WH MCQ final

Which of the following statements is true about both the Mughal and Ottoman empires in the sixteenth century? A. Both empires gave little monetary support to artistic and cultural endeavors. B.In both empires the majority of the people were Muslims. C. Both empires expanded through the use of gunpowder weapons and extensive bureaucracies. D. Both empires had powerful navies that engaged European navies.

C. Both empires expanded through the use of gunpowder weapons and extensive bureaucracies.

Which of the following best describes the impact on African society of the trade depicted on the map? A. Bantu peoples increasingly migrated southwards and eastwards. B. African states underwent significant urbanization as rural agricultural populations diminished. C. Gender and family roles were restructured as the male population in West Africa diminished. D. African societies became increasingly monotheistic as they adopted Islam.

C. Gender and family roles were restructured as the male population in West Africa diminished.

"Migration of man and his maladies is the chief cause of epidemics. And when migration takes place, those creatures who have been in isolation longest suffer most, for their genetic material has been least tempered by the variety of world diseases. Among the major subdivisions of the species Homo Sapiens, the American Indian probably had the dangerous privilege of the longest isolation from the rest of mankind." Alfred Crosby, world historian, 1967 Which of the following best describes Alfred Crosby's argument in the passage above? A. Various Amerindian groups did not have contact with each other before 1492. B. Amerindians' long isolation from the rest of the world had placed them at a biological disadvantage. C. The genetic makeup of the native population of the Americas remained unchanged until 1492. D. By 1492 Amerindians generally had migrated for shorter distances than had other groups.

B. Amerindians' long isolation from the rest of the world had placed them at a biological disadvantage.

Which of the following is a similarity between the Ottoman and Chinese governments during the period 1450—1750 ? A. Heavy reliance on overseas trade for government revenues B. An extensive governmental bureaucracy C. The dominance of the imperial government by a landed aristocracy D. The creation of overseas colonial holdings

B. An extensive governmental bureaucracy

The image above, from seventeenth-century Ethiopia, shows the Virgin Mary and Christ Child with the merchant who commissioned the painting lying below. The painting can best be used as evidence for which of the following world historical trends that took place during the period 1450 C.E. to 1750 C.E.? A. Governments using art to foster nationalism among their populations B. The use of art to glorify rulers C. The sponsorship of art by new elites D. The diffusion of African artistic traditions across Indian Ocean trade routes

C. The sponsorship of art by new elites (In Europe, South Asia, and other world regions, merchant elites benefitting from increased global commerce increasingly projected their newfound wealth by patronizing artists.)

CHINESE SCROLL PAINTING CIRCA 1280 COMMISSIONED BY KHUBILAI KHAN OF THE MONGOL YUAN DYNASTY OF CHINA The painting shows Khubilai Khan and his hunting companions on horseback. To the left, a horse archer prepares his weapon. The inclusion of the caravan in the painting's background could best be used as evidence that Yuan rulers A. shifted the trade in luxury goods from overland to the maritime trade routes B. favored some commercial trading organizations over others C. restricted trade between nomadic and sedentary societies D. portrayed themselves as promoters of commerce

D. portrayed themselves as promoters of commerce

"To the count of Katzenellenbogen, Ziegenhain, and Nidda, my gracious lord. Pope Leo X, in the bull in which he put me under the ban, condemned my statement that 'to fight against the Turk is the same thing as resisting God, who visits our sin upon us with this rod.' I still confess freely that this statement is mine. The popes and bishops called for war against the Turks in the name of Christ. Yet because Christ taught that Christians shall not resist evil with violence or take revenge, it is against His name. In how many wars against the Turks have the bishops and clergy prevented Christians from enduring heavy losses? Indeed, the king of Hungary and his bishops were beaten by the Turks at Varna* and more recently a German army would perhaps have fought with more success, if it had not contained priests. If I were an emperor, a king, or a prince in a campaign against the Turks, I would encourage my bishops and priests to stay at home and mind the duties of their office, praying, fasting, saying mass, preaching, and caring for the poor, as not only Holy Scripture, but their own canon law teaches and requires. To this I say Amen, Amen." *a reference to a failed Christian Crusade launched against the Ottoman Turks in 1444 Martin Luther, German theologian, sermon addressed to a German prince, 1528 A historian interpreting the views expressed in the passage would likely explain that those views were most strongly influenced by Protestant desires to A. demonstrate that an individual's destiny was predetermined by God B. encourage the creation of a united German state free of papal influence C. promote religious war against fellow Christians D. reform Christian society by adhering more closely to Biblical teachings

D. reform Christian society by adhering more closely to Biblical teachings (In the passage, Luther claims that holy war against the Turks in the name of Jesus Christ is wrong because Jesus taught that Christians should not resist evil with violence or take revenge. He further states that scripture requires the bishops and clergy to mind the duties of their office instead of engaging in holy war. Luther's arguments illustrate his and other Protestants' belief that scripture was the foundation of faith, that Christians should rely on the teachings of scripture to guide their actions, and that adhering more closely to the teachings of scripture would create a more just and pious Christian society.)

An important reason for China's rapid population increase in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was A. the widespread adoption of the European three-field system B. unprecedented immigration from the Mughal and Ottoman empires C the end of the bubonic plague in Asia D. the introduction of new crops from the Americas

D. the introduction of new crops from the Americas

Ibn Battuta traveled widely across the Middle East, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Africa in the fourteenth century. His travels serve as evidence for the A. excellent condition of roads in Africa and Asia B. widespread use of paper money C. political unity of Africa and Asia D. unifying influence of Islam

D. unifying influence of Islam

The images below were created by indigenous artists and depict the first meeting between Moctezuma and Cortés, with Doña Marina as the interpreter. The images above best provide evidence of which of the following consequences of colonial expansion in the period 1450 to 1750? A. The extension of regional trading networks and the consolidation of centralized power B. The spread of new food crops and the development of syncretic forms of religion C. The restructuring of the family and the growth of the plantation economy D. The transfer of wealth to new elites and the development of new gender roles

D.The transfer of wealth to new elites and the development of new gender roles

Which of the following factors best explains why the Portuguese did not engage in direct trading relations with West African states until the fifteenth century? A. A prohibition on external trade by the Islamic states of North Africa B. Fear of dying from tropical diseases C. Lack of European interest in African goods D. Directives from the pope to limit Christian trade with Africa E. Lack of the necessary navigational and maritime technology

E. Lack of the necessary navigational and maritime technology

In the period 600 C.E. to 1450 C.E., states in Japan, Korea, and Vietnam had which of the following in common? (unit 1.1) A. All were culturally influenced by China B. All were conquered by the Mongols. C. All successfully excluded European merchants. D. All rejected both Buddhism and Christianity.

A. All were culturally influenced by China

Which of the following developments best explains why many historians argue that the Song dynasty period (960-1279 C.E.) was pivotal in the development of China as an economic world power? A. China's population doubled and Chinese urban centers experienced massive growth during the Song period. B. The widespread use of gunpowder technology in combat began during the Song period. C. The invention of movable-type printing took place during the Song period. D. The Neoconfucian synthesis of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Daoism was completed during the Song period.

