Western Civilization Chapter 16-17
Pragmatic Sanction
A diplomatic agreement that had guaranteed Maria Theresa's succession
Galileo Galilei
Florentine, poor noblemen: -elaborated and consolidated the experimental method formulated the law of inertia -discovered first four moons of jupiter -published "Dialogue on the two chief systems of the world" -made incredible breakthroughs although they questioned religious views
Experimental Method
The approach, pioneered by Galileo, that the proper way to explore the workings of the universe was through repeatable experiments rather than speculations.
The Directory
The government that took over after the end of the Reign of terror in 1795 and was led by a five man executive council
Charles I (r. 1625-1649)
-When he needs more money he raises taxes -Parlament signs petition of right to reassert their power -Makes him mad so he raises taxes illegally for 11 years -Leads to English Civil War
St. Petersburg
-magnificent city built by Peter the Great -a new western-style capital -Peter the Great drafted citizens to labor here for no pay
Great Northern War (1700-1721)
Was a conflict in which a coalition led by the Tsardom of Russia successfully contested the supremacy of the Swedish Empire in Northern Europe
Protects citizens from power of the government
What did the English Bill of Rights do?
Religious toleration for ALL religions
What did the Toleration Act that parliament made William and Mary sign say?
Deism
-Belief in higher being -God created a complex structure and then let humans go from there -Distant role
David Hume (1711-1776)
-Believed the human mind could not escape opinions and impressions -Experience and habits shape our learning
Charles II (r. 1660-1685)
-Catholic King during Restoration -Passed Declaration of Indulgence -Parliament responds by passing the Test Act
James II (r.1685-1688)
-Comes into power after his brother Charles II -Very Catholic and demand Test Act be removed -Puts Catholics as gov. officials -Taken out of power in the glorious revolution
Paradigm
-Commonly accepted belief -System that explains a larger pattern -Self contained -Based on first principle
Empiricism
-Concept that formalizes empirical method -Inductive reasoning -Relies on our senses
Ferdinand III (r. 1637-1657)
-Continued to build state power -Built a very powerful army
James I (r. 1603-1625)
-Creates a bible named after himself -Claims divine right power in 1611
Fredrick William I, "the Soldiers' King" (r. 1713-1740)
-Eliminated last standing elements of local self-government -Established Prussian absolutism -Transformed Prussia into a military state
William Harvey (1578-1657)
-English royal physician -Discovered the circulation of blood through the veins and arteries in 1628 -Was the first to explain the functions of its muscles and valves
Paradigm Shift
-Evidence that challenges commonly accepted belief -New first principle -Changes entire outlook
Habsburgs
-Family that ruled in Austria -Strongly against Protestantism
Jean-Baptise Colbert
-French politician who served as the Minister of Finances of France from 1665 to 1683 under the rule of King Louis XIV. -brought economy back from brink of bankruptcy but efforts were useless because of the Kings spending on foreign wars
Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)
-German philosopher -tried to reconcile absolute monarchical authority with a critical public sphere.
Hohenzollerns
-German royal family who extended their rule to Prussia
Edict of Nantes
-Grants liberty to conscience and public worship to Calvinists
Galen
-Greek Physicians - believed the body contained four humors: blood, phlegm, black bile, yellow bile
Philosophes
-Group of influential intellectuals -Claimed they were enlightening their ignorant fellow creatures
René Descartes
-He connected geometry and algebra, new tool important for science -Proposed that matter is made up of corpuscules -Quantity of motion in universe is constant -Spiritual-searched for truths of creation -"I think therefore I am"
Pierre Bayle (1647-1706)
-He wrote a book examining the religious beliefs and persecutions of the past *Nothing can ever be known beyond ALL doubt- skeptic
Boyars
-Highest ranking members of Russian Nobility -Helped Muscovite princes consolidate their power
Oliver Cromwell
-His new model army helped Parliament win English Civil War -Became Lord Protector of England -Becomes absolutist monarch
Peter the Great (r. 1682-1725)
-In numerous successful wars he expanded the Tsardom into a huge empire that became a major European power. -Led a cultural revolution that replaced the traditionalist and medieval social and political system with a modern, scientific, Europe-oriented, and rationalist system
Peace of Utrecht
A series of treaties, from 1713 to 1715, that ended the war of Spanish Succession, ended French expansion in Europe, and marked the rise of the British Empire
Judaism
The monotheistic religion of the Jews, based on the laws revealed to Moses and recorded in the Torah
Social Science
The study of society and of the relationship of individual members within society, including economics, history, political science, psychology, anthropology, and sociology
Natural Philosophy
An early modern term for the study of the nature of the universe. it's purpose, and how it functioned; it encompassed what we would call "science" today.
