Week 6

Disequilibrium (Piaget)

"mental discomfort" caused by situations for which existing schemes are inadequate

what are the characteristics of effective model

Competency, Prestige and power, stereotypical behavior, and relevance to observer

Name one ability that children acquire when they reach the pre-operational stage (age 2-7).

Development of language, increase in complexity of thought, ability to think about past and future events, among others

Explain the process of "equilibration" (use the terms "equilibrium" and "disequilibrium").

Equilibration = progression toward increasingly complex forms of thought by cycling between equilibrium and disequilibrium

Piaget's four stages of development

Sensoriomotor (age 0-2) Preoperational (age 2-7) concrete operations (age 7-11) formal operations (age 11 and on)

Assimilation

applying an existing scheme

What are possible reinforcers for social learning theory?

Models, third person, imitated behavior, consequences (vicarious punishment and reinforcement)

How are a person, their behavior, and the environment related within the idea of reciprocal causation?

More specifically, learning and long-term development occur through the interaction of these three sets of variables

How does learning occur (piaget)?

Occurs through interaction with the physical environment and other people (assimilation and accommodation)

Principle Four (SCT)

People can have considerable control over their actions and environments

Principle One (SCT)

People can learn by observing others' behaviors and the consequences that result

Three elements of reciprocal causation

Person, Behavior (observable actions), and Environment (stimuli from the outside world)

Formal operations stage

Piaget's last stage of cognitive development, in which the adolescent becomes capable of abstract thinking, can test hypothesis, have metacognition,

What is vicarious reinforcement?

Reinforcement which is received indirectly by observing another person who is being reinforced

What type of methodology did Piaget use in his research?

Rigorous methods, but not experimental (naturalistic observation, psychometrics, clinical interview)

Equilibrium (Piaget)

children can comfortably interpret and respond to new events using existing schemes

what is Piagets idea of constructivism?

children construct their own knowledge through interaction with the world

Operations (Piaget)

cognitive structures constructed from the integration of multiple schemes that govern logical reasoning

During the preoperational stage, children struggle with ________ problems as they focus on one dimension and ignore changes in other dimensions. For example, laying out five candies close together versus spread out will likely lead a 2- to 7-year-old to state that the second layout has more candy (even though the actual number of candies is the same).

conservation

What is a "scheme"?

hat are used repeatedly in response to the environment (~strategies)

preoperational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) where they develop egocentrism, increase complexity of thought, can think about past/future, and thinking depends on perception more than logic

sensorimotor stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to nearly 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities and acquire knowledge of cause-effect and develop object permanence

concrete operational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events and take different perspectives and have trouble with abstract reasoning.

In Bandura's Bobo doll study, when the children who watched the aggressive model were placed in a room with the doll and other toys, they ________.

kicked and threw the doll

Types of models

live models, symbolic models, and verbal intructions

The person who performs a behavior that serves as an example is called a ________.

model

Accommodation

modifying an existing scheme or forming a new scheme.

Schemes (Piaget)

organized groups of similar actions or thoughts that are used repeatedly in response to the environment (~strategies)

Equilibration (Piaget)

progression toward increasingly complex forms of thought and occurs through repeated cycling between two states

If we look at cognitive development from Piaget's perspective, we would expect a child in the concrete operations stage to have the greatest difficulty with which 1) If you have 8 Macintosh apples and 2 Golden Delicious apples, then do you have more Macintoshes or more apples? 2) An apple pie is cut into 4 pieces. A blueberry pie of the same size is cut into 12 pieces. How many pieces of blueberry pie do you need to have the same amount as 3 pieces of the apple pie? 3) If we have one row of blueberries spread like so: oooooo and another row of blueberries spread like so: o o o o o o then does one row have more blueberries than the other? 4) How are an apple and a blueberry alike? one of the following questions?

1

Jessy was speeding on his motorcycle when he saw another person pulled over by the police. This made Jessy slow down because he was reminded through watching another person what the punishment of his behavior would be. What phenomenon does this example illustrate? 1) vicarious punishment 2) operant conditioning 3) vicarious reinforcement 4) classical conditioning

1

Key Ideas in Neo-Piagetian Theories

1) Cognitive development depends on brain maturation 2) Learning occurs intentionally and unintentionally 3) Acquisition of knowledge is domain-specific

Piagets Legacy

1) Learning through doing 2) Disequilibrium spurs acquisition of new knowledge 3) Learning from peers 4) Complexity of new learning depends on existing knowledge 5) Effectiveness of clinical interview method 6) Stages (~gradual trends) are pedagogically useful

Piaget has described four stages of cognitive development. Which one of the following is an accurate statement about Piaget's view of these stages? 1) With each successive stage, schemata become more simplified. 2) Each stage involves forms of thought qualitatively different from those of other stages. 3) It is possible for children to skip from preoperations to formal operations, but only a small minority of children actually do so.

2

Which one of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement? 1) Bill knows that he will get a higher grade if he turns in a research paper that is typed rather than handwritten, but he turns in a handwritten paper anyway 2) Alice notices that her friend Ellen gets extra attention from the teacher when she acts helpless. Alice begins to act helpless as well. 3) Connie sees her friend Maria scolded for chewing gum in class. She quickly takes her own gum out of her mouth.

2

Which one of the following statements best describes Piaget's view of how children acquire knowledge about the world? 1) Children are naturally disposed to think about their environment in particular ways; in a sense, some basic knowledge about the world is "pre-wired." 2) Children repeatedly parrot their parents' and teachers' beliefs, eventually internalizing these beliefs as their own "knowledge." 3) Children actively construct their own view of the world from their experiences with the environment.

3

Who was a key leader in the development of the social cognitive theory?

Albert Bandura

What is the difference between "assimilation" and "accommodation"?

Assimilation = applying an existing scheme Accommodation = 1) modifying an existing scheme or 2) forming a new scheme

What the conditions for effective modeling?

Attention, Retention, Motor reproduction, and motivation

Principle Two (SCT)

Learning can occur without a change in behavior

Explain the role of neurological maturation in Piaget's theory of cognitive development.

Children think in qualitatively different ways at different age levels because of genetically controlled developmental changes in the brain (i.e. neurological maturation)

Principle Three (SCT)

Cognition plays important roles in learning

How does social cognitive theory differ from cognitivist theory?

Cognitivist = how do cognitive factors influence learning and behavior SCT = How do environmental and cognitive factors interact to influence learning and behavior

Neo-piagetian

Combination of Piagetian and cognitivist ideas

Modeling

Learning by observing a behavior

Why didsocial cognitive theoryemerge from social learning theory?

The inability to explain many social learning phenomena with the ideas and principles of behaviorism.

Social learning theory emerged from which -ism

behaviorism

Cory's dad hides his keys under her blanket. Cory quickly retrieves and starts playing with them. What Piagetian stage has Cory mastered? 1) pre-operational 2) formal operational 3) concrete operational 4)sensorimotor

sensorimotor

Social Learning Theory can best be characterized as being concerned with learning:

through observations of others

What was Piagets goal?

to examine children's thought processes by observing how they respond and articulate their reasoning