A. China's population doubled and Chinese urban centers experienced massive growth during the Song period.

Image 1: OTTOMAN SOLDIERS RECONQUERING A FORTRESS IN GREECE FROM VENETIAN FORCES, MINIATURE IN A VENETIAN-PRODUCED BOOK OF HISTORY AND DIPLOMACY, CIRCA 1665 Image 2: MUGHAL FORCES LED BY THE EMPEROR AURANGZEB CAPTURE THE FORTRESS OF GOLCONDA, CAPITAL OF A RIVAL MUSLIM INDIAN STATE, IN 1687. PAINTING BY AN ANONYMOUS INDIAN ARTIST, CIRCA 1760. Taken together, the two images best support which of the following claims regarding developments in the period from 1450 to 1750 ? A. Gunpowder technology facilitated the expansion of land-based empires. B. Religious divisions were not a significant source of military conflict. C. European military technology was inferior to Asian military technology. D. Rulers served as military commanders and typically led armies into battle themselves.

A. Gunpowder technology facilitated the expansion of land-based empires. (Both images portray how the Ottoman and Mughal armies used cannons very effectively in the process of imperial expansion. Cannons were critical to the Ottoman capture of Constantinople.)

Which of the following led most directly to the development of the trading network on the map? A. Innovations in transportation and commercial technologies such as caravanserai B. The emergence of the trans-Atlantic slave trade in West Africa C. The overall decline in the trade of goods along the Silk Roads D. The overall decline in the trade of goods along the Silk Roads

A. Innovations in transportation and commercial technologies such as caravanserai (New transportation and commercial technologies such as the caravanserai led directly to the expansion of the trans-Saharan trade routes on the map by allowing merchants and traders to travel farther and to more places throughout North and West Africa.)

Which of the following was most responsible for the initial spread of Islam to West Africa? A. Merchants on the trans-Saharan trade routes B. Soldiers who fought on behalf of the Abbasid caliphate C. Officials in Sudanese empires D. Muslims fleeing persecution on the Iberian peninsula

A. Merchants on the trans-Saharan trade routes

THE CONSTELLATION HERCULES, NAMED AFTER AN ANCIENT GREEK MYTHICAL HERO. PAGE FROM A 1430 COPY OF THE BOOK OF FIXED STARS, AN ASTRONOMY BOOK WRITTEN BY A TENTH-CENTURY MUSLIM SCIENTIST This copy of The Book of Fixed Stars was made for the ruler of the Timurid dynasty, a Turkic state that controlled much of Central Asia during the fifteenth century. The dots scattered across the figure indicate individual stars and the symbols next to the dots indicate the stars' relative brightness, as observed by Muslim astronomers. Muslim scholars' incorporation of cultural and intellectual influences from pre-Islamic societies can best be used as evidence that A. Muslim states and empires were central to the processes of intellectual transfer in Eurasia B. Muslim scientists rejected the contributions of scientists from other cultures as heretical C. European merchants had established trade outposts throughout Muslim Central Asia D. most educated Muslims continued to speak European languages well into the fifteenth century

A. Muslim states and empires were central to the processes of intellectual transfer in Eurasia (Through their sponsorship of scholarly and scientific pursuits, Muslim states and empires served as a vital link for the transfer of knowledge in Afro-Eurasia in the period before 1450. The work of Muslim scientists was essential both in the transmission of knowledge from the ancient world and to the geographic transfer of science and technology between western, eastern, and southern Eurasia.)

"The commercial area of the capital extends from the old Qing River market to the Southern Commons and to the city border on the north. . . . Some famous fabric stores sell exquisite brocade fabric and fine silk, which are unsurpassed elsewhere in the country. . . . Most other cities can only boast of one special product; what makes the capital unique is that it gathers goods from all places. Furthermore, because of the large population and the busy commercial traffic, there is a demand for everything." Description of Hangzhou, capital of the southern Song dynasty, circa 1235 C.E. Which of the following assertions in the description of Hangzhou above would be most difficult to verify? A. That the merchandise sold in Hangzhou was of higher quality than that sold in other Chinese cities B. That the merchants of Hangzhou imported goods from many other places C. That Hangzhou had a large population D. That Hangzhou had a large population

A. That the merchandise sold in Hangzhou was of higher quality than that sold in other Chinese cities

"Many [Ottoman] Sunni religious scholars have labeled the Sufi whirling rituals* as 'dancing,' and have pronounced them forbidden, branding those who approve of them as infidels. The Sufis counter that these rituals are not dancing, arguing instead that they enliven the soul through a combination of music and movement, which, they say, allows them to focus on the spiritual aspects of religion. The common people flock to the Sufis, giving them offerings and gifts. Since their whirling rituals play a big part in their popularity, they will not abandon these practices anytime soon. The Sunni scholars have written many tracts and opinions against them . . . and this tug-of-war between the two parties has brought them into a vicious circle." *religious observances practiced by some Sufis in the Ottoman Empire Katip Çelebi, Ottoman official, The Balance of Truth, philosophical and scientific treatise, 1656 Which of the following most directly strengthened Sunni religious scholars' role as official interpreters of Islamic doctrine within the Ottoman Empire, as suggested by the passage? A. The Ottoman Empire's rivalry with the Safavid Empire B. The Ottoman conquest of Constantinople C. The establishment of the Mughal Empire in India D. Ottoman sultans' extensive conquests in Europe

A. The Ottoman Empire's rivalry with the Safavid Empire. (Conflicts with the Shi'a Safavid Empire, fueled by religious differences, led Sunni scholars in the Ottoman Empire to attempt to enforce stricter adherence to Sunni orthodoxy, contributing to their critical views of Sufism.)

Which of the following contributed the most to the Ottoman Empire's successful expansion in Europe and the Middle East in the period from 1450 to 1600 ? A. The Ottomans' adoption of the latest gunpowder and artillery technology B. The Ottomans' use of revenues from transoceanic trade to build a powerful army C. The Ottomans' exploitation of Muslim desire to avenge the crusades D. The Ottomans' use of nomadic tribes as cavalry troops

A. The Ottomans' adoption of the latest gunpowder and artillery technology

"It is widely accepted that the rise of the Mongol Empire greatly expanded trade and the circulation of goods. . . . Since the fall of the Uighur Empire [in the ninth century], Mongolia was a region removed from the main trade routes. Thus the Mongols irrupted into the wider world as a relatively unknown society. As the Mongol Empire dominated Eurasia, envoys, merchants and travelers came to the court of the Mongols . . . and participated in . . . the exchange of goods, ideas, technology and people precipitated by the Mongol conquests." Timothy May, United States historian, academic article, 2016 Which of the following best describes an effect of the establishment of the Mongol Empire upon Silk Road long distance trade? A. The Silk Road trade increased because the Mongol conquests helped connect more regions of Eurasia economically and commercially. B. The Silk Road trade was not affected by the Mongol conquests because the tribal and nomadic nature of Mongol society meant that Mongol demand for luxury goods was virtually nonexistent. C. The Silk Road trade declined because the Mongol merchants preferred to use maritime long-distance trade networks instead. D. The Silk Road trade collapsed following the Mongol conquests because most trading cities along the Silk Roads were destroyed and never recovered.

A. The Silk Road trade increased because the Mongol conquests helped connect more regions of Eurasia economically and commercially. (The establishment of the Mongol Empire resulted in the creation of a large unified territory with a highly sophisticated infrastructure of roads and posts that linked more regions of Eurasia and facilitated greater communication between them, directly leading to the growth of trade along the Silk Road networks.)

