Week 5 - Fungi

Rhizopus

Phylum Zygomycota, black bread mold, whitish mass of hyphae that make up the mycelium, some hyphae may grow upward and form small, black globe-like structures termed sporangia, root-like hyphae called rhizoids anchor mold

Fungal Groups

Phylums Chytridiomycota, Glomeromycota, Zygomycota, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota, and The Deuteromycetes (Imperfect Fungi) and Lichens, organized by way of which meiosis takes place and DNA sequencing

Plant receives from its symbiont in lichen?

anchorage and protection, uptake and retention of nutrients and water

Mycelium

body of the fungus composed by hyphae

Zygotic Meiosis

characteristic of sexually reproducing fungi, they spend most of their lives in the haploid state, the only diploid cell in the life cycle is the zygote and this cell undergoes meiosis immediately

Phylum Chytridiomycota

chytrids, considered to be most primitive fungi, differ from all other fungi in that some reproductive cells are motile by means of flagella, only group to not exhibit zygotic meiosis

Phylum Basidiomycota

club fungi, terrestrial fungi with complete cross-walls (septae) and sexual reproduction that involves the formation of basidiospores borne in basidium

Morphological Types of Lichen

crustose (crust-like), fruticose (shrub-like), or foliose (leafy)

Penicillium

deuteromycete

Mushrooms

fruiting-body, characterized by gills (lamella) on the undersurface of the spore-producing body lined by basidia that each produce four basidiospores each

Decomposers

organisms that break down complex organic material to release simpler compounds to be utilized by other organisms

Phylum Glomeromycota

participate in a type of mutualism called mycorrhizal association ~ mycorrhizae, this type of association is called an endomyrorrhiza (arbuscular mycorrhiza), fewer than 200 species but 90% of all plant species participate in mycorrhizal associations

Fungus receives from its symbiont in lichen?

photosynthetic products and fixed nitrogen

Sexual Reproduction in Zygomycetes

union of two different strains ( + & - ) ~ morphologically identical, the formation of the zygospore is the result of the union between the two different strains

Mycorrhizal Association

~ mycorrhizae, mutualistic relationship between a fungus and plant root, the fungus helps the plant acquire water and nutrients like phosphorus to acquire energy in the form of photosynthate (sugar) from the plant

Lichens

mutualistic relationship between an alga and a fungus, dense fungal layers of the upper and lower cortex, loose fungal layer (center), the algae layer associated with the upper cortex, and the root-like hyphae rhizines associated with the lower cortex

Sporangia

structure utilized in asexual reproduction, produces thousands of asexual spores that are used for the dispersal of the mold

Phylum Zygomycota

terrestrial fungi with hyphae that do not possess septae, thus each filament contains numerous nuclei ~ coenocytic, formation of zygospore by sexual reproduction that requires the union of two different strains ( + & - )

Phyla have Septate Hypae?

Basidiomycota and Ascomycota

Ectomycorrhizae

Basidiomycota, Ascomycota, Zygomycota, do not penetrate their host's cell walls

Phyla have Coenocytic Hyphae?

Chytridiomycota, Glomeromycota, Zygomycota

Arbuscular Endomycorrhizae

Glomeromycota, penetrate the host's cell wall

Septae

hypha that are divided into cells by internal cross walls, division of hypha cells where only perforated pores allow organelles to flow between cells, termed hypha as septate

Coenocytic

hypha that form septae only where gametes are formed or to wall-off dead hyphae, septae are missing, thus without any sort of division between hyphae, each filament contains numerous nuclei

The Deuteromycetes

imperfect fungi, no known means of sexual reproduction, produce asexually by pinching off spores (conidia) from the tips of modified hyphae called conidiophores

Mutualism

interaction between two organisms in which both of the interacting organisms benefit

Fungi

kingdom made up of eukaryotic organisms that have no means of movement, cell walls made of chitin, dominant haploid stage, reproduce by using spores, and get food by breaking down substances in their surroundings and absorbing the nutrients - decomposition! - not all are multicellular and not all contain hyphae

Chitin

major composition of fungi cell walls

Hyphae

mass of filaments that compose the mycelium, or body, of the fungus, long and branching filamentous structures within fungus, can be septate or coenocytic

Conidiophores

modified hyphae in dueteromycetes that produce conidia spores for asexual reproduction

Zygospore

most characteristic feature of the zygomycetes, formation a thick-walled spore by sexual reproduction

Phylum Ascomycota

sac fungi, terrestrial and aquatic fungi with hyphae that have perforated septae, sexual reproduction involves formation of a saclike spore-producing structure called the ascus

Ascus

saclike, sexual-spore-producing structure in ascomycetes utilized for sexual reproduction

Fungi Reproduction

sexually and/or asexually, by resistant structures called spores

Yeasts

single-celled ascomycete that reproduce by budding ~ asexual reproduction by pinching portions of the cytoplasm to produce two cells

Basidium

spore-producing structure in basidiomycetes (basidiospores), basidia (plural)