Week 5

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is a sleep stage characterized by (1) eye movements, (2) , and (3) muscle tone

(1)quick, fast (2) dreaming (3) low

sleepwalking:

(also, somnambulism) sleep disorder in which the sleeper engages in relatively complex behaviors

Based on the slides you have just viewed, identify the independent variable or variables in this study. You may choose one or more than one option below.

1.) Orientation of the bar 2.) Presence or absence of TMS pulse

A circadian rhythm is a biological clock that dictates fluctuations in heart rate, blood pressure, blood sugar, and body temperature over roughly

24 hrs

Adults generally need ________ hours of sleep.

7-9

Sedative-Hypnotics ("Depressants")

Alcohol, barbiturates (e.g., secobarbital, pentobarbital), Benzodiazepines (e.g., Xanax) Decreased heart rate, blood pressure Low doses increase relaxation, decrease inhibitions. High doses can induce sleep, cause motor disturbance, memory loss, decreased respiratory function, and death.

One of the recommendations that therapists will make to people who suffer from insomnia is to spend less waking time in bed. Why do you think spending waking time in bed might interfere with the ability to fall asleep later?

Answers will vary. One possible explanation might invoke principles of associative learning. If the bed represents a place for socializing, studying, eating, and so on, then it is possible that it will become a place that elicits higher levels of arousal, which would make falling asleep at the appropriate time more difficult. Answers could also consider self-perpetuating cycle referred to when describing insomnia. If an individual is having trouble falling asleep and that generates anxiety, it might make sense to remove him from the context where sleep would normally take place to try to avoid anxiety being associated with that context.

Which of the following is true about REM sleep?

Both that it occurs latter at night and that it accounts for about 20-55% of our total sleep time

What did Sigmund Freud believe about dreams?

Both that they can be analyzed in order to understand unconscious needs and desires and that the primary function of dreams is wish fulfillment (the idea that dreaming allows us to act out the desires that we must repress during the day).

Individual differences in circadian rhythms are known as a person's

Chronotype

Alcohol, barbiturates, and benzodiazepines are central nervous system depressants that affect GABA neurotransmission. cocaine...

Cocaine, amphetamine, cathinones, and MDMA are all central nervous stimulants that agonize dopamine neurotransmission, while nicotine and caffeine affect acetylcholine and adenosine, respectively. Opiate drugs serve as powerful analgesics through their effects on the endogenous opioid neurotransmitter system, and hallucinogenic drugs cause pronounced changes in sensory and perceptual experiences. The hallucinogens are variable with regards to the specific neurotransmitter systems they affect.

Stimulants

Cocaine, amphetamines (including some ADHD medications such as Adderall), methamphetamines, MDMA ("Ecstasy" or "Molly"). Increased heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature. Increased alertness, mild euphoria, decreased appetite in low doses. High doses increase agitation, paranoia, can cause hallucinations. Some can cause heightened sensitivity to physical stimuli. High doses of MDMA can cause brain toxicity and death.

Substance use disorder is defined in

DSM-5 as a compulsive pattern of drug use despite negative consequences. Both physical and psychological dependence are important parts of this disorder.

Symptoms of ________ may be improved by REM deprivation.

Depression

Generally, humans are considered diurnal which means we are awake during the day and asleep during the night. Many rodents, on the other hand, are nocturnal. Why do you think different animals have such different sleep-wake cycles?

Different species have different evolutionary histories, and they have adapted to their environments in different ways. There are a number of different possible explanations as to why a given species is diurnal or nocturnal. Perhaps humans would be most vulnerable to threats during the evening hours when light levels are low. Therefore, it might make sense to be in shelter during this time. Rodents, on the other hand, are faced with a number of predatory threats, so perhaps being active at night minimizes the risk from predators such as birds that use their visual senses to locate prey.

Some people claim that sleepwalking and talking in your sleep involve individuals acting out their dreams. Why is this particular explanation unlikely?

Dreaming occurs during REM sleep. One of the hallmarks of this particular stage of sleep is the paralysis of the voluntary musculature which would make acting out dreams improbable.

What does the activation-synthesis theory propose about dreaming?

Dreams are the interpretation of the random firing of neurons in our brain stem

Why are programs designed to educate people about the dangers of using tobacco products just as important as developing tobacco cessation programs?