Source 1: "[In the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries] Europeans derived more profit from their participation in trade within Asia than they did from their Asian imports into Europe. They were able to do so ultimately only thanks to their American silver. . . . Only their American money, and not any 'exceptional' European 'qualities' permitted the Europeans [to access Asian markets]. . . . However, even with that resource and advantage, the Europeans were no more than a minor player at the Asian, indeed world, economic table [until the nineteenth century]." Andre Gunder Frank, ReOrient: Global Economy in the Asian Age, 1996 Source 2: "The societies of Europe had been at the margins of the great trading systems, but they were at the center of the global networks of exchange created during the sixteenth century because they controlled the oceangoing fleets that knit the world into a single system. Western Europe was better placed than any other region to profit from the vast flows of goods and ideas within the emerging global system of exchange. . . . [European states] were keen to exploit the commercial opportunities created within the global economic system. They did so partly by seizing the resources of the Americas and using American commodities such as silver to buy their way into the markets of southern and eastern Asia, the largest in the world." David Christian, This Fleeting World: A Short History of Humanity, 2008 Which of the following earlier developments contributed most directly to the importance of the Asian market during the early modern period as described by both passages? A. The commercialization of the Chinese economy under the Song and Ming dynasties B. The increased trade along the Silk Roads encouraged by the Mongol conquests in Eurasia C. The spread of Confucian ideas to areas of East and Southeast Asia outside China D. The conquest of India by Muslim Turks and Afghans

A. The commercialization of the Chinese economy under the Song and Ming dynasties (The growth of Chinese commercial production and trade during the Song and Ming dynasties significantly contributed to the economic expansion in Asia. This was accompanied by similar growth in India as well.)

Some world historians have argued that the growth of European influence in the period 1450—1750 was due in large part to non-European inventions. The history of which of the following technological developments best supports this contention? A. The compass B. The stirrup C. Silk weaving D. Steam power

A. The compass

"The Jiaqing emperor asked the governor Sun Yuting: 'Is Britain wealthy and powerful?' Sun Yuting responded, 'Britain is larger than other European countries and is, therefore, powerful. But its power comes from its wealth, which is derived from China. This country is allowed to trade at the port of Canton. It exchanges its goods for our tea. It then resells the tea to Europe and to its colonies in the West, thus becoming wealthy and powerful. Yet, tea is as important to the West as rhubarb is to Russia. If we put an embargo on tea exports, Britain will fall into poverty and its people into sickness. How powerful, then, could Britain possibly be compared to China?'" Sun Yuting, governor of the southern Chinese province of Guangdong, autobiographical account of his conversation with the Jiaqing emperor of the Qing dynasty, early nineteenth century Sun Yuting's analysis of the factors that contributed to the relative economic strength of China and Great Britain best illustrates which of the following continuities from the period 1450-1750 ? A. The global circulation of goods was fueled by European merchants' access to Asian markets. B. The expansion of empires led to the collapse of existing trade networks. C. The establishment of state monopolies in certain industries led to higher prices for luxury items. D. The establishment of state monopolies in certain industries led to higher prices for luxury items.

A. The global circulation of goods was fueled by European merchants' access to Asian markets.

The ninth-century monument pictured above, located on the island of Java in present-day Indonesia, best exemplifies which of the following historical processes? A. The spread of universalizing religions beyond their places of origin B. The conflict between secular and religious principles of government C. The growth of popular religion D. The rejection of universal religions by rulers wishing to protect local religious practices

A. The spread of universalizing religions beyond their places of origin

Which of the following would best support the assertion that hierarchies based on racial classification emerged after 1500 C.E. to maintain the authority of new elite groups in the Americas? A. The use of terms such as mestizo, mulatto and creole B. The increasingly common use of European names in the Americas C. The introduction of slavery to the Americas after the voyages of Columbus D. New maritime technology facilitating long-term voyages by Europeans

A. The use of terms such as mestizo, mulatto and creole

PORTUGUESE IVORY PLAQUE REPRESENTING THE CHRIST CHILD ON A SAILING SHIP, PRODUCED IN PORTUGUESE GOA,* EARLY SEVENTEENTH CENTURY *Goa is located on the southwestern coast of India. The material used to create the plaque best reflects which of the following historical situations in the Indian Ocean region in the period 1450-1750 ? A. Trade networks continued to flourish and gave Europeans direct access to precious luxury goods. B. European artisans in the region increasingly copied Islamic and Indian styles in their artistic productions. C. European luxury goods became increasingly popular among Asian populations in the region. D. Natural resources from the Americas allowed Asian producers to diversify the products they sold to European merchants.

A. Trade networks continued to flourish and gave Europeans direct access to precious luxury goods. (The use of ivory to construct the plaque, a substance not native to Europe, suggests that the Portuguese trade outpost at Goa had expanded European access to precious luxury goods. Indeed, the primary reason why Europeans established trading posts in the region was to obtain direct access to luxury goods in Asia that were otherwise very expensive when sold in Europe.)

"Let the blessings of Allah be upon Muhammad and his companions universally. In the year 1640 C.E. I wanted to behold the mystics of every sect, to hear the lofty expressions of monotheism, and to cast my eyes upon many books of mysticism. I, therefore, examined the Book of Moses, the Gospels, and the Psalms. Among the Hindus, the best of their heavenly books, which contain all the secrets of pure monotheism, are called the Upanishads. Because I do not know Sanskrit, I wanted to make an exact and literal translation of the Upanishads into Persian*. For the Upanishads are a treasure of monotheism and there are few thoroughly conversant with them even among the Indians. Thereby I also wanted to make the texts accessible to Muslims. I assembled Hindu scholars and ascetics to help with the translation. Every sublime topic that I had desired or thought and had looked for and not found, I obtained from these most ancient books, the source and the fountainhead of the ocean of religious unity, in conformity with the holy Qur'an." *Persian was the primary language used at the Mughal court. Dara Shikoh, son of the Mughal ruler Shah Jahan, account of the translation of the Upanishads into Persian, 1657 C.E. Dara Shikoh's intellectual collaborations as described in the passage are most consistent with which of the following policies of imperial states such as the Mughal Empire in the period 1450 to 1750 C.E.? A. Attempting to enforce imperial power by requiring cultural assimilation B. Attempting to build support for imperial rule by accommodating religious and ethnic diversity C. Recruiting subject peoples for imperial expansion through military conscription D. Sponsoring the development of religious architecture to legitimize imperial rule

B. Attempting to build support for imperial rule by accommodating religious and ethnic diversity

Colonel Robert Bennett, under the authority of the Governor of Jamaica, makes a treaty with the rebellious Blacks, today, June 23, 1739. Captain Quao, and several other Black officers under his command, surrendered under the following terms. 1. All hostilities on both sides shall cease forever, Amen. 2. Captain Quao and his people shall have a certain quantity of land given to them, in order to raise crops, hogs, fowls, goats, or whatsoever stock they may think proper, with sugarcanes excepted. 3. Four White men shall constantly live and reside with them in their town, in order to keep a good correspondence with the Black inhabitants of this Island. 4. Captain Quao and his people shall destroy all other rebellious Blacks in any part of Jamaica. They shall be paid to apprehend any runaway Blacks and return them to their respective owners. 5. If any White man shall disturb or annoy any of the people or property that may belong to the said Captain Quao and his people, they may complain to a magistrate and receive justice." Treaty between British colonial authorities and the Windward Maroons, Jamaica, 1739. The Windward Maroons were descendants of Africans brought to the Americas in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries who had fled to the mountainous regions of the island. The passage could best be used to explain which of the following developments in the Americas in the period 1500-1750 ? A. Some enslaved peoples won their freedom by taking legal action against plantation owners in colonial courts. B. Enslaved peoples and their descendants used violent means to escape oppression and maintain their freedom. C. Some of the descendants of enslaved peoples gradually came to own large sugar plantations. D. Enslaved peoples and their descendants were frequently recruited into the armies of colonial empires.

