodilation).

increase; vasodilation

Ventilation perfusion matching (increases/decreases/does not alter) the efficiency of oxygenation of the blood.

increases

When a standing person has increased air flow, which regions of the lungs will get more air?

lower

V/Q mismatch creates (more/less/does not alter) physiologic dead space.

more

A lung infection, such as pneumonia, causes _____, which is when blood flow is normal or may even be increased for some reasons, but air is obstructed from getting into the alveoli.

shunting

Decreased airflow, which reduces the partial pressure of oxygen in a certain region, is going to cause _____ of the pulmonary vessels to decrease blood flow to that area.

vasoconstriction

When oxygen is low, you're going to reduce blood flow to that region by ____.

vasoconstriction

If oxygen is high, you can add more blood to that region by ______.

vasodilation

What important action/s does gravity influence in terms of external respiration?

ventilation and perfusion

What term describes when arterioles in different regions of the lung respond to local oxygen concentration with vasoconstriction when oxygen is low and vasodilation when oxygen is high?

ventilation perfusion matching

External respiration involves the gas exchange at the ______.

alveolar surface

The trachea, the bronchi, the bronchioles, and also the nasal and oral cavities represent ____ in a healthy person.

anatomic dead space

Mucus, diminished surfactant concentration, and decreased alveolar surface area contribute to the ______.

barriers of gas exchange

CO2 that is exhaled comes from the ____.

blood in pulmonary arteries

CO2 represents the waste product of what biochemical process?

cellular metabolism

Partial pressure of water vapor in the lungs

3 to 4 mmHg

Partial pressure of CO2 in the air

0.3 mmHg

After inspiration, there is about ____ of oxygen in the alveolus which will diffuse across into the pulmonary blood, which generally has about ____ of oxygen.

100 mmHg; 40 mmHg

Partial pressure of oxygen in air

159 mmHg

T or F: Oxygen and nitrogen are extremely blood soluble

F

T or F: fluid collection assists in alveolar diffusion

F

T or F: gases in solution are all equally soluble

F

T or F: in a healthy person, anatomic dead space is the same thing as physiologic dead space

F

Why is a bit of inhaled oxygen lost in the conducting zone?

It is displaced from water vapor

What term refers to the concentration of different gases in a mixture?

Partial pressure

T or F: CO2 is extremely blood soluble

T

T or F: gravity influences air and blood coming to the lungs at all times

T

T or F: the respiratory membrane is highly permeable to O2

T

A region where there's ventilation, but there's no blood flow is an example of _____.

pulmonary embolism

A person standing upright will have ____ ventilation in the upper parts of the lung compared to the lower parts of the lung.

reduced


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