Given that currently available programs designed to help people quit using tobacco products are not necessarily effective in the long term, programs designed to prevent people from using these products in the first place may be the best hope for dealing with the enormous public health concerns associated with tobacco use.

Healthcare professionals often work rotating shifts. Why is this problematic? What can be done to deal with potential problems?

Given that rotating shift work can lead to exhaustion and decreased mental efficiency, individuals working under these conditions are more likely to make mistakes on the job. The implications for this in the health care professions are obvious. Those in health care professions could be educated about the benefits of light-dark exposure to help alleviate such problems.

What advantages exist for researching the potential health benefits of hypnosis?

Healthcare and pharmaceutical costs continue to skyrocket. If alternative approaches to dealing with these problems could be developed that would be relatively inexpensive, then the potential benefits are many.

________ is the major opioid drug of abuse.

Heroin

The body's biological clock is located in the ________

Hypothalamus

Which part of the brain plays a critical role in regulating homeostasis?

Hypothalamus

The ________ play a role in controlling slow-wave sleep.

Hypothalamus and thalamus

What types of studies would be most convincing regarding the effectiveness of meditation in the treatment for some type of physical or mental disorder?

Ideally, double-blind experimental trials would be best suited to speak to the effectiveness of meditation. At the very least, some sort of randomized control trial would be very informative.

When internal circadian cycles do not align with the environment, the result is known as

Jet lag

Hallucinogens

Marijuana, LSD, Peyote, mescaline, DMT, dissociative anesthetics including ketamine and PCPIncreased heart rate and blood pressure that may dissipate over timeMild to intense perceptual changes with high variability in effects based on strain, method of ingestion, and individual differences

________ is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland that plays a role in regulating biological rhythms and immune function.

Meletonin

A/an ________ acts on the cerebellum to interfere with coordination and balance, producing the staggering gait of drunkenness.

Moderate dose of alcohol

Teenagers need ________ sleep than adults.

More

For each of the following drugs, determine whether or not it is a hallucinogen Alcohol:

Not hallucinogen

For each of the following drugs, determine whether or not it is a hallucinogen Amphetamines:

Not hallucinogen

For each of the following drugs, determine whether or not it is a hallucinogen Barbiturates:

Not hallucinogen

For each of the following drugs, determine whether or not it is a hallucinogen Benzodiazepines:

Not hallucinogen

For each of the following drugs, determine whether or not it is a hallucinogen Caffeine:

Not hallucinogen

For each of the following drugs, determine whether or not it is a hallucinogen Heroin:

Not hallucinogen

For each of the following drugs, determine whether or not it is a hallucinogen Morphine:

Not hallucinogen

For each of the following drugs, determine whether or not it is a hallucinogen Nicotine:

Not hallucinogen

For each of the following drugs, determine whether or not it is a hallucinogen Opium:

Not hallucinogen

For each of the following drugs, determine whether or not it is a hallucinogen. Cocaine:

Not hallucinogen

Differentiate the evolutionary theories of sleep and make a case for the one with the most compelling evidence.

One evolutionary theory of sleep holds that sleep is essential for restoration of resources that are expended during the demands of day-to-day life. A second theory proposes that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which increase in darkness. The first theory has little or no empirical support, and the second theory is supported by some, though not all, research.

The negative health consequences of both alcohol and tobacco products are well-documented. A drug like marijuana, on the other hand, is generally considered to be as safe, if not safer than these legal drugs. Why do you think marijuana use continues to be illegal in many parts of the United States?

One possibility involves the cultural acceptance and long history of alcohol and tobacco use in our society. No doubt, money comes into play as well. Growing tobacco and producing alcohol on a large scale is a well-regulated and taxed process. Given that marijuana is essentially a weed that requires little care to grow, it would be much more difficult to regulate its production. Recent events suggest that cultural attitudes regarding marijuana are changing, and it is quite likely that its illicit status will be adapted accordingly.

Based on the last paragraph, which of the following statements is assumed by the theory we have been discussing?

Only some brain activity is conscious , other brain activity is disconnected from the conscious all together

Opiates

Opium, Heroin, Fentanyl, Morphine, Oxycodone, Vicoden, methadone, and other prescription pain relieversDecreased pain, pupil dilation, decreased gut motility, decreased respiratory functionPain relief, euphoria, sleepiness. High doses can cause death due to respiratory depression.