B. Enslaved peoples and their descendants used violent means to escape oppression and maintain their freedom. (The treaty clearly indicates that the Maroons used violence and that their use of violence allowed them to secure a treaty with the British government acknowledging their freedom and awarding them lands of their own.

Which of the following was a major change in transregional trade patterns from 1500 to 1700 ? A. Silk Road trade routes came under the control of Mongol rulers. B. Europeans created joint stock companies to engage in overseas trade. C. Japanese fleets gained control over most Pacific Ocean trade routes. D. European manufactured goods came to dominate trans-Saharan trade.

B. Europeans created joint stock companies to engage in overseas trade.

LIU GUANDAO, YUAN DYNASTY CHINESE COURT PAINTER, WHILING AWAY THE SUMMER, PAINTED SCROLL, CIRCA 1280 The image depicts a Chinese Confucian scholar and two female attendants. In addition to China, the cultural tradition alluded to in Liu Guandao's painting strongly influenced the society and culture of A. India B. Korea C. the Ottoman Empire D. Persia (Unit 1.2 -3)

B. Korea (Confucianism played a major role in Korean society and culture.)

Image 1 MUGHAL EMPEROR JAHANGIR HOLDING A GLOBE, SOUTH ASIA, 1617 Image 2 MUGHAL EMPEROR JAHANGIR HOLDING A PICTURE OF THE VIRGIN MARY, SOUTH ASIA, 1620 The portrait of Emperor Jahangir in Image 1 was most likely a symbolic representation of which of the following? A. The Mughal Empire's control of global trade networks B. The expanding power of the Mughal Empire. C. The Mughal Empire's scientific achievements D. The extended travels of Emperor Jahangir to Eurasian pilgrimage sites

B. The expanding power of the Mughal Empire. (The image of the Mughal emperor Jahangir, whose name in Persian means "holder of the world," holding a globe is a symbolic representation of the growing power and territorial expansion of the Mughal Empire.

CLOVE* PRICES IN SOUTHEAST ASIA AND IN AMSTERDAM, 1580-1850(in Spanish silver reals, a common trade currency in the East Indies) *Cloves are spices native to the Moluccas islands in eastern Indonesia and, until the late eighteenth century, grown only in Southeast Asia. Source: David Bulbeck, Anthony Reid, Lay Cheng Tan, and Yiqi Wu, eds. Southeast Asian Exports Since the 14th Century: Cloves, Pepper, Coffee, and Sugar, (Leiden, The Netherlands, KITLV Press), 1988. Graph 2.2., p. 57 For the period circa 1580-1650, which of the following most directly caused the price fluctuations shown in the chart? A. The replacement of traditional landed elites by new commercial elites in many parts of Eurasia B. The intensification of competition among European states over the control of profitable maritime trade routes C. The establishment of Caribbean plantation economies based on the production of cash crops by slave labor D. The declining military power and international influence of the Mughal Empire

B. The intensification of competition among European states over the control of profitable maritime trade routes

"In the context of the Ottoman Empire, toleration [ensured] that, as a rule, non-Muslims would not be persecuted. No doubt, as dhimmis,* according to Islam, they were second-class citizens . . . who endured a healthy dose of daily prejudice. [Nevertheless, the Ottomans tolerated religious and ethnic difference] because it had something to contribute. That is, difference added to the empire; it did not detract from it and, therefore, it was commended. Toleration had a [beneficial] quality; maintaining peace and order was good for imperial life, diversity contributed to imperial welfare. . . . The Ottoman Empire fared better than did its predecessors or contemporaries [in tolerating religious and ethnic difference] until the beginning of the eighteenth century, largely as a result of its understanding of difference and its resourcefulness in [administrative organization]. It maintained relative peace with its various communities and also ensured that interethnic strife would not occur." *Islamic law defines dhimmis as non-Muslim communities living under Muslim political rule Karen Barkey, Turkish-American historian and sociologist, Empire of Difference: The Ottomans in Comparative Perspective, published in 2008 Which of the following developments in the period 1450-1750 would a historian most likely cite to support Barkey's claim regarding the Ottoman Empire and its predecessors and contemporaries in the first sentence of the second paragraph? A. The establishment of racial categories of social hierarchy under the casta system in Spanish colonies in the Americas B. The official protection granted to Protestant communities in some European states, such as France, following religious conflicts C. The use of Hindu officials in the Mughal imperial administration D. The recruitment of Italian and Dutch merchants and officers into the Portuguese and Spanish navies

B. The official protection granted to Protestant communities in some European states, such as France, following religious conflicts (The establishment of racial categories of social hierarchy under the casta system in Spanish colonies in the Americas)

Which of the following was the major contributing factor to the spread of the plague to Cairo, Beijing, and Florence in the fourteenth century? A. Indian Ocean trade routes connecting South Asia to China, Southeast Asia, and Europe B. Trade along the Mongol road system across Central Asia C. African trade routes connecting sub-Saharan Africa with Asia and Europe D. The collapse of the Abbasid caliphate

B. Trade along the Mongol road system across Central Asia

"During the reign of the Hebrew king Solomon, son of David, the Ethiopian Queen of Sheba, learning of his reputation for wisdom, came from Ethiopia to see and to hear him. Solomon, who had seven hundred queens as wives, received the Queen of Sheba into their number even though she was black. And when she later bore him a son in Ethiopia, she named him after his grandfather, David. This prince, wishing to receive the blessing of his father, came to Jerusalem when he was 22 years old. Solomon not only recognized him as his son, but had him anointed in the Temple, with all proper royal ceremony, as king of Ethiopia. This is the origin of the emperors of Ethiopia, one thousand years before the incarnation of the Son of God. Thus, when the Son of God became man and took the blood of the descendants of David, he had already given that same blood to the blacks of Ethiopia." Sermon delivered by Antonio Vieira, Portuguese Jesuit priest, to plantation workers in Bahia, Brazil, 1633 Vieira's assertion that Solomon and the Queen of Sheba had a son diverges from the traditional Hebrew account. Which of the following best explains Vieira's choice to tell this version of the story? A. Vieira was influenced by Jesuit anti-Semitism and wished to undermine the Hebrew account. B. Vieira wished to tailor his sermon to appeal to Brazil's ethnically and racially diverse population. C. Vieira was attempting to encourage intermarriage between Brazilians of D. African and European descent. By the seventeenth century, scholars had more information about the events discussed by Vieira.

