Western Civilization Chapter 16-17

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Pragmatic Sanction

A diplomatic agreement that had guaranteed Maria Theresa's succession

Galileo Galilei

Florentine, poor noblemen: -elaborated and consolidated the experimental method formulated the law of inertia -discovered first four moons of jupiter -published "Dialogue on the two chief systems of the world" -made incredible breakthroughs although they questioned religious views

Experimental Method

The approach, pioneered by Galileo, that the proper way to explore the workings of the universe was through repeatable experiments rather than speculations.

The Directory

The government that took over after the end of the Reign of terror in 1795 and was led by a five man executive council

Charles I (r. 1625-1649)

-When he needs more money he raises taxes -Parlament signs petition of right to reassert their power -Makes him mad so he raises taxes illegally for 11 years -Leads to English Civil War

St. Petersburg

-magnificent city built by Peter the Great -a new western-style capital -Peter the Great drafted citizens to labor here for no pay

Great Northern War (1700-1721)

Was a conflict in which a coalition led by the Tsardom of Russia successfully contested the supremacy of the Swedish Empire in Northern Europe

Protects citizens from power of the government

What did the English Bill of Rights do?

Religious toleration for ALL religions

What did the Toleration Act that parliament made William and Mary sign say?

Deism

-Belief in higher being -God created a complex structure and then let humans go from there -Distant role

David Hume (1711-1776)

-Believed the human mind could not escape opinions and impressions -Experience and habits shape our learning

Charles II (r. 1660-1685)

-Catholic King during Restoration -Passed Declaration of Indulgence -Parliament responds by passing the Test Act

James II (r.1685-1688)

-Comes into power after his brother Charles II -Very Catholic and demand Test Act be removed -Puts Catholics as gov. officials -Taken out of power in the glorious revolution

Paradigm

-Commonly accepted belief -System that explains a larger pattern -Self contained -Based on first principle

Empiricism

-Concept that formalizes empirical method -Inductive reasoning -Relies on our senses

Ferdinand III (r. 1637-1657)

-Continued to build state power -Built a very powerful army

James I (r. 1603-1625)

-Creates a bible named after himself -Claims divine right power in 1611

Fredrick William I, "the Soldiers' King" (r. 1713-1740)

-Eliminated last standing elements of local self-government -Established Prussian absolutism -Transformed Prussia into a military state

William Harvey (1578-1657)

-English royal physician -Discovered the circulation of blood through the veins and arteries in 1628 -Was the first to explain the functions of its muscles and valves

Paradigm Shift

-Evidence that challenges commonly accepted belief -New first principle -Changes entire outlook

Habsburgs

-Family that ruled in Austria -Strongly against Protestantism

Jean-Baptise Colbert

-French politician who served as the Minister of Finances of France from 1665 to 1683 under the rule of King Louis XIV. -brought economy back from brink of bankruptcy but efforts were useless because of the Kings spending on foreign wars

Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)

-German philosopher -tried to reconcile absolute monarchical authority with a critical public sphere.

Hohenzollerns

-German royal family who extended their rule to Prussia

Edict of Nantes

-Grants liberty to conscience and public worship to Calvinists

Galen

-Greek Physicians - believed the body contained four humors: blood, phlegm, black bile, yellow bile

Philosophes

-Group of influential intellectuals -Claimed they were enlightening their ignorant fellow creatures

René Descartes

-He connected geometry and algebra, new tool important for science -Proposed that matter is made up of corpuscules -Quantity of motion in universe is constant -Spiritual-searched for truths of creation -"I think therefore I am"

Pierre Bayle (1647-1706)

-He wrote a book examining the religious beliefs and persecutions of the past *Nothing can ever be known beyond ALL doubt- skeptic

Boyars

-Highest ranking members of Russian Nobility -Helped Muscovite princes consolidate their power

Oliver Cromwell

-His new model army helped Parliament win English Civil War -Became Lord Protector of England -Becomes absolutist monarch

Peter the Great (r. 1682-1725)

-In numerous successful wars he expanded the Tsardom into a huge empire that became a major European power. -Led a cultural revolution that replaced the traditionalist and medieval social and political system with a modern, scientific, Europe-oriented, and rationalist system

Peace of Utrecht

A series of treaties, from 1713 to 1715, that ended the war of Spanish Succession, ended French expansion in Europe, and marked the rise of the British Empire

Judaism

The monotheistic religion of the Jews, based on the laws revealed to Moses and recorded in the Torah

Social Science

The study of society and of the relationship of individual members within society, including economics, history, political science, psychology, anthropology, and sociology

Natural Philosophy

An early modern term for the study of the nature of the universe. it's purpose, and how it functioned; it encompassed what we would call "science" today.