Which brain part is critical for regulating REM sleep?

Pons

Rita finds her roommate, McKenzie, asleep on the couch when she gets home. She's amused to see that McKenzie's eyes seem to be moving around under her eyelids. She is in which stage of sleep?

REM

How could researchers determine if given areas of the brain are involved in the regulation of sleep?

Researchers could use lesion or brain stimulation techniques to determine how deactivation or activation of a given brain region affects behavior. Furthermore, researchers could use any number of brain imaging techniques like fMRI or CT scans to come to these conclusions.

________ believed that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer.

Rosalind cartwright

A major sleep disruption is ________, which refers to a work schedule that changes from early to late on a daily or weekly basis.

Rotating shift work

The ________ within the hypothalamus plays an important role in sleep-wake cycles.

SCN

How is narcolepsy with cataplexy similar to and different from REM sleep?

Similarities include muscle atony and the hypnagogic hallucinations associated with narcoleptic episodes. The differences involve the uncontrollable nature of narcoleptic attacks and the fact that these come on in situations that would normally not be associated with sleep of any kind (e.g., instances of heightened arousal or emotionality).

________ appears to be especially important for enhanced performance on recently learned tasks.

Slow-wave sleep

Scarlett has slept terribly the past 3 nights as some neighbors have had visitors in town and been up making noise all night long. When she finally does get to sleep again, it is likely that she will

Spend more time in REM sleep

Sleep spindles and K-complexes are most often associated with ________ sleep.

Stage 2

Sleep spindles appear in ________ sleep.

Stage 2

________ is described as slow-wave sleep.

Stage 3

Which best fits the continual-activation theory of dreaming?

The function of sleep is to process, encode, and transfer data from short term memory to long term memory

Freud believed that dreams provide important insight into the unconscious mind. He maintained that a dream's manifest content could provide clues into an individual's unconscious. What potential criticisms exist for this particular perspective?

The subjective nature of dream analysis is one criticism. Psychoanalysts are charged with helping their clients interpret the true meaning of a dream. There is no way to refute or confirm whether or not these interpretations are accurate. The notion that "sometimes a cigar is just a cigar" (sometimes attributed to Freud but not definitively shown to be his) makes it clear that there is no systematic, objective system in place for dream analysis.

If theories that assert sleep is necessary for restoration and recovery from daily energetic demands are correct, what do you predict about the relationship that would exist between individuals' total sleep duration and their level of activity?

Those individuals (or species) that expend the greatest amounts of energy would require the longest periods of sleep.

After drinking casually for a few years, Eric finds that he needs more and more alcohol in order to get a "buzz." This is an example of

Tolerance

A person with substance abuse disorder would be diagnosed with which of the following?

Using more of a drug than they want to, compulsive drug use, and dependence despite negative consequence.

What does blindsight reveal about unconsciousness?

Vison can take place in secondary visual pathways below levels of consciousness

Which is the best explanation of how blindsight can happen?

Visual information from the eye is being processed unconsciously, so people with blindsight don't know that they are visually processing

________ makes overcoming a substance abuse disorder particularly painful.

Withdrawls

insomnia:

a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep

Depressants are ________ of the GABA neurotransmitter, which has a quieting effect on the brain.

agonists

Most stimulants are ________ for the neurotransmitter dopamine.

agonists

Other depressants include barbiturates and benzodiazepines. These drugs share in common their ability to serve as

agonists of the gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter system. Because GABA has a quieting effect on the brain, GABA agonists also have a quieting effect; these types of drugs are often prescribed to treat both anxiety and insomnia.

________ is considered a depressant because it suppresses central nervous activity.

alcohol

Stage 1 sleep is characterized by ________ waves.

alpha

Keesha finds it helpful to unwind at the end of the day by practicing meditation. This is defined as

an act of focusing on one target to increase awarness of the moment

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN):

area of the hypothalamus in which the body's biological clock is located

consciousness: awareness of internal and external stimuli

awareness of internal and external stimuli

Slow-wave sleep typically occurs during the ________ stage of the sleep cycle.

beginning

circadian rhythm:

biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours

As one of their mechanisms of action, cocaine and amphetamines

block the reuptake of dopamine from the synapse into the presynaptic cell.

sleep regulation:

brain's control of switching between sleep and wakefulness as well as coordinating this cycle with the outside world