Public Sphere
An idealized intellectual space that emerged in Europe during the Enlightenment, where the public came together to discuss important issues relating to society, economics, and politics
Humans have freedom and equality (from God)
What was Locke's state of nature?
Tycho Brahe
Astronomer who: -observed stars and planets -believed all planet except earth revolved around the sun
Joseph II (r. 1780-1790)
-"revolutionary emperor" -radical -A Habsburg .: Austria -abolished serfdom
Mongol Yoke
-200 year period when Mongols ruled Russia -Set the stage for Russian Absolutism
Moses Mendelssohn
-Jewish philosopher -Wrote about the immortality of the soul -wanted to provoke religious toleration between christianity and Judaism
Louis XV
French monarch who attempted to reform the tax system and limit the power of local parliaments numerous times throughout the 18th century
Louis XIII
-Became King when he was 9 -Was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as King of France from 1610 to 1643
War of the Spanish Succession
(1701-1714) was fought between two alliances of European powers, including a divided Spain, over who had the right to succeed Charles II as king of Spain.
Paracelsus (1493-1541)
-A Swiss physician and alchemist -Was an early proponent of the experimental method in medicine -Pioneered the use of chemicals and drugs
Peace of Westphalia
-A series of treaties that concluded the Thirty Years' war -Marked the end of large-scale religious violence
Fronde (1648-1653)
-A series of violent uprisings during the early reign of Louis XIV -brought on by growing royal control and oppressive taxation
Mercantilism
-A system of economic regulations aimed to increase the power of the state -based on the belief that a nation's international power was based on its wealth (supply of gold and silver)
Test Act
-Act passed by parliament in response to King Charles' Declaration of Indulgence -All government officials must object transubstantiation -Made to discourage Catholics
Petition of Right
-Act passed by parliament: -Parliament has control of finances -No unjust imprisonment -No quartering soldiers in civilian homes
Intendants
-Administers working for the King -Make sure the provinces were: 1. were paying taxes 2. the laws were enforced 3. recruited people for the army
Restoration of 1660
-After Civil War and time of Common Wealth -England has constitutional monarchy -King's power checked by what a constitution tells him
Andreas Vesalius (1516-1564)
-An experimental/ Flemish physician -Studied anatomy by dissecting human bodies -Published "On the Structure of the Human Body" which contains 200 precise drawings that revolutionized the understanding of the human anatomy
Interregnum (1649-1660)
-Another name for the Commonwealth period -Council of state
Battle of Poltava (1709)
-Battle in Great Northern War -Sweden vs. Russia -Russian victory secured its place as a power house in north-eastern Europe
Enlightenment
-Introduced a new world view based on the use of reason, the scientific method & process. Main ideas: 1. Natural Science should be used to understand all aspects of life 2. Scientific method could discover the laws of human society and nature 3. Human beings could create better societies and better people
Robert Boyle (1627-1691)
-Irishman -Founded the modern science of chemistry -Discovered elements of nature which he believed were composed of infinitely small atoms -Was the first to create a vacuum -Discovered "Boyle's law" which states that 'the pressure of a gas varies inversely with volume'
Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden
-King of Sweden from 1611-1632 -He led Sweden to military supremacy during the Thirty Years War, helping to determine the political as well as the religious balance of power in Europe.