B. Vieira wished to tailor his sermon to appeal to Brazil's ethnically and racially diverse population.

"[Under the Song dynasty], the number of men who were granted degrees [by passing the imperial examinations] suddenly rose, indicating a similar rise in the number of candidates. This was made possible by an increase in China's productive power and the consequent accumulation of wealth. . . . A new class appeared in China [under the Song], comparable to the middle class in early modern Europe. In China this newly risen class concentrated hard on scholarship. . . . In principle [the examination system] was open to all qualified applicants regardless of social background, which made it unusually democratic. . . . But for a candidate to continue his studies without interruption for such a long period required a measure of economic support that was simply not available to poor people. . . . [Thus] the contention that the doors of the examination system were open to all applicants was an exaggeration, of course. . . . [Yet] we must not lose sight of the historical context: the very idea that everyone should be eligible for the examinations, regardless of family background or lineage, was incomparably forward-looking in its day. . . . It is true that the examinations not only produced officials loyal to the state but also, at times, resentful rejected applicants who opposed the system. Yet, when an old dynasty was replaced by a new, the latter usually undertook an early revival of the examination system practically unchanged." Ichisada Miyazaki, historian, China's Examination Hell, book published in 1963 All of the following developments in Song dynasty China were important factors in the accumulation of wealth outlined in the first paragraph EXCEPT A. increased Chinese production of manufactured goods B. increased Chinese involvement in the Indian Ocean trade C. an increase in technological innovations in China D. an increase in agricultural production in China

B. increased Chinese involvement in the Indian Ocean trade (While some Chinese merchants were involved in trade in the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea during the Song dynasty, these trade contacts were limited. Because the question asks for the development that was not an important factor as outlined in the first paragraph, this answer choice is correct. Maritime trade in the Indian Ocean was not a significant factor contributing to Song economic expansion.)

"O King! The city of Madurai was famed for its sweet beauty, but has now become the city of wild animals since the Muslims conquered it [in 1335]. Its famed Hindu temple has been reduced to rubble. The mighty Kaveri River used to flow in its proper channels because our noble Hindu rulers of the past had curbed it with dams. But now, the river flows without discipline like her new Muslim lords because the dams have been damaged beyond repair. My Lord, it is hard to say whether we get more troubled by hearing the owls that now live in our abandoned gardens, or get more perturbed by the Persian language uttered by the pet-parrots from the houses of the Muslims. There is no agriculture left, as the angry Lord Indra* has stopped sending rains. My King! The Vedas have disappeared. With dharma gone, character and nobleness have disappeared. My king, this sword that you hold is now placed into your lotus-hands by divine providence. Take it and without further delay uproot from my lands this Muslim kingdom. Go forth my dear Lord, win your victory, and establish One Hundred Victory Pillars!" *the Hindu god of the heavens who brings thunder and rain Speech of a female petitioner from the South Indian city of Madurai made at the court of the king of Vijayanagara, a Hindu empire in South India. The speech is recorded in a fourteenth-century poem written by a princess of Vijayanagara describing Vijayanagara's conquest of the Muslim sultanate of Madurai in 1378. Which of the following best describes a claim made in the first paragraph? A. The city of Madurai's Hindu temple was renowned for its beauty. B. The Kaveri River flooded and destroyed the city of Madurai. C. Hindu rulers had constructed irrigation works to control the Kaveri River. D. Wild animals destroyed Madurai's Hindu temple.

C. Hindu rulers had constructed irrigation works to control the Kaveri River.

ILLUSTRATION IN A MANUSCRIPT WRITTEN TO CELEBRATE THE ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE OTTOMAN SULTAN SULEIMAN THE MAGNIFICENT, CIRCA 1560 The image shows Ottoman officials forcibly enlisting boys from the empire's Christian subjects in the Balkans to train them for service in the Ottoman army and bureaucracy. The inclusion of the image in the manuscript best illustrates which of the following features of the period 1450-1750 ? A. Rulers using art as a way to increase literacy B. Rulers using art as a way to communicate with their illiterate subjects C. Rulers using art to legitimize their rule D. Rulers using art to expand their territories

C. Rulers using art to legitimize their rule. The illustration was incuded in a manuscript intended to glorify the achievements of Suleiman the Magnificent and thereby demonstrate his legitimacy. The image thus illustrates how art was used by rulers to legitimize their rule in the period 1450-1750.

"It is not surprising that your nation [Japan] considers it its mission to unite and lead Asia. The European nations, for all their differences, are united like a single country in their attitude towards the non-Europeans. If, for instance, the Mongolians threatened to take a piece of European territory, all the European countries would make common cause to resist them. But Japan cannot stand alone. She would be bankrupt in competition with a united Europe, and she could not expect support in Europe. It is natural that she should seek it in Asia, in association with a free China, Thailand, and, perhaps, in the ultimate course of things, a free India. An associated Asia would be a powerful force. Of course, that is to look a long way ahead, and there are many obstacles in the way, notably the absence of a common language and the difficulty of communication. But—from India through Thailand to Japan—we are, I believe, kindred peoples, having in common possession so much religion, art, philosophy." Rabindranath Tagore, Indian poet and Nobel Prize in Literature recipient, excerpt from a speech given while on a tour of Japan, 1916 The author's claim in the second paragraph that Asian countries such as India, Japan, and Thailand, have certain cultural characteristics "in common possession" is most likely a reference to which of the following? A. Shared Confucian political principles in government B. Shared literary languages and ethnic origins C. Shared Buddhist religious influences D. A shared experience of European colonization

C. Shared Buddhist religious influences (The author's discussion of shared beliefs in Thailand, India, and Japan reflects the strong Buddhist tradition in the region. This best reflects the author's argument that Japan ought to cooperate with other Asian countries against European powers because the region shares these traditions.)

Historians consider the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries to be a time of great change in cultivation methods and in the physical landscape of Latin America. Which of the following pairings was most responsible for these changes? A. Horses and potatoes B. Terraces and cacao C. Slave labor and sugar D. Encomiendas and corn

C. Slave labor and sugar

JAPANESE FUMI-E ("STEPPING-ON PICTURE"), A TYPE OF METAL PLATE CARVED WITH CHRISTIAN IMAGERY, USED BY THE JAPANESE GOVERNMENT TO IDENTIFY SUSPECTED CHRISTIANS, CIRCA 1630 Japanese authorities required suspected Japanese Christians to tread on fumi-e plates based on the belief that Christians would refuse to disrespect images of Jesus Christ and other Christian religious figures. In which of the following regions between 1450 and 1750 was Christian missionary activity met with the LEAST amount of resistance by non-European states? A. The Indian subcontinent B. Central Asia C. The Americas D. The Middle East

C. The Americas

"There are one hundred and fifty households in Manila. The houses of the city are so suitable and those of the country so charming that life in those islands is altogether delightful. At one end of the city is the quarter for the Chinese merchants. There are about twenty thousand of them. It is a very curious place to see, because of the fine order in which the Chinese live. Every kind of merchandise has its own separate area, and those goods are so rare that they merit admiration. The Spanish merchants of Manila intermix with the Chinese and the Portuguese of Macao so that they may enjoy the freedom to participate in commerce with China. The Spanish do not attempt to hide the fact that they are acting as agents for the inhabitants of Mexico and lately they have sent a great quantity of merchandise to Peru and to Mexico from Asia. The emperor of China could build a palace with the silver bars from Peru that have been carried to his country because of that traffic, without their ships having been registered, and without taxes having been paid to the king of Spain." Jerónimo de Bañuelos y Carrillo, Spanish admiral, description of the trade of the Philippines, published in Mexico, 1638 Which of the following claims made in the second paragraph would a historian likely cite to demonstrate how European expansion created a truly global economy in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries? A. The ships that Spanish merchants use are often not registered. B. Many Spanish merchants have successfully avoided paying taxes to the king of Spain. C. The Chinese emperor could build a palace from all the silver that arrives from Peru. D. Merchants of different ethnic groups seek to engage in trade with China.