What is the most commonly used stimulant in the world?

caffine

________ is loss of muscle tone or control that is often associated with narcolepsy.

cataplexy

depressant is a drug that tends to suppress

central nervous system activity

An individual may suffer from ________ if there is a disruption in the brain signals that are sent to the muscles that regulate breathing.

central sleep apnea

physical dependence:

changes in normal bodily functions that cause a drug user to experience withdrawal symptoms upon cessation of use

wakefulness:

characterized by high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior

Which of the following describes parasomnia?

characterized by unwanted, disruptive motor activity while you sleep

psychoactive drugs:

chemical substances that alters brain functioning, causing changes to consciousness, perception, mood, and thoughts

________ cycles occur roughly once every 24 hours.

circadian

meditation:

clearing the mind in order to achieve a state of relaxed awareness and focus

Over-the-counter ________ poses a risk for abuse because of the way it mimics the body's natural pain-reducing ________.

codeine; opiates

jet lag:

collection of symptoms brought on by travel from one time zone to another that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment

Awareness of internal and external stimuli is

consciousness

insomnia:

consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a month's time

Slow-wave sleep is a sleep stage characterized by (1) sleep, not dreaming (2), and high (3) muscle tone.

deep (1) not dreaming (2) high (3)

Jake is in a deep sleep, which is characterized by ________ waves.

delta

Alcohol and barbiturates are examples of

depressents

continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP):

device used to treat sleep apnea; includes a mask that fits over the sleeper's nose and mouth, which is connected to a pump that pumps air into the person's airways, forcing them to remain open

Which of the following describes insomnia?

difficulties staying or falling asleep

evolutionary psychology:

discipline that studies how universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes have evolved over time as a result of natural selection

Which of the following describes sleep apnea?

disorder characterized by pauses in breaking lasting at least 10 seconds during sleep

While Julie was hypnotized, she acknowledged the fact that her arm was in ice water and knew that it should hurt, but didn't actually feel pain. Which theory of hypnosis does this support?

dissociated view

Cocaine blocks the reuptake of ________.

dopamine

stimulant:

drug that tends to increase overall levels of neural activity; includes caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine

depressant:

drug that tends to suppress central nervous system activity

psychological dependence:

emotional, rather than a physical, need for a drug which may be used to relieve psychological distress

Typically, REM cycles are concentrated toward the ________ of a night of sleep.

end

pineal gland:

endocrine structure located inside the brain that releases melatonin

The belief that sleep is essential to restore resources that are expended during the day is consistent with ________ theories about sleep.

evolutionary

euphoric high:

feelings of intense elation and pleasure from drug use

stage 1 sleep:

first stage of sleep; transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep; the period during which a person drifts off to sleep

The pituitary gland secretes ________ during sleep, which aids in maturation.

growth hormone

For each of the following drugs, determine whether or not it is a hallucinogen Marijuana:

hallucinogen

For each of the following drugs, determine whether or not it is a hallucinogen Mescaline:

hallucinogen

For each of the following drugs, determine whether or not it is a hallucinogen PCP:

hallucinogen

For each of the following drugs, determine whether or not it is a hallucinogen Peyote:

hallucinogen

For each of the following drugs, determine whether or not it is a hallucinogen. LSD:

hallucinogen

Which are most likely to cause altered sensory and perceptual experiences?

hallucinogins

psychological dependence

has an emotional, rather than physical, need for the drug and may use the drug to relieve psychological distress.

latent content:

hidden meaning of a dream, per Sigmund Freud's view of the function of dreams

A/an________ affects the CNS and leads to dizziness, nausea, and eventually a loss of consciousness.

high dose of alcohol

melatonin:

hormone secreted by the endocrine gland that serves as an important regulator of the sleep-wake cycle

chronotype:

individual differences in circadian patterns of activity indicating a propensity to sleep at a certain time

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS):

infant (one year old or younger) with no apparent medical condition suddenly dies during sleep

biological clock:

innate timing device controlled by the suprachiasmatic nucleus

biological rhythm:

internal cycle of biological activity

Physical dependence

involves changes in normal bodily functions—the user will experience withdrawal from the drug upon cessation of use.