Public Sphere

An idealized intellectual space that emerged in Europe during the Enlightenment, where the public came together to discuss important issues relating to society, economics, and politics

Humans have freedom and equality (from God)

What was Locke's state of nature?

Tycho Brahe

Astronomer who: -observed stars and planets -believed all planet except earth revolved around the sun

Joseph II (r. 1780-1790)

-"revolutionary emperor" -radical -A Habsburg .: Austria -abolished serfdom

Mongol Yoke

-200 year period when Mongols ruled Russia -Set the stage for Russian Absolutism

Moses Mendelssohn

-Jewish philosopher -Wrote about the immortality of the soul -wanted to provoke religious toleration between christianity and Judaism

Louis XV

French monarch who attempted to reform the tax system and limit the power of local parliaments numerous times throughout the 18th century

Louis XIII

-Became King when he was 9 -Was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as King of France from 1610 to 1643

War of the Spanish Succession

(1701-1714) was fought between two alliances of European powers, including a divided Spain, over who had the right to succeed Charles II as king of Spain.

Paracelsus (1493-1541)

-A Swiss physician and alchemist -Was an early proponent of the experimental method in medicine -Pioneered the use of chemicals and drugs

Peace of Westphalia

-A series of treaties that concluded the Thirty Years' war -Marked the end of large-scale religious violence

Fronde (1648-1653)

-A series of violent uprisings during the early reign of Louis XIV -brought on by growing royal control and oppressive taxation

Mercantilism

-A system of economic regulations aimed to increase the power of the state -based on the belief that a nation's international power was based on its wealth (supply of gold and silver)

Test Act

-Act passed by parliament in response to King Charles' Declaration of Indulgence -All government officials must object transubstantiation -Made to discourage Catholics

Petition of Right

-Act passed by parliament: -Parliament has control of finances -No unjust imprisonment -No quartering soldiers in civilian homes

Intendants

-Administers working for the King -Make sure the provinces were: 1. were paying taxes 2. the laws were enforced 3. recruited people for the army

Restoration of 1660

-After Civil War and time of Common Wealth -England has constitutional monarchy -King's power checked by what a constitution tells him

Andreas Vesalius (1516-1564)

-An experimental/ Flemish physician -Studied anatomy by dissecting human bodies -Published "On the Structure of the Human Body" which contains 200 precise drawings that revolutionized the understanding of the human anatomy

Interregnum (1649-1660)

-Another name for the Commonwealth period -Council of state

Battle of Poltava (1709)

-Battle in Great Northern War -Sweden vs. Russia -Russian victory secured its place as a power house in north-eastern Europe

Enlightenment

-Introduced a new world view based on the use of reason, the scientific method & process. Main ideas: 1. Natural Science should be used to understand all aspects of life 2. Scientific method could discover the laws of human society and nature 3. Human beings could create better societies and better people

Robert Boyle (1627-1691)

-Irishman -Founded the modern science of chemistry -Discovered elements of nature which he believed were composed of infinitely small atoms -Was the first to create a vacuum -Discovered "Boyle's law" which states that 'the pressure of a gas varies inversely with volume'

Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden

-King of Sweden from 1611-1632 -He led Sweden to military supremacy during the Thirty Years War, helping to determine the political as well as the religious balance of power in Europe.