C. The Chinese emperor could build a palace from all the silver that arrives from Peru.

"O King! The city of Madurai was famed for its sweet beauty, but has now become the city of wild animals since the Muslims conquered it [in 1335]. Its famed Hindu temple has been reduced to rubble. The mighty Kaveri River used to flow in its proper channels because our noble Hindu rulers of the past had curbed it with dams. But now, the river flows without discipline like her new Muslim lords because the dams have been damaged beyond repair. My Lord, it is hard to say whether we get more troubled by hearing the owls that now live in our abandoned gardens, or get more perturbed by the Persian language uttered by the pet-parrots from the houses of the Muslims. There is no agriculture left, as the angry Lord Indra* has stopped sending rains. My King! The Vedas have disappeared. With dharma gone, character and nobleness have disappeared. My king, this sword that you hold is now placed into your lotus-hands by divine providence. Take it and without further delay uproot from my lands this Muslim kingdom. Go forth my dear Lord, win your victory, and establish One Hundred Victory Pillars!" *the Hindu god of the heavens who brings thunder and rain Speech of a female petitioner from the South Indian city of Madurai made at the court of the king of Vijayanagara, a Hindu empire in South India. The speech is recorded in a fourteenth-century poem written by a princess of Vijayanagara describing Vijayanagara's conquest of the Muslim sultanate of Madurai in 1378. A historian would most likely cite which of the following claims made in the second paragraph to demonstrate that Hindu teachings influenced the development of South Asian societies? A. There is no agriculture left because Indra now supports the Muslims. B. The Hindu citizens of Madurai protect the owls in their gardens because they are considered to be sacred birds. C. The absence of dharma has caused nobleness and character to disappear. D. The Hindu citizens of Madurai are perturbed by hearing parrots speaking Persian.

C. The absence of dharma has caused nobleness and character to disappear. ( The petitioner claims that the absence of dharma has caused character and nobleness to disappear. In a Hindu context, dharma is an organizing principle of the universe that governs the rules of human society. By claiming that the absence of dharma has caused character and nobleness to disappear, the petitioner is asserting that the Hindu social order has decayed and is threatened by the continuing dominance of Muslim invaders.)

Image 1 Ivory tip for a king's ceremonial scepter showing a female ancestor spirit, Kongo, western Africa, circa 1800 Image 2 Female figure on a crucifix, Kongo, western Africa, circa 1800 The object in Image 2 best illustrates which of the following cultural processes in the period circa 1450-1750? A. The influence of the Columbian Exchange on artistic traditions B. The intensification of pre-existing religious conflicts and rivalries C. The development of religious syncretism as cultural traditions spread D. The spread of Ethiopian cultural traditions in West Africa

C. The development of religious syncretism as cultural traditions spread (The Kongolese crucifix is an example of syncretic fusion of Christian iconography and African beliefs about the power of female spirituality.)

"If it were asked, why do we accept the theory of contagion, when already the divine law has refuted the notion of contagion, we will answer: The existence of contagion has been proved by experience, deduction, the senses, observation, and by unanimous reports. And it is not a secret to whoever has looked into this matter or has come to be aware of it that those who come into contact with plague patients mostly die, while those who do not come into contact survive. And amidst the horrible afflictions that the plague has imposed upon the people, God has afflicted the people with some learned religious scholars who issue fatwas* against fleeing the plague, so that the quills with which the scholars wrote these fatwas were like swords upon which the Muslims died. In conclusion, to ignore the proofs of plague contagion is an indecency and an affront to God and holds cheap the lives of Muslims." *rulings on Islamic law Lisan al-Din Ibn al-Khatib, A Very Useful Inquiry into the Horrible Sickness, Granada, Spain, 1349-1352 The passage by al-Khatib best illustrates which of the following? A. The literary tradition of long-distance travelers in the Islamic world B. The growth of scientific thought and innovation in Muslim Spain C. The efforts of Islamic missionaries to spread their faith along trade routes D. The impact of Christian attempts to reconquer Spain from the Muslims

C. The efforts of Islamic missionaries to spread their faith along trade routes

Which of the following best explains the relative volume of trade to different destinations as shown on the map? A. The traditional use of enslaved soldiers by the Ottoman Empire B. The need for labor in new mining centers C. The increasing demand for labor on cash crop plantations D. The growing desire for household servants among emerging commercial elites

C. The increasing demand for labor on cash crop plantations

"The Mexican city of Zacatecas is renowned for the enormous quantity of silver that has been extracted from it and continues to be extracted today. At the time of the discovery of the silver, there were many forests and woodlands in this rocky land, all of which have since vanished so that now except for some little wild palms, no other trees remain. Firewood is very expensive in the city because it is brought in carts from a distance of eighteen hours away. The silver was discovered in the year 1540, in the following way: after the fall of the Aztec Empire, Spanish soldiers remained, spread over the entire country. Since no more towns remained to conquer and since they had so many Indian slaves, they devoted themselves to seeking riches from silver mines. One of these soldiers was Juan de Tolosa, who happened to have an Aztec among his Indian slaves. The Aztec, it is said, seeing his master so anxious to discover mines and to claim silver, told him: 'If you so desire this substance, I will take you where you can fill your hands and satisfy your greed with it.' The city houses at least 600 White residents, and most of them are Spaniards. There are about 800 Black slaves and mulattoes*. There are about 1,500 Indians in the work gangs who labor in all types of occupations in the mines." Alonso de la Mota y Escobar, Bishop of Guadalajara, Mexico, geographical treatise, 1605 *a person of mixed European and African ancestry Based on the passage, it could be inferred that the high prices of firewood in seventeenth-century Zacatecas were a result of which of the following processes? A. The transfer of crops and pathogens during the Columbian Exchange B. The global decrease in average temperatures after circa 1400 C.E. C. The introduction of European practices of resource extraction D. The depletion of natural resources caused by Aztec chinampa farming

C. The introduction of European practices of resource extraction

Which of the following factors helps explain the rise of urban centers and the increase in trade in Afro-Eurasia during the second half of the thirteenth century? A. The decline of the Mongol khanates across Asia B. The increase in all forms of coerced labor to build housing C. The availability of safe and reliable transport along land-based trade routes D. The reopening of Indian Ocean trade networks by Chinese explorers

C. The reopening of Indian Ocean trade networks by Chinese explorers

Which of the following was a major cause for the growth of cities throughout Afro-Eurasia from 800 C.E. to 1350 C.E.? A. The decreasing need for agricultural workers B. The spread of mercantilism C. The rise of interregional commerce D. The decline in epidemic diseases

C. The rise of interregional commerce

"Many [Ottoman] Sunni religious scholars have labeled the Sufi whirling rituals* as 'dancing,' and have pronounced them forbidden, branding those who approve of them as infidels. The Sufis counter that these rituals are not dancing, arguing instead that they enliven the soul through a combination of music and movement, which, they say, allows them to focus on the spiritual aspects of religion. The common people flock to the Sufis, giving them offerings and gifts. Since their whirling rituals play a big part in their popularity, they will not abandon these practices anytime soon. The Sunni scholars have written many tracts and opinions against them . . . and this tug-of-war between the two parties has brought them into a vicious circle." *religious observances practiced by some Sufis in the Ottoman Empire Katip Çelebi, Ottoman official, The Balance of Truth, philosophical and scientific treatise, 1656 Outside of the Ottoman Empire, Sufis contributed most directly to which of the following during the period before 1750? A. Scientific exchanges between the Muslim world and the rest of Afro-Eurasia B. The establishment of Arabic as the language of philosophy and theology in the Muslim world C. The spread of Islam to new locations on the margins of the Muslim world, such as southeast Asia D. The introduction of new practices for recruiting and training slave soldiers in Muslim states, such as the Mughal Empire

