Baby Bio III
plastid genome non-photosynthetic myco-heterotrophic symbiont: Tulasnella (basidiomycete) Host: Pine or Birch transitioning from "late heterotrophy" to being fully parasitic Results suggest that the loss of genome function occurs primarily through structural changes (particularly deletions)
(Cool Plant) Liverworts: Aneura mirabilis
Eusoporangiate ferns & Leptosporangiate ferns
2 different type of ferns (according to how they release their spores)
cycadaceae & zamiaceae
2 families of Cycadales?
Welwitschia, Ephedra, Gnetum
3 types of Gnetophytes
Roots that grow from anywhere but the primary root, like out of stems.
Adventitious roots
organisms that contain chloroplasts & are photosynthetic, but are outside the lineage of plants. They're phylogenetically diverse (occur in 1/2 of the major lineages of eukaryotes, w/ lineages more closely related to plants, water molds, & parasites rather than to each other) **term applied to similar things but not necessarily related to each other; broad term**
Algae
aquatic: marine, freshwater terrestrial: deserts, soils, trees, rocks, etc. snow symbiotic
Algae habitats
Primary producers take up CO2 & produce O2 during photosynthesis basis of complex communities contribute to the global cycling of O2, CO2, & N
Algae: Ecological Importance
Food, bioremediation, vitamin supplements, environmental indicators, biotechnological applications (biofuels)
Algae: Economic Importance
AKA Phaeophyceae Fossil record: 490 mya ~ 1,500 species (250 genera) Mostly marine, few freshwater live attached to surfaces (solid substrates, rocks, barnacles, other algae) **can be over 50 meters long!
Brown algae
Hornworts: 100 species Mosses: 12,000 species Liverworts: 6,500 species
Bryophyte diversity
Gametophtyes only a few cells thick, no true "leaves" direct absorption of water & minerals No lignified vascular tissue close to the ground, anchored by rhizoids, long & tubular single cells -- not tissues
Bryophyte gametophytes
gametophytes flattened (THALLOID), grow close to the ground --> absorption directly into photosynthetic tissues
Bryophyte gametophytes: hornworts & some liverworts
gametophytes = "leafy" stemlike structures with thin, leaflike appendages (usually only one cell thick)
Bryophyte gametophytes: mosses & some liverworts
spores reproduced in capsule (sporangium) --> spores released to germinate into gametophytes
Bryophyte reproduction
sperm finds egg --> zygote forms & remains in archgonium --> develop into embryo (young SPOROPHYTE) Food, H2O, minerals, transported from gametophyte to embros THEREFORE the sporophyte remains dependent
Bryophyte reproduction explained thoroughly
Sperm produced in antheridia, sperm released into water
Bryophyte reproduction: Antheridia
eggs produced in archegonia, and eggs remain in structure
Bryophyte reproduction: Archegonia
gametophytes produce gametes in specialized structures called gametangia
Bryophyte reproduction: Gametangia
1. basal foot 2. stalk 3. capsule
Bryophyte sporophyte
Hornworts, Liverworts, Mosses
Bryophytes
Sporophyte dependent (diploid, 2n) Gametophyte dominant (haploid, n)
Bryophytes: Sporophytes & Gametophytes
absent cellulose or modifications
Cell Walls of green algae
cellulose, silica, naked, calcium
Cell covering
cellulose & alginates
Cell walls of brown algae
cellulose, some with calcium carbonate
Cell walls of red algae
Maidenhair fern, Staghorn fern, Boston fern, Pteris
Common ferns
600 species in 7 fams most important gymnosperms pine, spruce, fir, cedar, etc. complex seed cones 300 mya - carboniferous
Conifers
Aquatic small fronds but build up and cover large surface areas
Cool Fern: Azolla
think: avatar video** Sunflecks --> sun hits the area of the plant for about one minute and then the plants get carbon & photosynthesis for that brief amount of time & therefore focus lowlight on one part of photosynthesis so blue. Blue also functions in that is protects the plant from the intensity of the sun.
