Western Civ 2
In the seventeenth century, why did rulers hesitate to crush rebellions?
Armies were expensive to deploy, and rulers feared creating martyrs.
what was the goal of the committee of public safety
to use dictatorial powers to respond to threats to France from without to within
In addition to supervising labor and birth, what was a typical task of the midwife?
treating female medical difficulties
The British victory in the seven years war was ratified by the
treaty of paris
how did victor Hugo exemplify the romantic movement in his novels
with fantastic characters, exotic historical setting and human emotions
in the seperate spheres pattern of gender relationships
women generally stopped working outside of the home after the first child was born
Why did eighteenth-century Britain have a shortage of wood?
wood had been over harvested it was the primary source of heal in all homes and a basic raw material in industry
In music, the baroque style reached its culmination in the work of
Johann Sebastian Bach
in the eighteenth century the west's largest and richest city was
London
In the eighteenth century, European public health measures
improved water supply and sewage systems
Why were cottage workers, accustomed to the putting-out system, reluctant to work in the new factories even when they received good wages?
in a factory, workers had to keep up with the machine and follow its relentless tempo
How did the problem of food shortages change in the eighteenth century?
increased road and canal building permitted food to be more easily transported to regions with local crop failure and famine
in the 1780's over 50 percent of France's annual budget was expended on
interest payments on the dept
Why did Pietism, which began in Germany in the late seventeenth century, appeal to people?
it emphasized a warm and emotional religion
in the eighteenth century what did the strength of popular religion in Catholic countries reflect
its importance in community life
What was Newton's law that all objects are attracted to one another and that the force of attraction is proportional to the objects quantity of matter
law of universal gravitation
how did railroads affect the venture of production
markets become broader encouraging manufacturers to create larger factories with more sophisticated machines
Oliver Cromwell's Protectorate was ultimately a
military dictatorship
eighteenth century blood sports such as bull-baiting and cockfighting were
popular with the European masses
Copernicus's theory of the universe
postulated a sun-centered view of the universe
The spinning of thread for the loom
required the work of several spinners for each loom, which led merchants to employ the wives and daughters of agricultural workers at terribly low wages.
in the summer of 1789 the national assembly was driven toward more radical action by
revolutionary actions by french peasants and the common people of Paris
Soft pastels, ornate interiors, and sentimental portraits are all characteristics of the style known as
rococo
the quadruple alliance the nations that defeated napoleon included
russia, prussia, austria, and great britian
which of the following characterizes education for children outside the home in the early modern era
schools for the children of common people taught basic literacy, religion, and some arithmetic for boys and needlework for girls.
Who forced the king and the royal family to abandon Versailles and return to Paris?
several thousand parasian women
the concept of the reading revolution refers to the
shift from reading religious texts aloud as a family to reading diverse texts individually
What helped to justify the growth of slavery in the eighteenth century?
the emergence of scientific racism
Rousseau's concept of the general will asserts that
the general will is not necessarily the will of the majority
which of the following describes the enclosure movement of the eighteenth century
the land was divided into plots bounded by fences to farm more effectively
in the eighteenth century, what was the focal point of community cohension
the parish church
why did abolition campaigns against slavery become more prominent in the late eighteenth century
the plight of enslaved people became more well known
why were the young generally unmarried women who worked for waged outside the home confined to certain women jobs
the sexual division of labor replicated a long standing pattern of gender segregation and inequality
The most influential aspect of Rene Descartes theories of nature was that
the universe functioned in a mechanistic fashion
Merchant capitalists complained bitterly about
their inability to supervise and direct the work of rural laborers.
Why did sugar and tea become commonly consumed products by all social classes in the eighteenth century?
there was a steady drop in prices owing to the expanded ise of colonial slaves labor
why did members of the national convention turn against Robespierre on the ninth of thermidor
they believed that Robespierre might soon have them arrested and executed
How did older members of the population seek to control sexuality of the working class youths?
they supported the establishment of sex-segregated employment
what place did prostitutes generally old among the common people in towns
they were accepted member of the community of laboring poor
which of the following characterizes the condition of peasants in Western Europe in the eighteenth century
they were generally free from serfdom and owned land that they could pass on to their children
why did protestant countries take the lead in expanding education to all children
they were inspired by the protestant idea that every believer should be able to read the bible
what was the primary goal of Galileo Galilei's experimental method
to discover that actually occurred in nature rather than to speculate on what should occur
in the eighteenth century the diet of the poorer classes consisted largely of bread and
vegetables
What was the outcome of the heightened central control established by absolutist and constitutional governments?
Growth in armed forces
How did Cardinal Richelieu increase the power of the centralized French state
He extended the use of the intendants, commissioners for each of France's thirty-two districts
what occurred during the hundred days in France
Napoleon returned from exile to rule France briefly
What was one of the social consequences of Peter the Great's bureaucratic system?
People of non-noble origin were able to rise to high positions
In general, what was Voltaire's attitude toward government?
he believed that a good monarch was the best one could hope for in government
What was the key demand of the Chartist movement?
All men must be given the right to vote.
Who were the Luddites?
British handicraft workers who attacked factories and destroyed machinery they believed were putting them out of work
What was Descartes's view that all of reality could ultimately be reduced to mind and matter
Cartesian dualism
The Baroque style flourished in the context of the
Catholic Reformation
How did the idea of "race" transform Europeans' idea of their superiority over other peoples?
Europeans superiority was increasingly defined as biologically superior as well as culturally superior
Catherine the Great of Russia enjoyed the international support of
French philosophes
France's strong economy was created by the mercantilist policies of
Jean-Baptiste Colbert
How did the Peace of Westphalia mark a turning point in European history?
Large-Scale armed conflicts over religious faith came to an end
How did famines affect the European population in the seventeenth century?
Malnutrition made people susceptible to deadly diseases, which reduced the population significantly.
The English political philosopher John Locke held that
a tyrannical government can be overthrown by the people
The primary cause of the English Glorious Revolution was
a fear of the establishment of Catholic absolutism by James 2
Europeans believed grain and bread should be available at
a just price - one that was fair to both consumers and procedures
which of the following characterizes the regions to which slaves were carried from Africa to the America
about 90 percent of slaves were transported to Brazil or the Caribbean, with only 3 percent brought to North America
the proletarianization of peasants in the eighteenth century forced them to
become landless rural wage earners
what was the greatest achievement of eighteenth-century medical science
conquest of smallpox
how did cotton transform the textile industry
cotton could be spun mechanically with much greater efficiency than wool or flax helping to solve the shortage of thread
people of Spanish ancestry born in the Americas were referred to as
creoles
the national assembly that ruled france from 1789 to 1791 passed laws that
declared all men and women to be equal
During a young man's period of apprenticeship, he would
earn little money and work hard
Mercantilist theory postulated that
economic activity should be regulated by and for the state
the declaration of the rights of man and of the citizen guaranteed
equality before law
the legal definition of the composition of the prerevolutionary third estate included
everyone who was not a noble or a member of the clergy
in 1850 in what occupational area did the largest number of British people work
farming and agriculture