House of Commons

-Lower house of parliament -Members elected democratically

Puritans

-Members of a religious movement to purify the Church of England of all Roman Catholic Elements like bishops, elaborate ceremonies, and wedding rings

Divine Right

-Monarchs used this to confirm their power -Said that God chose them

Reading Revolution

-More books on more subjects -More educated population in France and England -Era provoked questions and critical thinking

New Paradigm

-New commonly accepted belief: -Copernicus-Heliocentrism -New first principle

Old paradigm

-Old commonly accepted beliefs: -Aristotelian mechanics -Ptolemaic Astronomy-Geocentrism

Glorious Revolution

-Parliament takes James II out of power -"bloodless" revolution

Commonwealth

-Period after English Civil War -No monarch just parliament

Francis Bacon

-Politician and writer (1561-1626) -Obtained knowledge through math and research -Experimental philosophy and contribution

Absolutism

-Power in one monarchy -Undercut power of Nobles -Used Divine Right to secure their power

Henry IV

-Protestant King in a Catholic country so he converts -Passes Edict of Nantes -Lowers taxes for French citizens and raises them for nobles -Uses nobles' money to build infrastructures therefore building economy

Fredrick The Great

-Prussian ruler believed in Enlightenment ideas -determined to use the army his father left him -He invaded German province or Silesia (defying pragmatic sanction) -His subjects could believe what they wanted (religiously and philosophically) -Promoted education -Wanted to make his people happy

Voltaire (1694-1778)

-Reformer NOT revolutionary -Glorified England and Newton -Deist -Hated all forms of religious intolerance -Did not believe in social and economic equality in human affairs

Protectorate

-Reign of Cromwell: -Shipped slaves -Launches military attacks -Rigid reforms

The Social Contract

-Rousseau's contribution to political theory -two fundamental concepts: the general will and popular sovereignty -general will is sacred and absolute, reflects the common interests of the people, at times may be the authentic/ longterm needs of the ppl as correctly interpreted by a farseeing minority

Politique

-Rulers that put the interests of the state above issues of religion

Rationalism/ Reason

-Secular and critical way of thinking

"Third Rome"

-Some Orthodox Church men compared Holy Russia to this

Serfdom

-Someone who has the title of "Serf" -Are overruled by lords and fief owners

Cardinal Richelieu

-Strengthens absolutism by creating position of intendants

Sovereignty

-Supreme power or authority

Denis Diderot

-Taught people how to think critically -Changed general way of thinking -Editor of Encyclopedia included seventy-two thousand articles by leading scholars at the time

Bodin & Bossuet

-The most important French absolutist theorists -Arguments based on reason

Junkers

-The nobility of Brandenburg and Prussia -Reluctant allies of Fredrick William in his consolidation of the Prussian State

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)

-The social contract -attacked rationalism and civilization, labeling them as destroying rather than liberating the individual.

Tsar

-Title first taken by Ivan IV -Rightful and holy rulers of Russia and Orthodox Chritianity

Long Parliament (1640-1660)

-Type of parliament in England that: -limited the power of the monarch -made government without parliament impossible

Louis XIV

-Under his rule the French monarchy reached the peak of of absolutist development -magnificent court and culture -Believed in divine right of kings: God had established Kings as rulers on earth , and they were answerable ultimately to him -Worked hard at business and governing

Montesquieu (1689-1755)

-Used oppression of women to symbolize Eastern political tyranny -Studied social sciences: showing what shaped forms of government -Theory of separation of powers -Wrote "The Persian Letters" (extremely influential satire

Fredrick William, the "Great Elector" (r. 1640-1688)

-Wanted to unify the three provinces of Prussia -Benefited from war in England, argued the need for an Army -Gained financial independence and superior force

English Civil War (1642-1649)

-War between Parliament (roundheads) and King (Caviliers) -In 1642 Parliament gets new military leader: Oliver Cromwell -Parlement wins in 1647 -King Charles executed in 1649

Ferdinand II (r. 1619-1637)

-reduced power of bohemian estates -confiscated land of protestant nobles and gave it to loyal catholic nobles.