Cool Fern: Iridescent ferns
Early 1980's, grows with vigor, resists cool water, food source for fishes, grows everywhere & eliminates other plant & animal species because highly toxic human dispersal of clones: aquarium dumping, anchors & fishing gear highly affected euro, Cali went crazy
Cool Plant: Caulerpa taxifolia
green algae capable of fleeing from its predators
Cool Plant: Heterosigma
bunch of brown algae with long parts found in many coastal areas known as help forests: dense and long dominated by protists kelp holdfasts are rootlike but not roots. They do not nutrient take up "bladders" hold blades up in water column
Cool Plant: Kelp & Kelp forests & Kelp holdfasts
reg algae, genus porphyra cold water seaweeds (used for sushi) shallow waters, around 70 species, nori cultivation --> mariculture, very complex life cycle, chlorophyll b
Cool Plant: Nori
20-30 feet tall just like all other ferns, just huge Eusporangiate fern group warm & wet area
Cool fern: Tree ferns
Wetland moss -- "peat moss" Boggy regions dominated by it known as peat bogs or peatlands Sphagnum and peat are decay resistant - slow decomposition Mostly in northern hemisphere 3% of Earth's land surface; 10,000+ years old 400 gigatons of stored organic carbon... important carbon reservoirs conserves things like bodies that are thousands of years old "explosive spore liberation": spores released in a "cloud", small & slow-settling, cover long distances
Cool moss: Sphagnum
earliest fossils: 270 mya last in north america 7 mya last in europe 2.5 mya "rediscovered" in 1691 in a Buddhist temple & "redistributed" in 18th and 19th centuries monotypic start as dioecy in cone like clusters. male cone where pollen is produced, female cones are clusters of ovules.
Cool plant: Ginkgo
130 species in 2 families --> monophyletic Old world tropics; all with coralloid roots symbiosis with nostoc (cyanobacteria) converts Nucleus occupy poor habitats all with swimming sperm pollen cones
Cycadales
sporophyte
Dominant generation of ferns?
directly consumed (bladderwrack, kombu) & medicinal (dress burns, treat wounds) alginate: toothpaste / soap / fabric printing / waterproofing and fireproofing / treats acid reflux
Economic uses of brown algae
some direct consumptions (sea lettuce) BIOFUELS (grow it quickly, ltos of bio mass to make biofuel, better than corn & soybeans) starch --> ethanol --> lipids --> biodisel --> protein --> high-grade fod for livestock
Economic uses of green algae
directly consumed (Nori, Dulse) Agar, Agarose: dental impressions, electrophoresis, Carrageenan: ice cream, thickening agent in foods / lotions / paints block transmittance of HIV & Herpes
Economic uses of red algae
60 species. most widespread & diverse. Tropical reigions and temperate South America.
Ephedra
Sporangia thick-walled, lack specialized zones of dehiscence Primitive like early vascular plants & Lycophytes 90 species
Eusoporangiate ferns
Lycopods, quillworts, spikemosses, horsetails, whisk ferns fern-like but NOT "true ferns"
Fern allies
Underground rhizome (stem) Adventitious roots Fronds (leaves)
Fern body consists of what 3 organs?
Unit of dispersal = spores Produced by sporangia Sporangia clustered in sori (singular = sorus) Usually small button-like dots on back of fronds Horsetails also do this Flat, vegatative, photosynthetic blade
Fern life cycle -- spores
free-living gametophyte: AKA a prothallus produces sperm & eggs sporophyte starts attached
Fern morphology
First vascular plants First tetrapods First terrestrial arthropods Later: first seed plants
Ferns & fern allies
Devonian period: ~ 400-350 mya
Ferns & fern allies from what period?
type of frond ostrich fern is the best, bracken fern is the worst (because "nasty" stuff inside, idk if poisonous)
Fiddleheads
1 species Unknown in wild, previously widespread swimming sperm & fleshy seed coat
Ginkgoales
90 species, 3 genera xylem vessels double fertilization transition to angiosperms?
Gnetophytes
35 species. conelike aggregations (strobili) almost flowerlike, and seeds look fruitlike but not
Gnetum
AKA chlorophyta Fossil record: 1.5-2 bya ~ 8,000 species (500 genera) marine, freshwater, terrestrial attached or planktonic many species form symbiotic relationships with other organisms (sea anemones, hydra / sea slugs / fungi)
Green algae
green algae -> bryophytes -> lycophytes -> ferns -> gymnosperms -> angiosperms
Green plants (over time)
microscopic or macroscopic unicells colonies filaments multicellular "blade" grow in all directions
Growth form of algae
filaments, some parenchyma-like, some meristematic growth
Growth forms of brown algae
unicells, filaments, colonies, thalli
Growth forms of green algae
unicellular, simple filaments, complex filamentous aggregations
Growth forms of red algae
15 fams, 75-80 genera, 820 species all woody (trees, shrubs, lianas) dominant vegetarian colder & arctic regions tallest, most massive, longest lived reproduction = slow
Gymnosperms
extant seed plants gymno = naked, sperm = seed produce seeds (and pollen), but no flowers or fruits seed NOT enclosed in a fruit seeds exposed on surfaces of leaflike structures (sporophylls); aggregated into cones no ovaries, so no fruits
Gymnosperms are...
