Western Civ 2

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In the seventeenth century, why did rulers hesitate to crush rebellions?

Armies were expensive to deploy, and rulers feared creating martyrs.

what was the goal of the committee of public safety

to use dictatorial powers to respond to threats to France from without to within

In addition to supervising labor and birth, what was a typical task of the midwife?

treating female medical difficulties

The British victory in the seven years war was ratified by the

treaty of paris

how did victor Hugo exemplify the romantic movement in his novels

with fantastic characters, exotic historical setting and human emotions

in the seperate spheres pattern of gender relationships

women generally stopped working outside of the home after the first child was born

Why did eighteenth-century Britain have a shortage of wood?

wood had been over harvested it was the primary source of heal in all homes and a basic raw material in industry

In music, the baroque style reached its culmination in the work of

Johann Sebastian Bach

in the eighteenth century the west's largest and richest city was

London

In the eighteenth century, European public health measures

improved water supply and sewage systems

Why were cottage workers, accustomed to the putting-out system, reluctant to work in the new factories even when they received good wages?

in a factory, workers had to keep up with the machine and follow its relentless tempo

How did the problem of food shortages change in the eighteenth century?

increased road and canal building permitted food to be more easily transported to regions with local crop failure and famine

in the 1780's over 50 percent of France's annual budget was expended on

interest payments on the dept

Why did Pietism, which began in Germany in the late seventeenth century, appeal to people?

it emphasized a warm and emotional religion

in the eighteenth century what did the strength of popular religion in Catholic countries reflect

its importance in community life

What was Newton's law that all objects are attracted to one another and that the force of attraction is proportional to the objects quantity of matter

law of universal gravitation

how did railroads affect the venture of production

markets become broader encouraging manufacturers to create larger factories with more sophisticated machines

Oliver Cromwell's Protectorate was ultimately a

military dictatorship

eighteenth century blood sports such as bull-baiting and cockfighting were

popular with the European masses

Copernicus's theory of the universe

postulated a sun-centered view of the universe

The spinning of thread for the loom

required the work of several spinners for each loom, which led merchants to employ the wives and daughters of agricultural workers at terribly low wages.

in the summer of 1789 the national assembly was driven toward more radical action by

revolutionary actions by french peasants and the common people of Paris

Soft pastels, ornate interiors, and sentimental portraits are all characteristics of the style known as

rococo

the quadruple alliance the nations that defeated napoleon included

russia, prussia, austria, and great britian

which of the following characterizes education for children outside the home in the early modern era

schools for the children of common people taught basic literacy, religion, and some arithmetic for boys and needlework for girls.

Who forced the king and the royal family to abandon Versailles and return to Paris?

several thousand parasian women

the concept of the reading revolution refers to the

shift from reading religious texts aloud as a family to reading diverse texts individually

What helped to justify the growth of slavery in the eighteenth century?

the emergence of scientific racism

Rousseau's concept of the general will asserts that

the general will is not necessarily the will of the majority

which of the following describes the enclosure movement of the eighteenth century

the land was divided into plots bounded by fences to farm more effectively

in the eighteenth century, what was the focal point of community cohension

the parish church

why did abolition campaigns against slavery become more prominent in the late eighteenth century

the plight of enslaved people became more well known

why were the young generally unmarried women who worked for waged outside the home confined to certain women jobs

the sexual division of labor replicated a long standing pattern of gender segregation and inequality

The most influential aspect of Rene Descartes theories of nature was that

the universe functioned in a mechanistic fashion

Merchant capitalists complained bitterly about

their inability to supervise and direct the work of rural laborers.

Why did sugar and tea become commonly consumed products by all social classes in the eighteenth century?

there was a steady drop in prices owing to the expanded ise of colonial slaves labor

why did members of the national convention turn against Robespierre on the ninth of thermidor

they believed that Robespierre might soon have them arrested and executed

How did older members of the population seek to control sexuality of the working class youths?

they supported the establishment of sex-segregated employment

what place did prostitutes generally old among the common people in towns

they were accepted member of the community of laboring poor

which of the following characterizes the condition of peasants in Western Europe in the eighteenth century

they were generally free from serfdom and owned land that they could pass on to their children

why did protestant countries take the lead in expanding education to all children

they were inspired by the protestant idea that every believer should be able to read the bible

what was the primary goal of Galileo Galilei's experimental method

to discover that actually occurred in nature rather than to speculate on what should occur

in the eighteenth century the diet of the poorer classes consisted largely of bread and

vegetables

What was the outcome of the heightened central control established by absolutist and constitutional governments?

Growth in armed forces

How did Cardinal Richelieu increase the power of the centralized French state

He extended the use of the intendants, commissioners for each of France's thirty-two districts

what occurred during the hundred days in France

Napoleon returned from exile to rule France briefly

What was one of the social consequences of Peter the Great's bureaucratic system?

People of non-noble origin were able to rise to high positions

In general, what was Voltaire's attitude toward government?

he believed that a good monarch was the best one could hope for in government

What was the key demand of the Chartist movement?

All men must be given the right to vote.

Who were the Luddites?

British handicraft workers who attacked factories and destroyed machinery they believed were putting them out of work

What was Descartes's view that all of reality could ultimately be reduced to mind and matter

Cartesian dualism

The Baroque style flourished in the context of the

Catholic Reformation

How did the idea of "race" transform Europeans' idea of their superiority over other peoples?

Europeans superiority was increasingly defined as biologically superior as well as culturally superior

Catherine the Great of Russia enjoyed the international support of

French philosophes

France's strong economy was created by the mercantilist policies of

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

How did the Peace of Westphalia mark a turning point in European history?

Large-Scale armed conflicts over religious faith came to an end

How did famines affect the European population in the seventeenth century?

Malnutrition made people susceptible to deadly diseases, which reduced the population significantly.

The English political philosopher John Locke held that

a tyrannical government can be overthrown by the people

The primary cause of the English Glorious Revolution was

a fear of the establishment of Catholic absolutism by James 2

Europeans believed grain and bread should be available at

a just price - one that was fair to both consumers and procedures

which of the following characterizes the regions to which slaves were carried from Africa to the America

about 90 percent of slaves were transported to Brazil or the Caribbean, with only 3 percent brought to North America

the proletarianization of peasants in the eighteenth century forced them to

become landless rural wage earners

what was the greatest achievement of eighteenth-century medical science

conquest of smallpox

how did cotton transform the textile industry

cotton could be spun mechanically with much greater efficiency than wool or flax helping to solve the shortage of thread

people of Spanish ancestry born in the Americas were referred to as

creoles

the national assembly that ruled france from 1789 to 1791 passed laws that

declared all men and women to be equal

During a young man's period of apprenticeship, he would

earn little money and work hard

Mercantilist theory postulated that

economic activity should be regulated by and for the state

the declaration of the rights of man and of the citizen guaranteed

equality before law

the legal definition of the composition of the prerevolutionary third estate included

everyone who was not a noble or a member of the clergy

in 1850 in what occupational area did the largest number of British people work

farming and agriculture


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