Week 5 - Fungi
Rhizopus
Phylum Zygomycota, black bread mold, whitish mass of hyphae that make up the mycelium, some hyphae may grow upward and form small, black globe-like structures termed sporangia, root-like hyphae called rhizoids anchor mold
Fungal Groups
Phylums Chytridiomycota, Glomeromycota, Zygomycota, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota, and The Deuteromycetes (Imperfect Fungi) and Lichens, organized by way of which meiosis takes place and DNA sequencing
Plant receives from its symbiont in lichen?
anchorage and protection, uptake and retention of nutrients and water
Mycelium
body of the fungus composed by hyphae
Zygotic Meiosis
characteristic of sexually reproducing fungi, they spend most of their lives in the haploid state, the only diploid cell in the life cycle is the zygote and this cell undergoes meiosis immediately
Phylum Chytridiomycota
chytrids, considered to be most primitive fungi, differ from all other fungi in that some reproductive cells are motile by means of flagella, only group to not exhibit zygotic meiosis
Phylum Basidiomycota
club fungi, terrestrial fungi with complete cross-walls (septae) and sexual reproduction that involves the formation of basidiospores borne in basidium
Morphological Types of Lichen
crustose (crust-like), fruticose (shrub-like), or foliose (leafy)
Penicillium
deuteromycete
Mushrooms
fruiting-body, characterized by gills (lamella) on the undersurface of the spore-producing body lined by basidia that each produce four basidiospores each
Decomposers
organisms that break down complex organic material to release simpler compounds to be utilized by other organisms
Phylum Glomeromycota
participate in a type of mutualism called mycorrhizal association ~ mycorrhizae, this type of association is called an endomyrorrhiza (arbuscular mycorrhiza), fewer than 200 species but 90% of all plant species participate in mycorrhizal associations
Fungus receives from its symbiont in lichen?
photosynthetic products and fixed nitrogen
Sexual Reproduction in Zygomycetes
union of two different strains ( + & - ) ~ morphologically identical, the formation of the zygospore is the result of the union between the two different strains
Mycorrhizal Association
~ mycorrhizae, mutualistic relationship between a fungus and plant root, the fungus helps the plant acquire water and nutrients like phosphorus to acquire energy in the form of photosynthate (sugar) from the plant
Lichens
mutualistic relationship between an alga and a fungus, dense fungal layers of the upper and lower cortex, loose fungal layer (center), the algae layer associated with the upper cortex, and the root-like hyphae rhizines associated with the lower cortex
Sporangia
structure utilized in asexual reproduction, produces thousands of asexual spores that are used for the dispersal of the mold
Phylum Zygomycota
terrestrial fungi with hyphae that do not possess septae, thus each filament contains numerous nuclei ~ coenocytic, formation of zygospore by sexual reproduction that requires the union of two different strains ( + & - )
Phyla have Septate Hypae?
Basidiomycota and Ascomycota
Ectomycorrhizae
Basidiomycota, Ascomycota, Zygomycota, do not penetrate their host's cell walls
Phyla have Coenocytic Hyphae?
Chytridiomycota, Glomeromycota, Zygomycota
Arbuscular Endomycorrhizae
Glomeromycota, penetrate the host's cell wall
Septae
hypha that are divided into cells by internal cross walls, division of hypha cells where only perforated pores allow organelles to flow between cells, termed hypha as septate
Coenocytic
hypha that form septae only where gametes are formed or to wall-off dead hyphae, septae are missing, thus without any sort of division between hyphae, each filament contains numerous nuclei
The Deuteromycetes
imperfect fungi, no known means of sexual reproduction, produce asexually by pinching off spores (conidia) from the tips of modified hyphae called conidiophores
Mutualism
interaction between two organisms in which both of the interacting organisms benefit
Fungi
kingdom made up of eukaryotic organisms that have no means of movement, cell walls made of chitin, dominant haploid stage, reproduce by using spores, and get food by breaking down substances in their surroundings and absorbing the nutrients - decomposition! - not all are multicellular and not all contain hyphae
Chitin
major composition of fungi cell walls
Hyphae
mass of filaments that compose the mycelium, or body, of the fungus, long and branching filamentous structures within fungus, can be septate or coenocytic
Conidiophores
modified hyphae in dueteromycetes that produce conidia spores for asexual reproduction
Zygospore
most characteristic feature of the zygomycetes, formation a thick-walled spore by sexual reproduction
Phylum Ascomycota
sac fungi, terrestrial and aquatic fungi with hyphae that have perforated septae, sexual reproduction involves formation of a saclike spore-producing structure called the ascus
Ascus
saclike, sexual-spore-producing structure in ascomycetes utilized for sexual reproduction
Fungi Reproduction
sexually and/or asexually, by resistant structures called spores
Yeasts
single-celled ascomycete that reproduce by budding ~ asexual reproduction by pinching portions of the cytoplasm to produce two cells
Basidium
spore-producing structure in basidiomycetes (basidiospores), basidia (plural)