Hypnosis

is a state of extreme self-focus and attention in which minimal attention is given to external stimuli. In the therapeutic setting, a clinician often will use relaxation and suggestion in an attempt to alter the thoughts and perceptions of a patient. Hypnosis has also been used to draw out information believed to be buried deeply in someone's memory.

GABA-gated chloride (Cl-) channel

is embedded in the cell membrane of certain neurons. The channel has multiple receptor sites where alcohol, barbiturates, and benzodiazepines bind to exert their effects. The binding of these molecules opens the chloride channel, allowing negatively-charged chloride ions (Cl-) into the neuron's cell body. Changing its charge in a negative direction pushes the neuron away from firing; thus, activating a GABA neuron has a quieting effect on the brain.

Tolerance

is linked to physiological dependence, and it occurs when a person requires more and more drug to achieve effects previously experienced at lower doses. Tolerance can cause the user to increase the amount of drug used to a dangerous level—even to the point of overdose and death.

Alcohol intoxication

is measured for legal and medical uses in terms of Blood Alcohol Content (BAC). A BAC of 0.10 (0.10% or one-tenth of one percent) means that there are 0.10 g of alcohol for every 100 ml of blood. While a BAC of 0.0 is sober, in the United States a BAC of 0.08 is legally intoxicated, and above that is considered very impaired. BAC levels above 0.40 are potentially fatal. At rather low doses, alcohol use is associated with feelings of euphoria. As the dose increases, people report feeling sedated. Generally, alcohol is associated with decreases in reaction time and visual acuity, lowered levels of alertness, and reduction in behavioral control.

cataplexy:

lack of muscle tone or muscle weakness, and in some cases complete paralysis of the voluntary muscles

If you dream about your teeth falling out and your friend tells you it is really about anxiety over your new job, her interpretation represents the ________ content of your dream.

latent

Keshawn has a dream about getting booed off of stage during an impromptu standup performance. His friend tells him the dream is probably just about his nervousness for his upcoming graduation speech. His friend's analysis represents the true meaning of the dream, also known as the ________ content.

latent

Do we need more or less sleep as we age?

less

________ is one way in which people can help reset their biological clocks.

light- dark exposure

A/an________ acts to remove social inhibitions by slowing activity in the sympathetic nervous system.

low dose of alcohol

If Javier is in a deep sleep, an EEG would show his sleep as

low frequency high amplitude waves

John ate something at a party and afterwards saw bright colors on the wall and had a strange sensation that he had turned into an ant and that the people around him were huge. John probably consumed

marijuana

REM sleep is part of the sleep cycle, and so it occurs ________ during the night.

multiple times

The most common treatment for ________ involves the use of amphetamine-like medications.

narcolepsy

________ occur during NREM sleep and often involve screaming, though the individual doesn't remember it in the morning.

night terrors

psychoactive drugs

occur through their interactions with our endogenous neurotransmitter systems.

opiate/opioid:

one of a category of drugs that has strong analgesic properties; opiates are produced from the resin of the opium poppy; includes heroin, morphine, methadone, and codeine

hallucinogen

one of a class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences, often with vivid hallucinations

hallucinogen:

one of a class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences, often with vivid hallucinations

parasomnia:

one of a group of sleep disorders characterized by unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep

codeine:

opiate with relatively low potency often prescribed for minor pain

Our bodies naturally produce ________ to reduce pain and produce euphoria.

opioids

Which category of drugs mimic endogenous pain-killing systems within the body?

opiotes

lucid dream:

people become aware that they are dreaming and can control the dream's content

rapid eye movement (REM) sleep:

period of sleep characterized by brain waves very similar to those during wakefulness and by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids

non-REM (NREM):

period of sleep outside periods of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

The ________ gland in the endocrine system is important in releasing ________, which helps regulate biological rhythms.

pineal; meletonin

Growth hormone is secreted by the ________ while we sleep.

pituitary gland

continual-activation theory:

proposes that dreaming is a result of brain activation and synthesis; its assumption is that, during REM sleep, the unconscious part of the brain is busy processing procedural memory

______ refers to drug craving.

psychological dependence

If a person has an emotional need for a drug, they probably have a ________.

psychological dependents

cognitive-behavioral therapy:

psychotherapy that focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviors that is sometimes used to treat sleep disorders such as insomnia

sleep spindle:

rapid burst of high frequency brain waves during stage 2 sleep that may be important for learning and memory

sleep debt:

result of insufficient sleep on a chronic basis

stage 2 sleep:

second stage of sleep; the body goes into deep relaxation; characterized by the appearance of sleep spindles