House of Commons
-Lower house of parliament -Members elected democratically
Puritans
-Members of a religious movement to purify the Church of England of all Roman Catholic Elements like bishops, elaborate ceremonies, and wedding rings
Divine Right
-Monarchs used this to confirm their power -Said that God chose them
Reading Revolution
-More books on more subjects -More educated population in France and England -Era provoked questions and critical thinking
New Paradigm
-New commonly accepted belief: -Copernicus-Heliocentrism -New first principle
Old paradigm
-Old commonly accepted beliefs: -Aristotelian mechanics -Ptolemaic Astronomy-Geocentrism
Glorious Revolution
-Parliament takes James II out of power -"bloodless" revolution
Commonwealth
-Period after English Civil War -No monarch just parliament
Francis Bacon
-Politician and writer (1561-1626) -Obtained knowledge through math and research -Experimental philosophy and contribution
Absolutism
-Power in one monarchy -Undercut power of Nobles -Used Divine Right to secure their power
Henry IV
-Protestant King in a Catholic country so he converts -Passes Edict of Nantes -Lowers taxes for French citizens and raises them for nobles -Uses nobles' money to build infrastructures therefore building economy
Fredrick The Great
-Prussian ruler believed in Enlightenment ideas -determined to use the army his father left him -He invaded German province or Silesia (defying pragmatic sanction) -His subjects could believe what they wanted (religiously and philosophically) -Promoted education -Wanted to make his people happy
Voltaire (1694-1778)
-Reformer NOT revolutionary -Glorified England and Newton -Deist -Hated all forms of religious intolerance -Did not believe in social and economic equality in human affairs
Protectorate
-Reign of Cromwell: -Shipped slaves -Launches military attacks -Rigid reforms
The Social Contract
-Rousseau's contribution to political theory -two fundamental concepts: the general will and popular sovereignty -general will is sacred and absolute, reflects the common interests of the people, at times may be the authentic/ longterm needs of the ppl as correctly interpreted by a farseeing minority
Politique
-Rulers that put the interests of the state above issues of religion
Rationalism/ Reason
-Secular and critical way of thinking
"Third Rome"
-Some Orthodox Church men compared Holy Russia to this
Serfdom
-Someone who has the title of "Serf" -Are overruled by lords and fief owners
Cardinal Richelieu
-Strengthens absolutism by creating position of intendants
Sovereignty
-Supreme power or authority
Denis Diderot
-Taught people how to think critically -Changed general way of thinking -Editor of Encyclopedia included seventy-two thousand articles by leading scholars at the time
Bodin & Bossuet
-The most important French absolutist theorists -Arguments based on reason
Junkers
-The nobility of Brandenburg and Prussia -Reluctant allies of Fredrick William in his consolidation of the Prussian State
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)
-The social contract -attacked rationalism and civilization, labeling them as destroying rather than liberating the individual.
Tsar
-Title first taken by Ivan IV -Rightful and holy rulers of Russia and Orthodox Chritianity
Long Parliament (1640-1660)
-Type of parliament in England that: -limited the power of the monarch -made government without parliament impossible
Louis XIV
-Under his rule the French monarchy reached the peak of of absolutist development -magnificent court and culture -Believed in divine right of kings: God had established Kings as rulers on earth , and they were answerable ultimately to him -Worked hard at business and governing
Montesquieu (1689-1755)
-Used oppression of women to symbolize Eastern political tyranny -Studied social sciences: showing what shaped forms of government -Theory of separation of powers -Wrote "The Persian Letters" (extremely influential satire
Fredrick William, the "Great Elector" (r. 1640-1688)
-Wanted to unify the three provinces of Prussia -Benefited from war in England, argued the need for an Army -Gained financial independence and superior force
English Civil War (1642-1649)
-War between Parliament (roundheads) and King (Caviliers) -In 1642 Parliament gets new military leader: Oliver Cromwell -Parlement wins in 1647 -King Charles executed in 1649
Ferdinand II (r. 1619-1637)
-reduced power of bohemian estates -confiscated land of protestant nobles and gave it to loyal catholic nobles.
