Week 6 Quiz Revision

When did transportation end in New South Wales?

- 1840

Name the 3 types of people who were granted reserves by the colonial government during the mid-1800s.

- Aboriginal women who married white men - Aboriginal people who were willing to farm - Missionaries

explain the limitations of Alan Frost's argument regarding reason for the British colonisation of Australia

- Absence of documentary evidence - there were no specific plans which detailed britains plans to expand their empire to that region of the world - Once in australia, the naval port and other things such as timber cultivation were not seriously pursued - Governors given instructions for NSW colony to remain isolated from shipping - prevent convicts escaping - Convicts never employed like slaves or employed on plantations - had remarkable degree of independence

Why did South Australia's founders reject convict importation?

- As they believed that free settlers would not be attracted to live in SA if it was a convict state

describe what evidence historian Bill Gammage gives for the cultivation and enclosure of land by Aboriginal Australian peoples, prior to English Settlement?

- British settlers found evidence of artefacts and physical traces of cultivation practices e.g. dams and fishing nets - British settlers witness firestick farming - British paintings completed in the first years of settlement depict Aboriginal land use

Name 2 of the historians who popularized colonial life as 'hell on earth'.

- Clark and Hughes

describe some of the important contributions convicts made to South Australia.

- Contributions to whaling industry - Had prior knowledge of Australian land, aided agricultural work - Escaped and ex-convicts busied themselves in normal colonial life & contributed to society

Describe the classes that existed in Colonial New South Wales during the 1820s-1830s.

- Convicts - Emancipists - free settlers - exclusives - the native born

define Convict work assignment in regards to colonial New South Wales.

- Convicts were classified and assigned based on skills - Females were prevented from outdoor work - Worked 8 hr days, 6 days a week - Remaining or misbehaved convicts were sent to work on public works e.g. building roads, court houses etc

1. In 2-3 sentences, explain how Cook's early perception of Aboriginal Australian people led to the justification of Terra Nullius.

- Cook's early perception of Aboriginal people was that they were hostile and resisted the presence of Europeans on their land, and that their way of life did not suggest possession of the land by the way of Locke's paradigm, that sufficient organised cultivation practices (in terms of the western way of life) suggested possession. - Cook had little contact with the indigenous people - The British deemed it so that the Aboriginal people were not effectively occupying the land, and were therefore not in possession of it, allowing for Terra Nullius to be claimed.

What were the roles of Protectors in the 1830s-1850s?

- Familiarise themselves with language & culture - Encourage their advance in civilisation and Christianity - Investigate crimes against them - Ensure they don't fall into destitution

explain why Governor Macquarie may have supported the idea of emancipation.

- He sought their integration into colonial society

describe Edward Wakefield's plan for systematic colonisation in South Australia.

- His plan depended on the attraction of free settlers and a ready supply of work force - Economic self-interest at play

In 2-3 sentences/dot points explain/detail the three conditions for claiming territory (or declaring it 'terra nullius') in the mid-18th century?

- Indigenous people could be persuaded to accept foreign sovereignty - The land could be purchased from its owners - If deemed terra nullius it could be claimed unilaterally based on first euro discovery

Name two (2) of the relevant historical individuals who played a role during the Rum Rebellion.

- Macarthur & Bligh

describe the reaction of New South Wales settlers to the Molesworth report

- Many tried to oppose the ending of transportation - If one tried to defend transportation on the grounds that it was a good deterrent (because convicts really were treated brutally), then in must be like slavery - If one defended the assignment system (which everyone in England thought of as 'like slavery') then this was evidence of the corrupt society that had emerged - If one defended the reputation of the colony from accusations that it was corrupt and degraded, asserting that it was a really nice place to live, then this was evidence that there was no deterrent effect

What were the two massacres in South Australia's history that took place between 1840-1841?

- Maria Massacre on the Coorong - 1840 - Rufus River Massacre 1841

Name the 3 South Australian Protectors during the 1800s.

- Moorhouse - Walker - Hamilton

Name the 3 categories of 'life' that Indigenous Australians generally fell into during the period between 1850-1900.

- On missions - Employed in pastoral industry - On the fringes of colonial society

1. Which were the two ships who provided supplies for the first colony of New South Wales?

- Sirius & Supply

explain how 'the colonial taint' affected Australia's colonial settlements

- The convict taint was essentially the idea that Australia being known as the land of convicts meant that the free settlers were 'unfairly' characterised and economic growth of the colony would suffer due to this reputation (it did not encourage foreign trade or immigration)

explain why the colonies shifted from the policy of benign neglect and returned to government intervention in the 1890s.