LSD affects ________ neurotransmission.

serotonin

________ occurs when there is a chronic deficiency in sleep.

sleep debt

________ causes disruptions in cognition and memory deficits.

sleep depervation

sleep apnea:

sleep disorder defined by episodes during which breathing stops during sleep

obstructive sleep apnea:

sleep disorder defined by episodes when breathing stops during sleep as a result of blockage of the airway

REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD):

sleep disorder in which the muscle paralysis associated with the REM sleep phase does not occur; sleepers have high levels of physical activity during REM sleep, especially during disturbing dreams

night terror:

sleep disorder in which the sleeper experiences a sense of panic and may scream or attempt to escape from the immediate environment

narcolepsy:

sleep disorder in which the sufferer cannot resist falling to sleep at inopportune times

restless leg syndrome:

sleep disorder in which the sufferer has uncomfortable sensations in the legs when trying to fall asleep that are relieved by moving the legs

central sleep apnea:

sleep disorder with periods of interrupted breathing due to a disruption in signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing

sleep rebound:

sleep-deprived individuals will experience longer sleep latencies during subsequent opportunities for sleep

Which theory of hypnosis suggests that people are performing the role of a hypnotized person?

social cognitive theory

________ is another word for sleepwalking.

somnambulism

sleep:

state marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest that occur during wakefulness

hypnosis:

state of extreme self-focus and attention in which minimal attention is given to external stimuli

tolerance:

state of requiring increasing quantities of the drug to gain the desired effect

activation-synthesis theory:

states that dreams don't actually mean anything. Instead, dreams are merely electrical brain impulses that pull random thoughts and imagery from our memories.

manifest content:

storyline of events that occur during a dream, per Sigmund Freud's view of the function of dreams

meta-analysis:

study that combines the results of several related studies

threat-simulation theory:

suggests that dreaming should be seen as an ancient biological defense mechanism that provides an evolutionary advantage because of its capacity to repeatedly simulate potential threatening events, thus enhancing the mechanisms required for efficient threat avoidance.

methadone:

synthetic opioid that is less euphorogenic than heroin and similar drugs; used to manage withdrawal symptoms in opiate users

Stimulants are drugs

tend to increase overall levels of neural activity. Many of these drugs act as agonists of the dopamine neurotransmitter system. Dopamine activity is often associated with reward and craving; therefore, drugs that affect dopamine neurotransmission often have abuse liability. Drugs in this category include cocaine, amphetamines (including methamphetamine), cathinones (i.e., bath salts), MDMA (ecstasy), nicotine, and caffeine.

homeostasis:

tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system

collective unconscious:

theoretical repository of information shared by all people across cultures, as described by Carl Jung

stage 3 sleep:

third stage of sleep; deep sleep characterized by low frequency, high amplitude delta waves

Which theory suggests that dreaming should be seen as an ancient biological defense mechanism?

threat simulation theory

Which theory suggests that dreaming should be seen as an ancient biological defense mechanism?

threat-simulation theory

________ occurs when a drug user requires more and more of a given drug in order to experience the same effects of the drug.

tolerence

methamphetamine:

type of amphetamine that can be made from pseudoephedrine, an over-the-counter drug; widely manufactured and abused

delta wave:

type of low frequency, high amplitude brain wave characteristic of stage 3 and stage 4 sleep

theta wave:

type of low frequency, low amplitude brain wave characteristic of the end of stage 1 sleep

alpha wave:

type of relatively low frequency, relatively high amplitude brain wave that becomes synchronized; characteristic of the beginning of stage 1 sleep

methadone clinic:

uses methadone to treat withdrawal symptoms in opiate users

withdrawal:

variety of negative symptoms experienced when drug use is discontinued

________ neurotransmitters are mostly impacted by hallucinogens.

various

K-complex:

very high amplitude pattern of brain activity associated with stage 2 sleep that may occur in response to environmental stimuli

How can blindsight happen? Which of the following statements would you pick as the most likely explanation for blindsight?

visual information from the eye is being processed unconsciously, so people with blindsight don't know that they are visually processing

rotating shift work:

work schedule that changes from early to late on a daily or weekly basis