Baby Bio III

plastid genome non-photosynthetic myco-heterotrophic symbiont: Tulasnella (basidiomycete) Host: Pine or Birch transitioning from "late heterotrophy" to being fully parasitic Results suggest that the loss of genome function occurs primarily through structural changes (particularly deletions)

(Cool Plant) Liverworts: Aneura mirabilis

Eusoporangiate ferns & Leptosporangiate ferns

2 different type of ferns (according to how they release their spores)

cycadaceae & zamiaceae

2 families of Cycadales?

Welwitschia, Ephedra, Gnetum

3 types of Gnetophytes

Roots that grow from anywhere but the primary root, like out of stems.

Adventitious roots

organisms that contain chloroplasts & are photosynthetic, but are outside the lineage of plants. They're phylogenetically diverse (occur in 1/2 of the major lineages of eukaryotes, w/ lineages more closely related to plants, water molds, & parasites rather than to each other) **term applied to similar things but not necessarily related to each other; broad term**

Algae

aquatic: marine, freshwater terrestrial: deserts, soils, trees, rocks, etc. snow symbiotic

Algae habitats

Primary producers take up CO2 & produce O2 during photosynthesis basis of complex communities contribute to the global cycling of O2, CO2, & N

Algae: Ecological Importance

Food, bioremediation, vitamin supplements, environmental indicators, biotechnological applications (biofuels)

Algae: Economic Importance

AKA Phaeophyceae Fossil record: 490 mya ~ 1,500 species (250 genera) Mostly marine, few freshwater live attached to surfaces (solid substrates, rocks, barnacles, other algae) **can be over 50 meters long!

Brown algae

Hornworts: 100 species Mosses: 12,000 species Liverworts: 6,500 species

Bryophyte diversity

Gametophtyes only a few cells thick, no true "leaves" direct absorption of water & minerals No lignified vascular tissue close to the ground, anchored by rhizoids, long & tubular single cells -- not tissues

Bryophyte gametophytes

gametophytes flattened (THALLOID), grow close to the ground --> absorption directly into photosynthetic tissues

Bryophyte gametophytes: hornworts & some liverworts

gametophytes = "leafy" stemlike structures with thin, leaflike appendages (usually only one cell thick)

Bryophyte gametophytes: mosses & some liverworts

spores reproduced in capsule (sporangium) --> spores released to germinate into gametophytes

Bryophyte reproduction

sperm finds egg --> zygote forms & remains in archgonium --> develop into embryo (young SPOROPHYTE) Food, H2O, minerals, transported from gametophyte to embros THEREFORE the sporophyte remains dependent

Bryophyte reproduction explained thoroughly

Sperm produced in antheridia, sperm released into water

Bryophyte reproduction: Antheridia

eggs produced in archegonia, and eggs remain in structure

Bryophyte reproduction: Archegonia

gametophytes produce gametes in specialized structures called gametangia

Bryophyte reproduction: Gametangia

1. basal foot 2. stalk 3. capsule

Bryophyte sporophyte

Hornworts, Liverworts, Mosses

Bryophytes

Sporophyte dependent (diploid, 2n) Gametophyte dominant (haploid, n)

Bryophytes: Sporophytes & Gametophytes

absent cellulose or modifications

Cell Walls of green algae

cellulose, silica, naked, calcium

Cell covering

cellulose & alginates

Cell walls of brown algae

cellulose, some with calcium carbonate

Cell walls of red algae

Maidenhair fern, Staghorn fern, Boston fern, Pteris

Common ferns

600 species in 7 fams most important gymnosperms pine, spruce, fir, cedar, etc. complex seed cones 300 mya - carboniferous

Conifers

Aquatic small fronds but build up and cover large surface areas

Cool Fern: Azolla

think: avatar video** Sunflecks --> sun hits the area of the plant for about one minute and then the plants get carbon & photosynthesis for that brief amount of time & therefore focus lowlight on one part of photosynthesis so blue. Blue also functions in that is protects the plant from the intensity of the sun.