- The idea of the dying race was dwindling as the Aboriginal population was increasing - Fundamentally, this shift was about social engineering, as it was believed people of 'full descent' would die out and mixed people would gradually be absorbed into the general population

describe the policy of Amalgamation as it relates to the treatment of Indigenous Australians

- The policy of Amalgamation assumed that eventually Aboriginal people would be absorbed into colonial society - This was assumed to be their reward - as christianity and the western way of life was considered a 'step up' from their current way of life

explain two of John Hirst's critiques on the perception that colonial life was akin to that of hell on earth.

- The whip not used often, masters could not whipe assigned convicts as the whip could only be used by the order of the magistrate - Convict experiences differed depending on location e.g. penal settlements in NSW were fairly benign

What are some of the limitations of John Hirst's critiques on the perception that colonial life was akin to that of hell on earth?

- Threat of whip being used was a form of psychological violence - Assigned females often sent to work in remote areas where abuse could be hidden from authorities

What were the limitations of ticket-of-leaves compared to conditional pardons?

- Ticket of leave allowed a convict to work for wages yet they couldn't own land, were only permitted to work in certain areas, had to attend a roll call & must not return to Britain

Name 2 of Molesworth's findings regarding the issues surrounding transportation

- Transportation be discontinued - Assignment system abolished

What was the concept of 'exiles' in regards to convict transportation to New South Wales?

- Transportation had ended, but Britain didn't want to cease it entirely, so sent exiled individuals instead of convicts

Explain two limitations of G.A.Wood's interpretation of the convict settlers as 'Village Hampdens'

- Use of selective evidence , few case studies - Use of prevailing liberal opinions about nature vs nurture

Whose ideas was Molesworth influenced by during his Committee on Transportation 1837-8?

- Wakefield - ideas on systematic colonisation - Bentham - ideas on penitentiaries

What recommendations did Joseph Bigge's provide in regards to 'improving' transportation as a system of criminal deterrence?

- Wanted to toughen up the system so it would act as an effective deterrent via - Reducing the number of tickets-of-leave issued - Withdraw land grants & out of hrs wages for convicts - Assignment to larger land holders rather than smaller ones

what are points which critique Robson?

- only captures 5% of convict history - based on Van Diemen's Land (where most serious offenders were sent)

Who were the emancipists?

- those in colonial society who had completed their sentences or were pardoned - permitted to own land & given land grants

what were Lloyd Robson's findings?

-convicts convicted more than once prior to being sentenced to transportation - most were urban dwellers - majority were male, young and single - most committed larceny (theft of items of small value)

What year did Janz land at Cape York

1606

Jan Carstenz explores Arnhem Land in?

1623

When did James Cook land in Botany Bay?

1770

When did the first fleet land in Australia?

18th Jan 1788

What food items did the basic ration provided to Indigenous Australians during this period consist of?

Flour, Sugar & tea

Who was the first governor of NSW?

Gov. Arthur Phillip

What did Thomas Townsend do?

He was influenced by Banks's assessment of Botany Bay & persuaded that a NSW penal settlement would not cost significantly more than keeping prisoners in Britain

Which philosopher's ideas underpinned the idea of terra nullius?

John Locke

What were Locke's ideas about land ownership?

Locke believed that organised cultivation of land signified possession of land

Which Lord was instrumental in influencing the beginning of transportation?

Lord Sydney, Thomas Townshend

what name did WA used to be called?

New Holland

1. What item was regularly utilised to pay workers in early colonial New South Wales in lieu of monetary currency?

Rum

Which mainland state was the last to legislate an Aborigines Protection Act/Aborigines Act during the return to government intervention?

South Australia (first was QLD)

Explain how Governor Hindmarsh's declaration in 1836 differed from Governor Phillip's instructions regarding the treatment of Indigenous Australians.

The main difference was that Hindmarsh wanted to afford Aboriginal people the same protections of the law that white citizens had.

The first dutch to land at Cape York

Willem Janz

what was 'Heads of a Plan'?

a document which nominated Botany Bay as a site of convict settlement (1786)

why did international law at the time go against the claim of Terra Nullius?

it argued that hunter & gatherer societies had legitimate claims over land ownership

who was Lloyd Robson?

studied convict settlers, 1965

In South Australia, the 1865 Act allowed authorities to arrest people based on what charges?

that they had been a convict at one point or another, even if their sentence expired up to 3 years before arrest