Defenestration of Prague

-two incidents in the history of Bohemia -The First Defenestration of Prague involved the killing of seven members of the city council -Threw them out a window

Cardinal Mazarin

-was an Italian and French[2] cardinal, diplomat, and politician, who served as the chief minister of France from 1642 until his death -Struggle to increase royal revenues to meet the costs of war led to uprisings known as the Fronde

Edict of Restitution

0passed eleven years into the Thirty Years' Wars on March 6, 1629 -Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor attempted to impose and restore the religious and territorial situations reached in the Peace of Augsburg

Experimental Process

1. Close observations 2. General patterns 3. Final conclusions

Deductive Reasoning

1. First principle 2. General patterns 3. Make sense of close observation

Catherine The Great

3 main goals: -to continue peter the great's effort to bring the culture of western europe to russia -domestic reform -territorial expansion

Constitutionalism

A form of government in which power is limited by law and balanced between the authority and power of the government on the one hand and the rights and liberties of the subject or citizen on the other hand

Constitutional Monarchy

A form of government in which the king retains his position as head of state, while the authority to tax and make laws resides in an elected body

Democracy

A form of government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised directly by them or by their elected agents under a free electoral system.

Estates General

A legislative body in pre-Revolutionary France made up of representatives of each of the three classes, or estates; it was called into session in 1789 for the first time since 1614

Law of Inertia

A low formulated by Galileo that states that motion, not rest, is the natural state of an object, that an object continues in motion forever unless stopped by some external force

Rococo

A popular style in Europe in the eighteenth century, known for its soft pastels, ornate interiors, sentimental portraits, and starry-eyed lovers protected by hovering cupids

Totalitarianism

A radical dictatorship that exercises "total claims" over the beliefs and behaviors of its citizens by taking control of the economic, social, intellectual, and cultural aspects of society

1. English Bill of Rights 2. Toleration Act

As a condition of William III and Mary II coming in to power what two documents did they have to sign?

Johannes Kepler

Brahe's assistant: -universe built on mathematical relationships -planets do not move at uniform speed; depends on distance from the sun

Cartesian Dualism

Descartes's view that all of reality could ultimately be reduced to mind and matter

Isaac Newton

English Scientist: -discovered law of universal gravitation and he concepts of centripetal force and acceleration -published "Philisophicae Naturalis Principia Mathematica" -intensely religious

Charles VI

Father of Maria Theresa

Cossacks

Free groups and outlaw armies originally comprising runaway peasants living on the borders of Russian territory from the fourteenth century onward. By the end of the sixteenth century they had formed an alliance with the Russian state.

Louis XVI

French monarch who led France in 1789 at the start of the French Revolution

Versailles

Huge City in France where monarchy was based

give up individual control of natural rights

In Hobbes' social contract what do the people give the government?

Control, safety, order

In Hobbes' social contract what does the government give the people?

Make a new government

In Locke's social contract if the government is not fulfilling it's job the people have the right to...

Personal control of natural rights

In Locke's social contract what do the people give up?

Protection of natural rights

In Locke's social contract what does the government give the people?

Bastille

Name of Prison in Paris that French revolutionaries stormed in search of weapons and gunpowder. Freed 7 prisoners.

Law of Universal Gravitation

Newton's law that all objects are attracted to one another and that the force of attraction is proportional to the object's quantity of matter and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

Treaty of Pyrenees (1659)

Peace treaty between Louis XIV of France and Philip IV of Spain that ended the Franco-Spanish War of 1648-59

Nicolaus Copernicus

Polish Cleric who believed: -Stars were at rest and earth rotated -Heliocentric -Caused religious controversy b/c scientifically disproved previous beliefs

Meeting of the Estates General

Specific event that initiated the French Revolution

might makes right -limitations are your own physical ability

What was Hobbes' concept on natural rights?

Humans have the right to life, liberty, and property

What was Locke's concept of natural rights?

English Civil War

What was going on historically during Hobbes life that supported his argument that an absolutist monarchy was the best form of government?

Sun was the center of the universe. Paradigm shift. heliocentric

What was the Copernican hypothesis?

-Crystal spheres -Sun revolves around us -Heaven=beyond

What were Aristotle's main ideas?

Humans bad, violent, and dangerous

What were Hobbes ideas on humans in the State of Nature?

1618-1648

When was the Thirty Year's War?

-Publication of Locke's main ideas -Start of French Revolution

Which event started the enlightenment and which event ended it?

Salons

regular social gatherings held by talented and rich parisian women in their homes, where philosophes and their followers met to discuss literature, science, an philosophy.


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