"advanced" feature all gymnosperms & angiosperms; leads to the SEED and POLLEN
Heterospory
Cyanobacterium converts nitrogen gas into ammonium, Hornwort secretes mucilage with carbohydrate
Hornworts: Nostoc colonies
AKA Equisetum Similar to all other "fern allies" Strobilus! Dominant sporophyte independent gametophyte
Horsetails
ferns
Horsetails & Whisk ferns are...
Equisetum
Horsetails AKA?
Yes because there are both ways to shoot spores
Is there a parallel structure to the sorus (in Leptosporangiate ferns) in the Bryophytes?
11,000 species Sporangia delicate - walls only one or a few cell layers thick, and areas where sporangial cells are modified for dehiscence
Leptosporangiate ferns
3 local species 2 forms of reproduction: Sporophylls & Gemma
Lycopod: Huperzia
6 leaved plantlets produced by gemmiphores
Lycopod: Huperzia: Gemmae
10 genera, 380 species similar for spikemoss & quillwort dominant sporophyte independent gametophyte microphylls!
Lycopods
in white mountains, cali estimated germination date: 2832 BC oldest known living tree in the world
Methusula
1 species
Monotypic
12,000 species Widely distributed, especially alpine, boreal, temperate, and tropical forests Able to live in very dry or very cold habitats many can dry out entirely, then rehydrate
Mosses
Lycopodiella, spinulum, diphasiastrum, lycopodium, dendrolycopodium
Other types of LOCAL Lycopods to know
chlorophyll a, b, c, & phycobilipigments (phycocyanin, phycoerythrin, allophycocyanin)
Pigment types
chlorophyll a & c, fucoxanthins
Pigments of brown algae
chlorophyll a & b, carotenoids Food reserve: starch
Pigments of green algae
chlorophyll a, phycobilins, carotenoids, efficient light harvesting
Pigments of red algae
temperate zones, 10 genera, 220 species
Pinaceae
Southern hemisphere
Podocarpaceae
carboniferous seed ferns back in history during Carboniferous (very wet, very warm) Spore production AND make a seed may not really be ferns; might be EARLIEST seed plants
Pteridosperms
150 species grasslike, spores at the base of leaves
Quillworts
AKA rhodophyceae Fossil record: 1.5-2 bya ~ 5,500 species (500 genera) mostly marine, few freshwater live attached to surfaces (rocks, shells, other algae) Many are reef-building (calcium accumulated in cell walls)
Red algae
750 species
Spike-mosses
Cone-like aggregation of sporophylls. Grouping of sporangia, where the spores are made and the leaves that they're on. SPorophylls, each with its own sporangia.
Strobilus
20 species Arils Seen around campus! Not a berry, but a fleshy seed coating (like Ginkgo) Takes advantage of animals
Taxaceae
seed ferns AKA pteridospermophyta
The first seed plants?
cycads, conifers, gnetophytes, ginkgo
Types of seed plants
1 species, monotypic genus South Africa, really dry & hard place to live. Conelike strobe things.
Welwitschia
5 different groups of things in the Eukaryotes & a group in Bacteria Kingdom Protista (part of *Eukarya*) --> mostly unicellular things that don't fit anywhere else (not a plant, animal, or fungus) Except for cyanobacteria, algae are protists
What Kingdom are algae in?
Pigment types & cell covering
What characteristics define the different groups of algae?
Between 500 and 400 mya
When did Bryophytes arise?
diverse in form, can be microscopic or macroscopic and motile or non-motile. They occur almost everywhere, with both aquatic & terrestrial representatives, & some form symbiotic relationships with other organisms (ie: sea anemones)
Where do algae live in general?
similar to all other "fern allies" strobilus! dominant sporophyte independent gametophyte
Whisk fern
no tissues, no complex structures like leaves, no vascular systems
Why are algae simple compared to advanced plants?
looks like dino trees Southern America & Indo-Malaysia / Australia distribution much more prominent in the early times of gymnosperms
araucariaceae
pinaceae, araucariaceae, podocarpaceae, taaceae, cupressaceae
types of conifers
fern-like plants
what's another name for fern allies?