Cool Fern: Iridescent ferns

Early 1980's, grows with vigor, resists cool water, food source for fishes, grows everywhere & eliminates other plant & animal species because highly toxic human dispersal of clones: aquarium dumping, anchors & fishing gear highly affected euro, Cali went crazy

Cool Plant: Caulerpa taxifolia

green algae capable of fleeing from its predators

Cool Plant: Heterosigma

bunch of brown algae with long parts found in many coastal areas known as help forests: dense and long dominated by protists kelp holdfasts are rootlike but not roots. They do not nutrient take up "bladders" hold blades up in water column

Cool Plant: Kelp & Kelp forests & Kelp holdfasts

reg algae, genus porphyra cold water seaweeds (used for sushi) shallow waters, around 70 species, nori cultivation --> mariculture, very complex life cycle, chlorophyll b

Cool Plant: Nori

20-30 feet tall just like all other ferns, just huge Eusporangiate fern group warm & wet area

Cool fern: Tree ferns

Wetland moss -- "peat moss" Boggy regions dominated by it known as peat bogs or peatlands Sphagnum and peat are decay resistant - slow decomposition Mostly in northern hemisphere 3% of Earth's land surface; 10,000+ years old 400 gigatons of stored organic carbon... important carbon reservoirs conserves things like bodies that are thousands of years old "explosive spore liberation": spores released in a "cloud", small & slow-settling, cover long distances

Cool moss: Sphagnum

earliest fossils: 270 mya last in north america 7 mya last in europe 2.5 mya "rediscovered" in 1691 in a Buddhist temple & "redistributed" in 18th and 19th centuries monotypic start as dioecy in cone like clusters. male cone where pollen is produced, female cones are clusters of ovules.

Cool plant: Ginkgo

130 species in 2 families --> monophyletic Old world tropics; all with coralloid roots symbiosis with nostoc (cyanobacteria) converts Nucleus occupy poor habitats all with swimming sperm pollen cones

Cycadales

sporophyte

Dominant generation of ferns?

directly consumed (bladderwrack, kombu) & medicinal (dress burns, treat wounds) alginate: toothpaste / soap / fabric printing / waterproofing and fireproofing / treats acid reflux

Economic uses of brown algae

some direct consumptions (sea lettuce) BIOFUELS (grow it quickly, ltos of bio mass to make biofuel, better than corn & soybeans) starch --> ethanol --> lipids --> biodisel --> protein --> high-grade fod for livestock

Economic uses of green algae

directly consumed (Nori, Dulse) Agar, Agarose: dental impressions, electrophoresis, Carrageenan: ice cream, thickening agent in foods / lotions / paints block transmittance of HIV & Herpes

Economic uses of red algae

60 species. most widespread & diverse. Tropical reigions and temperate South America.

Ephedra

Sporangia thick-walled, lack specialized zones of dehiscence Primitive like early vascular plants & Lycophytes 90 species

Eusoporangiate ferns

Lycopods, quillworts, spikemosses, horsetails, whisk ferns fern-like but NOT "true ferns"

Fern allies

Underground rhizome (stem) Adventitious roots Fronds (leaves)

Fern body consists of what 3 organs?

Unit of dispersal = spores Produced by sporangia Sporangia clustered in sori (singular = sorus) Usually small button-like dots on back of fronds Horsetails also do this Flat, vegatative, photosynthetic blade

Fern life cycle -- spores

free-living gametophyte: AKA a prothallus produces sperm & eggs sporophyte starts attached

Fern morphology

First vascular plants First tetrapods First terrestrial arthropods Later: first seed plants

Ferns & fern allies

Devonian period: ~ 400-350 mya

Ferns & fern allies from what period?

type of frond ostrich fern is the best, bracken fern is the worst (because "nasty" stuff inside, idk if poisonous)

Fiddleheads

1 species Unknown in wild, previously widespread swimming sperm & fleshy seed coat

Ginkgoales

90 species, 3 genera xylem vessels double fertilization transition to angiosperms?

Gnetophytes

35 species. conelike aggregations (strobili) almost flowerlike, and seeds look fruitlike but not

Gnetum

AKA chlorophyta Fossil record: 1.5-2 bya ~ 8,000 species (500 genera) marine, freshwater, terrestrial attached or planktonic many species form symbiotic relationships with other organisms (sea anemones, hydra / sea slugs / fungi)

Green algae

green algae -> bryophytes -> lycophytes -> ferns -> gymnosperms -> angiosperms

Green plants (over time)

microscopic or macroscopic unicells colonies filaments multicellular "blade" grow in all directions

Growth form of algae

filaments, some parenchyma-like, some meristematic growth

Growth forms of brown algae

unicells, filaments, colonies, thalli

Growth forms of green algae

unicellular, simple filaments, complex filamentous aggregations

Growth forms of red algae

15 fams, 75-80 genera, 820 species all woody (trees, shrubs, lianas) dominant vegetarian colder & arctic regions tallest, most massive, longest lived reproduction = slow

Gymnosperms

extant seed plants gymno = naked, sperm = seed produce seeds (and pollen), but no flowers or fruits seed NOT enclosed in a fruit seeds exposed on surfaces of leaflike structures (sporophylls); aggregated into cones no ovaries, so no fruits

Gymnosperms are...