Defenestration of Prague
-two incidents in the history of Bohemia -The First Defenestration of Prague involved the killing of seven members of the city council -Threw them out a window
Cardinal Mazarin
-was an Italian and French[2] cardinal, diplomat, and politician, who served as the chief minister of France from 1642 until his death -Struggle to increase royal revenues to meet the costs of war led to uprisings known as the Fronde
Edict of Restitution
0passed eleven years into the Thirty Years' Wars on March 6, 1629 -Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor attempted to impose and restore the religious and territorial situations reached in the Peace of Augsburg
Experimental Process
1. Close observations 2. General patterns 3. Final conclusions
Deductive Reasoning
1. First principle 2. General patterns 3. Make sense of close observation
Catherine The Great
3 main goals: -to continue peter the great's effort to bring the culture of western europe to russia -domestic reform -territorial expansion
Constitutionalism
A form of government in which power is limited by law and balanced between the authority and power of the government on the one hand and the rights and liberties of the subject or citizen on the other hand
Constitutional Monarchy
A form of government in which the king retains his position as head of state, while the authority to tax and make laws resides in an elected body
Democracy
A form of government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised directly by them or by their elected agents under a free electoral system.
Estates General
A legislative body in pre-Revolutionary France made up of representatives of each of the three classes, or estates; it was called into session in 1789 for the first time since 1614
Law of Inertia
A low formulated by Galileo that states that motion, not rest, is the natural state of an object, that an object continues in motion forever unless stopped by some external force
Rococo
A popular style in Europe in the eighteenth century, known for its soft pastels, ornate interiors, sentimental portraits, and starry-eyed lovers protected by hovering cupids
Totalitarianism
A radical dictatorship that exercises "total claims" over the beliefs and behaviors of its citizens by taking control of the economic, social, intellectual, and cultural aspects of society
1. English Bill of Rights 2. Toleration Act
As a condition of William III and Mary II coming in to power what two documents did they have to sign?
Johannes Kepler
Brahe's assistant: -universe built on mathematical relationships -planets do not move at uniform speed; depends on distance from the sun
Cartesian Dualism
Descartes's view that all of reality could ultimately be reduced to mind and matter
Isaac Newton
English Scientist: -discovered law of universal gravitation and he concepts of centripetal force and acceleration -published "Philisophicae Naturalis Principia Mathematica" -intensely religious
Charles VI
Father of Maria Theresa
Cossacks
Free groups and outlaw armies originally comprising runaway peasants living on the borders of Russian territory from the fourteenth century onward. By the end of the sixteenth century they had formed an alliance with the Russian state.
Louis XVI
French monarch who led France in 1789 at the start of the French Revolution
Versailles
Huge City in France where monarchy was based
give up individual control of natural rights
In Hobbes' social contract what do the people give the government?
Control, safety, order
In Hobbes' social contract what does the government give the people?
Make a new government
In Locke's social contract if the government is not fulfilling it's job the people have the right to...
Personal control of natural rights
In Locke's social contract what do the people give up?
Protection of natural rights
In Locke's social contract what does the government give the people?
Bastille
Name of Prison in Paris that French revolutionaries stormed in search of weapons and gunpowder. Freed 7 prisoners.
Law of Universal Gravitation
Newton's law that all objects are attracted to one another and that the force of attraction is proportional to the object's quantity of matter and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
Treaty of Pyrenees (1659)
Peace treaty between Louis XIV of France and Philip IV of Spain that ended the Franco-Spanish War of 1648-59
Nicolaus Copernicus
Polish Cleric who believed: -Stars were at rest and earth rotated -Heliocentric -Caused religious controversy b/c scientifically disproved previous beliefs
Meeting of the Estates General
Specific event that initiated the French Revolution
might makes right -limitations are your own physical ability
What was Hobbes' concept on natural rights?
Humans have the right to life, liberty, and property
What was Locke's concept of natural rights?
English Civil War
What was going on historically during Hobbes life that supported his argument that an absolutist monarchy was the best form of government?
Sun was the center of the universe. Paradigm shift. heliocentric
What was the Copernican hypothesis?
-Crystal spheres -Sun revolves around us -Heaven=beyond
What were Aristotle's main ideas?
Humans bad, violent, and dangerous
What were Hobbes ideas on humans in the State of Nature?
1618-1648
When was the Thirty Year's War?
-Publication of Locke's main ideas -Start of French Revolution
Which event started the enlightenment and which event ended it?
Salons
regular social gatherings held by talented and rich parisian women in their homes, where philosophes and their followers met to discuss literature, science, an philosophy.