C. The spread of Islam to new locations on the margins of the Muslim world, such as southeast Asia Correct. Sufis were instrumental in the spread of Islam to new locations in this period, both through the popularity of Sufi religious practices with merchants and through the ability of Sufi leaders to effect the conversion of political leaders in some regions on the margins of the Muslim world

Which of the following factors contributed most to Manchu expansion in Asia during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries? A. The adoption of Buddhist beliefs B. The development of large trading companies C. The use of cannons and gunpowder D. The military alliances with western European states

C. The use of cannons and gunpowder

Historians who argue that there was substantial global integration by the end of the thirteenth century would most likely cite which of the following as evidence to support their claims? A. The political unification of large territories under imperial rule in the Mediterranean and East Asia B. The creation of a new Atlantic trade system based on plantation economies in the Caribbean and the Americas C. The widening and deepening of exchange networks linking Afro-Eurasia after the Mongol conquests D. The spread of global capitalism from Europe to Africa and Southeast Asia

C. The widening and deepening of exchange networks linking Afro-Eurasia after the Mongol conquests

Which of the following best explains a similarity between the earliest English and French voyages across the North Atlantic in the late fifteenth and sixteenth centuries? A. They succeeded despite receiving little support from their respective state governments. B. They were ended after encountering violent resistance from Portuguese and Spanish naval forces. C. They were often launched in the hopes of finding alternative sailing routes to Asia. D. They helped convince western European monarchies to abandon mercantilist policies in favor of free-trade policies.

C. They were often launched in the hopes of finding alternative sailing routes to Asia. (The earliest British- and French-sponsored voyages in the North Atlantic, conducted by explorers such as Henry Hudson, Giovanni da Verrazzano, and Jacques Cartier, all attempted to find potential trade routes to Asia.)

SAILING SHIP ON THE INDIAN OCEAN CARRYING PILGRIMS TO MECCA, MINIATURE ILLUSTRATION FROM A THIRTEENTH-CENTURY ISLAMIC MANUSCRIPT Which of the following best describes the primary purpose of the travel depicted in the illustration? A. To create diasporic merchant communities B. To recruit soldiers for the Caliphate C. To bind diverse communities to a common tradition D. To convert peoples of other faiths to Islam

C. To bind diverse communities to a common tradition

LIU GUANDAO, YUAN DYNASTY CHINESE COURT PAINTER, WHILING AWAY THE SUMMER, PAINTED SCROLL, CIRCA 1280 The image depicts a Chinese Confucian scholar and two female attendants. Which of the following historical continuities is best reflected in the image? A. Chinese art reflected European methods of painting. B. Chinese art continued to stress the importance of technological innovation. C. Chinese art incorporated elements of Central Asian nomadic life. D. Chinese art continued to emphasize traditional subjects and styles.

D. Chinese art continued to emphasize traditional subjects and styles. (The subject of the painting (a Chinese scholar) and the style used to render the subject (a painted scroll) are common to paintings from many periods of Chinese history and support the idea that the image reflects continued emphasis on these elements.)

JEAN-BAPTISTE DU HALDE, FRENCH HISTORIAN, ENGRAVING INCLUDED IN THE DESCRIPTION OF CHINA, PUBLISHED IN PARIS, 1735 In the top panel, the engraving shows three Jesuit missionaries and scholars who served at the courts of Chinese emperors of the Ming and Qing dynasty in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. In the bottom panel, the engraving shows two Chinese Christian converts: Xu Guangxi (left) and his granddaughter, Candida Xu (right). All of the following statements about Du Halde are factually accurate. Which would most likely lead historians to question the objectivity of his portrayal of the scholars shown in the image? A. He never traveled to China. B. He based his observations of China on unpublished translations of Chinese texts. C. He was the confessor to an important French noble. D. He was a Jesuit and based his book on Jesuit missionary reports.

D. He was a Jesuit and based his book on Jesuit missionary reports.(The Jesuit scholars are portrayed in the image as illustrious men of faith, science, and wisdom. Because Du Halde had an institutional affiliation with the Jesuit order, he was likely motivated to depict the Jesuit scholars positively. Moreover, because he based his book directly on Jesuit missionary reports that also likely portrayed Jesuit scholars in China positively, a historian would likely consider the account shown in the engraving to be potentially biased in favor of the Jesuits.)

Which of the following factors represents the most significant cause of the growth of cities in Afro-Eurasia in the period 1000-1450 ? A. Decreased agricultural productivity B. Climate change C. Increased invasions D. Increased interregional trade

D. Increased interregional trade

Which of the following is an accurate statement about the Mongol Empire? It developed a sophisticated bureaucracy staffed by talented Mongols. A. It attempted to create a self-contained economic system by banning all merchants from non-Mongol territories. B. It attempted to impose Mongol religious beliefs and practices on conquered peoples. C. It established and maintained clear rules of succession that insured the unity of the empire. D. It reestablished the Silk Road between East Asia and Europe.

D. It reestablished the Silk Road between East Asia and Europe.

"Many [Ottoman] Sunni religious scholars have labeled the Sufi whirling rituals* as 'dancing,' and have pronounced them forbidden, branding those who approve of them as infidels. The Sufis counter that these rituals are not dancing, arguing instead that they enliven the soul through a combination of music and movement, which, they say, allows them to focus on the spiritual aspects of religion. The common people flock to the Sufis, giving them offerings and gifts. Since their whirling rituals play a big part in their popularity, they will not abandon these practices anytime soon. The Sunni scholars have written many tracts and opinions against them . . . and this tug-of-war between the two parties has brought them into a vicious circle." *religious observances practiced by some Sufis in the Ottoman Empire Katip Çelebi, Ottoman official, The Balance of Truth, philosophical and scientific treatise, 1656 Which of the following conclusions regarding the Ottoman Empire is best supported by the passage? A. Ottoman policies toward Sufism caused conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and other Muslim states. B. Ottoman rulers promoted an inclusive and tolerant interpretation of Islamic doctrine. C. Many members of the Ottoman religious establishment practiced Sufism. D. Ottoman policies sought to limit the activities of some religious groups.

D. Ottoman policies sought to limit the activities of some religious groups. (The passage shows that Ottoman authorities, represented by the Sunni religious scholars, condemned some Sufi practices and sought to suppress them.)

Which of the following best supports the conclusion that Japan borrowed extensively from Tang and Song China? A. Japan had established a decentralized power structure under a shogun by the eleventh century C.E. B. The Shinto religion continued to exert a strong influence on Japanese culture. C. Warriors or samurai gained substantial power and social status in Japan. D. Societal relations in Japan were based on Confucian principles of hierarchy.