"advanced" feature all gymnosperms & angiosperms; leads to the SEED and POLLEN

Heterospory

Cyanobacterium converts nitrogen gas into ammonium, Hornwort secretes mucilage with carbohydrate

Hornworts: Nostoc colonies

AKA Equisetum Similar to all other "fern allies" Strobilus! Dominant sporophyte independent gametophyte

Horsetails

ferns

Horsetails & Whisk ferns are...

Equisetum

Horsetails AKA?

Yes because there are both ways to shoot spores

Is there a parallel structure to the sorus (in Leptosporangiate ferns) in the Bryophytes?

11,000 species Sporangia delicate - walls only one or a few cell layers thick, and areas where sporangial cells are modified for dehiscence

Leptosporangiate ferns

3 local species 2 forms of reproduction: Sporophylls & Gemma

Lycopod: Huperzia

6 leaved plantlets produced by gemmiphores

Lycopod: Huperzia: Gemmae

10 genera, 380 species similar for spikemoss & quillwort dominant sporophyte independent gametophyte microphylls!

Lycopods

in white mountains, cali estimated germination date: 2832 BC oldest known living tree in the world

Methusula

1 species

Monotypic

12,000 species Widely distributed, especially alpine, boreal, temperate, and tropical forests Able to live in very dry or very cold habitats many can dry out entirely, then rehydrate

Mosses

Lycopodiella, spinulum, diphasiastrum, lycopodium, dendrolycopodium

Other types of LOCAL Lycopods to know

chlorophyll a, b, c, & phycobilipigments (phycocyanin, phycoerythrin, allophycocyanin)

Pigment types

chlorophyll a & c, fucoxanthins

Pigments of brown algae

chlorophyll a & b, carotenoids Food reserve: starch

Pigments of green algae

chlorophyll a, phycobilins, carotenoids, efficient light harvesting

Pigments of red algae

temperate zones, 10 genera, 220 species

Pinaceae

Southern hemisphere

Podocarpaceae

carboniferous seed ferns back in history during Carboniferous (very wet, very warm) Spore production AND make a seed may not really be ferns; might be EARLIEST seed plants

Pteridosperms

150 species grasslike, spores at the base of leaves

Quillworts

AKA rhodophyceae Fossil record: 1.5-2 bya ~ 5,500 species (500 genera) mostly marine, few freshwater live attached to surfaces (rocks, shells, other algae) Many are reef-building (calcium accumulated in cell walls)

Red algae

750 species

Spike-mosses

Cone-like aggregation of sporophylls. Grouping of sporangia, where the spores are made and the leaves that they're on. SPorophylls, each with its own sporangia.

Strobilus

20 species Arils Seen around campus! Not a berry, but a fleshy seed coating (like Ginkgo) Takes advantage of animals

Taxaceae

seed ferns AKA pteridospermophyta

The first seed plants?

cycads, conifers, gnetophytes, ginkgo

Types of seed plants

1 species, monotypic genus South Africa, really dry & hard place to live. Conelike strobe things.

Welwitschia

5 different groups of things in the Eukaryotes & a group in Bacteria Kingdom Protista (part of *Eukarya*) --> mostly unicellular things that don't fit anywhere else (not a plant, animal, or fungus) Except for cyanobacteria, algae are protists

What Kingdom are algae in?

Pigment types & cell covering

What characteristics define the different groups of algae?

Between 500 and 400 mya

When did Bryophytes arise?

diverse in form, can be microscopic or macroscopic and motile or non-motile. They occur almost everywhere, with both aquatic & terrestrial representatives, & some form symbiotic relationships with other organisms (ie: sea anemones)

Where do algae live in general?

similar to all other "fern allies" strobilus! dominant sporophyte independent gametophyte

Whisk fern

no tissues, no complex structures like leaves, no vascular systems

Why are algae simple compared to advanced plants?

looks like dino trees Southern America & Indo-Malaysia / Australia distribution much more prominent in the early times of gymnosperms

araucariaceae

pinaceae, araucariaceae, podocarpaceae, taaceae, cupressaceae

types of conifers

fern-like plants

what's another name for fern allies?