Western Civ Test Chap 16-17

What was one result of Louis XIV's 1685 revocation of the Edict of Nantes?

A new intellectual movement called the Enlightenment. It encouraged greater skepticism about religious and state authority

What controversial agricultural practice in England that eliminated community grazing rights normally required an act of Parliament?

Enclosure

What steps did England take to reduce Catholic Ireland to the status of a British colony in the wake of the Jacobite uprising of 1689?

England confiscated the rights of Irish people to self defense, self education, and representation in politics

Why did plantation slavery replace indentured servitude as the major economic anchor of the Atlantic system?

Even though they were more than likely overworked, indentured servants were much more expensive than African slave labor.

Describe the racial distinctions that emerged in areas where Europeans (such as the Spanish), Indians, and Africans intermarried?

For the Spanish and Portuguese it was easier to tolerate intermarriage and conversion to Christianity, but for the French and English it wasn't supported

What sorts of professions made up the developing urban middle classes of the eighteenth century?

Government officials, merchants, professionals, and small landowners

What characteristics marked Tsar Alexei of Russia's model of absolutism?

He convened the Assembly of the Land to organize Russian society in a strict social hierarchy and he imposed firm control over the Russian Orthodox church. Like others, he wanted a bigger army, exclusive control over state policy, and greater say in religious matters

What institution did Frederick William of Hohenzollern expand dramatically in Brandenburg-Prussia? Why?

He greatly expanded his army because he wanted a dependable income. He gave the Junkers (nobles) complete control over peasants and exempt them from taxes. The Junkers became the officers and the peasants were able to fill the ranks.

How did the absolutist monarchy of Frederick William of Hohenzollern differ from that of Louis XIV?

He welcomed 20,000 Huguenot refugees, avoided the osentation of the French court, and was able to give his nobles more freedom

After some two hundred years of tolerating and even supporting piracy, why did the English and Dutch governments suddenly try to stamp it out around 1700?

Some bands of sailors from England, the Netherlands, and France formed associations of pirates in the Caribbean that preyed on everyone's shipments regardless of national origin

How many Africans were transported across the Atlantic in the slave trade before it began to wind down after 1850?

More than 10 million

How did European peasants and colonized subjects resist attempts to reform popular religious rituals? What did the reformers see as a problem? How successful were they? (think cultural diffusion)

No matter what was done to try and control festivals, the doors were always open for reinterpretation and drunken celebration. They combined Christian symbols with their own indigeneous ones. The problem was that they were taking part in a religious festival (a religion that they had all converted to), but they were also reasserting their own prior identities. Those in charge did their best to prevent these things from happening, but no matter what they did, people still chose to ruin the celebrations

The peace treaties that ended the War of the Spanish Succession set forth what condition for Philip, grandson of Louis XIV, to be confirmed as king of Spain?

Philip could not claim the French Throne

What state had the best-trained and most up-to-date military force in Europe, despite being smaller than those of its rivals?

Prussia

What factors contributed to Britain's agricultural revolution in the 1700s?

Selective breeding, fodder crops, and an increase in the amount of land that was cultivated

Which goods played an essential role in the Atlantic economy and the expansion of European consumer society? What was the most influential?

Sugar in the beginning of the 1700's and tobacco in the 1720's. Sugar was more influential than tobacco pg. 580

What was the Atlantic system?

The Atlantic system was the network of trade that was established in the 1700's that bound together western Europe, Africa, and the Americas. Europeans sold slaves from West Africa and bought commodities that were produced by the plantations in the Americas and in the Carribean

Why was European contact with China so limited in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries?

The Emperors had welcomed Catholic missionaries at court, but the priest's credibility diminished as they squabbled among themselves and associated themselves with European merchants, whom the Chinese considered pirates

To what does the author attribute the population explosion that took place in Europe around the turn of the eighteenth century?

The consumer revolution, or otherwise a decline in the death rate, improved agricultural rates, and the plague being gone.

Following the deaths of William and Mary and their successor, Anne (Mary's sister), the English turned to which dynastic house for their next ruler, King George I (r. 1714-1727)?

The house of Hanover from Germany

Enlightenment writers saw the solution for all social problems in which of the following systems of thought?

The scientific method

What factors determined the balance of white and black populations in each of the New World colonies?

The staple products that a certain colony produced determined the balance. In the beginning there were more white slaves, but overtime there became more black slaves than white.

How did the French government respond to Voltaire's Letters Concerning the English Nation, published in the early 1730s?

They arrested him and called for his execution

By the eighteenth century, many Europeans began to try to provide a rationale for the institution of slavery. On what grounds was this rationale based predominantly?

They believed that some people were meant to be slaves,

In what ways did governments become involved in the sciences during the seventeenth century?

They viewed science as a way to enhance their prestige and glory and they invested monetary and social resources into their scientific research. Government involvement in science was greatest in France. They founded multiple academies of sciences

Describe the size and operations of plantations in the New World. How was the work performed and marketed?

They were large tracts of land that were owned by colonial settlers from Western Europe that were formed by slave labor and were able to produce staple crops. example: sugar, coffee, tobacco

In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the poor were no longer perceived as deserving of charity. How were they perceived? How did this shape reforms

They were regarded as dangerous, deceitful, and lacking in character. They expelled them from communities, trying to reform their character. Some believed harsh discipline was the cure for poverty.

How was clothing related to social status and occupation in eighteenth-century cities?

clothing was an indicator of social status or occupation based on the style or expense of someone's clothes

How did the Russian tsar Peter the Great's imposition of the Table of Ranks in 1722 affect Russian society?.

it divided nobility by their roles in the military, administrative, and judicial systems

Describe the features of the 17th Protestant revival known as Pietism, which became popular in the German Lutheran states, the Dutch Republic, and Scandinavia?

it encouraged intense emotions during religious activities and encouraged daily instruction and prayer.

The legacy of Sir Robert Walpole (1676-1745) can be described as the establishment of which of the following?

the formula for parliamentary government where a prime minister guides legislation through a parliament.

Who were the main consumers of the new upsurge in books, pamphlets, and periodicals in the eighteenth century?

the middle class, especially in urban areas

What did critics of the Enlightenment find so dangerous about the new intellectual movement?

they challenged all kinds of authority and accepted religious and political truths

In his 1721 book Persian Letters, the baron of Montesquieu (1689-1755) used what genre of writing to satirically explore good government and morality?

travel literature.