Western Civilization- Chapter 18
How did patterns of food consumption change over the course of the eighteenth century?
A greater variety of vegetables appeared in towns and cities.
The term "charivari" refers to what aspect of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century European culture?
A public ritual by village members to police personal behavior
What conclusion can be drawn from the seventeenth- and eighteenth-century social pressures that kept illegitimacy low and required a couple to marry in case of pregnancy?
An unwed mother with child was viewed as a threat to the stability of the community.
What was a core belief of the eighteenth-century revivalist leader John Wesley?
Any person might have a heartfelt, emotional conversion.
Why did the Jesuit order come under attack in the mid-eighteenth century?
As they became more involved in politics, the Jesuits also gained a broad coalition of enemies.
Where did the first laws of religious tolerance, including tolerance of Jews, make their appearance in the eighteenth century?
Austria
Which of the following was true of the typical eighteenth-century family in western Europe?
Both men and women married at an average age of twenty-five to twenty-seven.
Which statement describes the nature of popular education in Catholic states during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries?
Catholic states introduced their own programs of popular education.
What was an important difference between Catholic and Protestant practices in the eighteenth century?
Catholics participated more actively in formal worship than Protestants did.
How did patterns of food consumption change over the course of the eighteenth century?
Coffee, chocolate, and tobacco became dietary staples for people of all social classes.
Why did the consumption of colonial foods expand rapidly in Europe after 1700?
Common Europeans wanted to experience the luxurious lifestyles of the elite.
The rise of illegitimacy in some parts of Europe during the late eighteenth century can be explained by what social change?
Economic instability meant that if the man's life was insecure, he also often hesitated to take on the burden of a wife and child.
What is one reason that the number of illegitimate births in Europe dramatically increased after 1750?
Fewer social controls also meant fewer pressures to marry in case of pregnancy.
What was an important reason that rural women of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries nursed their babies?
Doing so decreased the likelihood of becoming pregnant again.
Which statement describes housing in the eighteenth century
Families began to erect inner barriers and attributed specific functions to specific rooms.
With the rise in illegitimacy after 1750, what happened to the stigma of the unwed mother?
IT DID NOT CHANGE
Which of the following helps explain the appeal of Pietism?
It called for a kind of religious experience that was accessible to everyone.
What happened to infant mortality as a result of the increased use of wet-nursing in the eighteenth century?
It increased substantially.
What happened to the rate of illegitimate births in Europe between 1750 and 1850?
It skyrocketed
Which statement describes the use of medicines in the eighteenth century?
Medicines were advertised and became part of the burgeoning commercial revolution.
Which of the following was an important characteristic of the eighteenth-century consumer revolution?
Merchants and suppliers took on a new role in dictating consumption preferences.For example, instead of setting new styles, duchesses and marquises now bowed to the dictates of fashion merchants.
Which of the following helps explain why families and communities found it harder to supervise the sexual behavior of young people in the second half of the eighteenth century?
More youths in the countryside worked for their own wages.
Which of the following was true of the typical eighteenth-century family in western Europe?
Most couples established their own household and lived apart from their parents.
Which statement describes a common path for many adolescent boys in eighteenth-century Europe?
Moving from a rural village to a town, seeking an apprenticeship in a trade
After 1750, which social group most easily engaged in same-sex relationships?
Nobles and royals
What was the typical family structure in western and central Europe during the eighteenth century?
Nuclear family
The combining of pagan tradition and the Christian faith during the early eighteenth century was evident in what practice?
Peasants asked priests to bless salt and bread for animals.
What development followed the invention of forceps in the early eighteenth century?
Surgeon-physicians began to criticize midwives as ignorant and dangerous.
Which statement characterizes the discipline of children in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries?
The discipline of children was often strict and severe.
What was one result of the custom of late marriage in western Europe from 1600 to 1800?
The economic advantage that western Europe enjoyed relative to other regions of the world
The end of the persecution of witches across Europe by the start of the eighteenth century is associated with what trend
The growing intellectual disdain for popular beliefs and superstitions
What is one reason that patterns of food consumption for the common people changed markedly from 1500 to 1700?
The introduction of the potato changed eating patterns.
What was the focal point of community cohesion in the eighteenth century?
The local church
Which statement describes religious beliefs in the eighteenth century?
The ordinary person combined strong Christian faith with a wealth of superstitions
What trend is represented by Thomas Paine's pamphlet Common Sense, written and published during the American Revolution?
The spread and reception of Enlightenment ideas among the working class
In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, why did local lords or landowners often not give permission for poor rural couples to marry?
They believed that early marriage would result in higher costs for welfare.
After 1750, what was the educated elites' response to festivals and carnivals that enjoyed popular support
They criticized the superstition and vulgarity that they felt were present in these events.
What complaint did eighteenth-century surgeon-physicians make about midwives?
They had no education and were universally ignorant
What was true of blood sports such as bullbaiting and cockfighting in the eighteenth century?
They remained popular with the masses
Why did Enlightenment critics mount a harsh attack against wet-nursing in the late eighteenth century?
They said the practice robbed society of its full growth potential
Why did young people in eighteenth-century western Europe marry in their late twenties?
They waited until they could support themselves
What was generally believed to be true about the nature of children throughout the eighteenth century?
They were innately sinful, but with discipline, parents could overcome their bad behavior.
Which statement describes the foundling homes of the eighteenth century?
They were places of disease, malnutrition, and neglect.
What function did carnival season serve in eighteenth-century Catholic Europe?
To give people a chance to release their frustrations over a rigid hierarchy and hard work
How did the rising consumer economy of the eighteenth century affect opportunities for female labor?
Women had more opportunities as the demand for skilled female labor rose.
In the eighteenth century, poor people mainly ate
bread and vegetables.
Edward Jenner discovered a vaccine for smallpox after
carefully collecting data on dairy maids for eighteen years.
In Protestant areas in the eighteenth century,
princes and monarchs headed the official church.
By the late eighteenth century, ordinary people were exposed to Enlightenment ideas in a variety of ways, including
the rumors and gossip that spread across city streets, markets, and taverns.
By the end of the eighteenth century, Enlightenment critics called for a new approach to childhood and childrearing, and they urged
treatment based on greater tenderness and new teaching methods.
