Week 3 - Set #2 - Package Managers, etc. - OS Power User

What are some examples of how devices appear in Linux?

/dev/sda /dev/sdb /dev/sdc

How does PnP work?

1) Windows looks for hardware ID 2) OS searches for the correct driver starts with local list of well-known driver and expands to Windows update or driver store if needed; user may also have installation disk with appropriate drivers 3) Windows installs driver software

What are components of a simple package install in Linux?

1) app code 2) README 3) setup code

What are two ways that you can use Chocolatey to install packages?

1) install the Choclatey command line tool and run it directly from your PowerShell CLI 2) use the package management feature in PowerShell and specify that the source of the package should be the Choclatey repository Example: Install-Package -Name sysinternals To check if it installed: Get-Package -Name sysinternals

What are some ways you can get to Device Manager in Windows?

1) open up the Run dialog box and type in devmgmt.msc 2) right-click on This PC, select Manage, and click on the Device Manager option in the left-hand navigation menu

In Linux, what should you do before installing new software?

1) run APT update to make sure you're getting the most up-to-date software in your repositories; sudo apt update 2) run APT upgrade to install any available updated packages on your machine sudo apt upgrade

How can you get the latest package updates?

1) use apt update 2) use apt upgrade

apt or advanced package tool

a package manager for the Ubuntu operating system; installs package dependencies, makes it easier to find packages that we can install, cleans up packages we don't need, and more

How can you configure Windows Update settings with Windows 10?

Instead of downloading a handful of independent updates that you can choose to apply or not apply to your computer, updates are cumulative; . Each month a package of updates and patches is released that supersedes the previous month's updates.

Personal Package Archive (PPA)

a software repository for uploading source packages to be built and published as an Advanced Packaging Tool (APT) repository by Launchpad

hardware ID

a special string of characters assigned by vendors or computer hardware manufacturers to identify their devices

on Linux, where do you add a package or repository link?

The repository source file in Ubuntu: cat /etc/apt/sources.list

Device Manager

Utility to examine and configure all the hardware and drivers in Windows

security patch

a "fix" or improvement in software code to deal with vulnerabilities

What are MSI files composed of?

a combination of databases that contain installation instructions in different tables along with all the files, objects, shortcuts, resources and libraries the program will need all grouped together; Windows installer uses info stored in tables to guide how the installation should be performed, the proper placement of files and application data, and keeps track of all the actions it takes (and creates a separate set of instructions to undo them so users can uninstall the program).

NuGet

a free and open-source package manager designed for Microsoft; sits inside Chocolately (like nouggat inside a candy bar). NuGet is designed to allow you to easily add code libraries to your project. Things like JSON.NET, Entity Framework, etc.

Chocolatey

a third party package manager for Windows that lets you install Windows applications from the command line; execution program for NuGet; Chocolatey built on top of the NuGet package system, but it is designed to fill a different need. Chocolatey wraps up applications and other executables and makes it easy to install them on your computer. For example, tools like Git and Notepad++, etc. can be easily installed with a command like: cinst git

data block

a unit of data storage

Process Monitor

an advanced monitoring tool for Windows that shows real-time file system, Registry and process/thread activity

kerner module

code that can be loaded into the kernel image at will, without requiring users to rebuild the kernel or reboot their computer; device driver is one type and can be installed just like other software in Linux

udev (userspace /dev)

device manager for Linux kernel; primarily manages device nodes in the /dev directory; provides only the nodes for the devices actually present on a system

pseudo devices

device nodes that don't necessarily correspond to physical devices; common ones include: /dev/null /dev/random /dev/zero /dev/full

block devices

devices like USB drives, hard drives, and CD-ROMs which transfer blocks of data; in output code, you will see it in first bit as "b"

character devices

devices such as a keyboard or mouse, which transmit data character by character; in output code, you will see it in first bit as "c"

apt -help command

earn more about the commands available with apt (list packages, search packages, get more information about packages, etc.)

How can you configure Windows Update settings prior to Windows 10?

enter "updates" in the search box and go to Windows Update setting to check for new updates or look at the history of updates installed to update settings (like choosing how and when to install updates), click advanced options

How does Linux connect hardware devices?

hardware devices are treated as files; When a device is connected to your computer, a device file is created in the /dev directory

Where are device drivers stored in Linux?

in the kernel; when you plug in a device it automatically works unless it doesn't have support built into the kernel

README

information about a file

package manager

makes sure that the process of software installation, removal, update, and dependency management is as easy and automatic as possible

SD devices

mass storage devices like our hard drives, memory sticks, etc.

Orca.exe

part of the Windows SDK or software development kit; helps you edit or create Windows installer packages

PnP

plug n play system Windows uses to automatically detect new hardware plugged into your computer. It then recognizes and installs the appropriate software to manage it.

How do you view what kernel version you have?

the uname command gives us the system information; if you use the dash r flag for kernel release, you'll see what kernel version you have. Example: uname -r outputs: 4.10.0-28-generic

Windows Update Client service

runs in the background on your computer to download and install updates, and patches for your operating system

setup script

script file that runs tasks on the computer in order to set up the package; tells how to install package

Microsoft CIS internals toolkit

shows any activity the installation executable is taking, like the files it writes and any process activity it performs

How would you install the open source graphical editor, Gimp, using APT?

sudo install apt gimp

How would we remove Gimp, using APT?

sudo remove apt gimp

What does it mean if you see an A after and SD when looking at devices in Linux?

the device was detected by the computer first

How do you update the operating system in Linux?

the kernel; kernel developers regularly include security patches, new features, and fixes for bugs in their updates

How can you interact directly with Windows drivers?

through the Device Manager console, you can expand any of the categories in the Device Manager to view the devices inside them; right-click to open up a menu with options: 1) update driver 2) uninstall device 3) scan for hardware changes 4) open properties box to see details about the device and its driver (manufacturer, driver version, etc.)

apt update command

updates the list of packages in your repositories, so you get the latest software available, but it will NOT install or upgrade packages for you.

How can you uninstall a package?

use Uninstall-Package Example: Uninstall-Package -name sysinternals

How do you update the kernel and other packages?

use the apt command with the full-upgrade option; Note: Before running this command, remember to update your application source with apt update. Example: sudo apt update sudo apt full-upgrade If there's a new version of the kernel Available it will install it for us. Once you reboot the computer, you can start using it. You can verify the latest kernel is being used with the uname dash r command.

driver

used to help hardware devices interact with the operating system

Launchpad

website owned by the organization, Canonical Limited; allows open source software developers to develop, maintain, and distribute software; use caution when using a PPA instead of the original developer's repositories since PPA software isn't as vetted as sources like Ubuntu and may contain defective or malicious software.

apt upgrade command

will install any outdated packages for you automatically