D. Societal relations in Japan were based on Confucian principles of hierarchy.

"Wila Uma, the Inca general, addressed the Spanish [conquistadors] with the following words: 'What are you doing to our ruler?* This is how you repay his good will? Did he not command all of his people to give you tribute? Did he not give you a house filled with gold and silver? Did he not give you his servants to serve you? What more can he give you now that you have imprisoned him? All the people of this land are so distressed by your actions, because they have lost all they possess, and their distress leaves them no choice but to hang themselves or risk everything by rebelling. Thus, I believe it would be best for you to release him from this prison to lessen the grief of these people.' . . . *Manco Inca, a previous Inca ruler and father of Titu Cusi, whom the Spanish had imprisoned after conquering the Inca capital of Cuzco in 1533 Titu Cusi, ruler of a regional Inca state established after the Spanish had conquered the Inca Empire,letter to the Spanish king detailing the abuses of the Spanish during the conquest, 1570 Which of the following most directly facilitated the conquest alluded to in the passage? A. The establishment of a cash-crop plantation economy on some of the islands in the in the Atlantic Ocean B. Spanish control of the trans-Atlantic slave trade C. The completion of the reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula D. Spanish advantages over native American populations in terms of technology and disease immunity

D. Spanish advantages over native American populations in terms of technology and disease immunity (Spanish use of steel swords and gunpowder weapons, along with the relative immunity of the Spanish to diseases like smallpox, allowed them to conquer the Inca Empire.)

World Economy Theory, 1500-1800 The world economic system that developed after 1500 featured unequal relationships between western Europe and dependent economies in other regions. Strong governments and large armies fed European dominance of world trade. Dependent economies used slave or serf labor to produce cheap foods and minerals for Europe, and they imported more expensive European items in turn. Dependent regions had weak governments, which made European conquest and slave systems possible. Which of the following statements would challenge the arguments made in the passage? A. The role of Dutch trading companies in Southeast Asia B. The use of slaves and the plantation systems in the Americas C. European imports of sugar and tobacco D. Strong governments in the slave-exporting regions of West Africa

D. Strong governments in the slave-exporting regions of West Africa

"In the context of the Ottoman Empire, toleration [ensured] that, as a rule, non-Muslims would not be persecuted. No doubt, as dhimmis,* according to Islam, they were second-class citizens . . . who endured a healthy dose of daily prejudice. [Nevertheless, the Ottomans tolerated religious and ethnic difference] because it had something to contribute. That is, difference added to the empire; it did not detract from it and, therefore, it was commended. Toleration had a [beneficial] quality; maintaining peace and order was good for imperial life, diversity contributed to imperial welfare. . . . The Ottoman Empire fared better than did its predecessors or contemporaries [in tolerating religious and ethnic difference] until the beginning of the eighteenth century, largely as a result of its understanding of difference and its resourcefulness in [administrative organization]. It maintained relative peace with its various communities and also ensured that interethnic strife would not occur." *Islamic law defines dhimmis as non-Muslim communities living under Muslim political rule Karen Barkey, Turkish-American historian and sociologist, Empire of Difference: The Ottomans in Comparative Perspective, published in 2008 All of the following statements about the Ottoman Empire in the period 1450-1750 are factually accurate. Which would most strongly support Barkey's claim regarding the Ottoman state and toleration in the passage? A. Some Ottoman sultans such as Suleiman the Magnificent patronized Sufi mystics, whose heterodox practices were sometimes condemned by the Sunni religious elite. B. Some Ottoman sultans such as Selim I refused to accept the legitimacy of the Safavid rulers of Persia because they were Shi'a Muslims. C. The Ottoman government required any cases involving a dispute between Muslims and non-Muslims to be resolved according to Islamic law. D. The Ottoman army increasingly relied on the contributions of the Janissary corps, which was mostly composed of soldiers of non-Turkic origin.

D. The Ottoman army increasingly relied on the contributions of the Janissary corps, which was mostly composed of soldiers of non-Turkic origin. (The Ottomans' use of non-Turkic troops as a core part of their army shows that ethnic tolerance and diversity might benefit the empire in certain circumstances, as Barkey argues.)

Which of the following accurately describes a significant difference between the Ottoman and Mughal Empires in the early seventeenth century? A. The Mughals used gunpowder weapons to expand their territory, while the Ottomans did not. B. The Mughals practiced religious tolerance toward non-Muslim subjects, while the Ottomans did not. C. The Ottomans made Shia Islam the official state religion, while the Mughals made Buddhism the official state religion. D. The Ottomans ruled over people who were predominately Muslim, while the Mughals did not.

D. The Ottomans ruled over people who were predominately Muslim, while the Mughals did not.(The Ottoman and Mughal Empires were decidedly different in the early seventeenth century because the a Ottoman Empire contained predominately Muslims while the Ottomans themselves were not Muslims.This was in start contrast to the Mughal Empire.)

"The Mexican city of Zacatecas is renowned for the enormous quantity of silver that has been extracted from it and continues to be extracted today. At the time of the discovery of the silver, there were many forests and woodlands in this rocky land, all of which have since vanished so that now except for some little wild palms, no other trees remain. Firewood is very expensive in the city because it is brought in carts from a distance of eighteen hours away. The silver was discovered in the year 1540, in the following way: after the fall of the Aztec Empire, Spanish soldiers remained, spread over the entire country. Since no more towns remained to conquer and since they had so many Indian slaves, they devoted themselves to seeking riches from silver mines. One of these soldiers was Juan de Tolosa, who happened to have an Aztec among his Indian slaves. The Aztec, it is said, seeing his master so anxious to discover mines and to claim silver, told him: 'If you so desire this substance, I will take you where you can fill your hands and satisfy your greed with it.' The city houses at least 600 White residents, and most of them are Spaniards. There are about 800 Black slaves and mulattoes*. There are about 1,500 Indians in the work gangs who labor in all types of occupations in the mines." Alonso de la Mota y Escobar, Bishop of Guadalajara, Mexico, geographical treatise, 1605 *a person of mixed European and African ancestry A historian could best use the passage as evidence for which of the following? A. The Spanish authorities' preference for Spanish-born rather than American-born individuals in administrative appointments B. The disappearance of the Amerindian population due to the spread of infectious Eurasian diseases C. The resistance encountered in the process of attempting to convert the indigenous population to Christianity D. The creation of a new political and economic elite in the immediate aftermath of the European conquest

D. The creation of a new political and economic elite in the immediate aftermath of the European conquest

THE TRIUMPH OF DEATH, ANONYMOUS PAINTING FROM FIFTEENTH-CENTURY SICILY The figures in the foreground represent the clergy, nobility, and townspeople. Developments such as the one depicted in the painting most directly contributed to which of the following? A. The decline of patriarchy across Afro-Eurasia B. A decrease in technological and scientific innovation C. A decrease in military conflicts D. The decline of many urban areas

D. The decline of many urban areas (Urban centers across Afro-Eurasia were often the areas most devastated by the spread of epidemic diseases in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.)

"O King! The city of Madurai was famed for its sweet beauty, but has now become the city of wild animals since the Muslims conquered it [in 1335]. Its famed Hindu temple has been reduced to rubble. The mighty Kaveri River used to flow in its proper channels because our noble Hindu rulers of the past had curbed it with dams. But now, the river flows without discipline like her new Muslim lords because the dams have been damaged beyond repair. My Lord, it is hard to say whether we get more troubled by hearing the owls that now live in our abandoned gardens, or get more perturbed by the Persian language uttered by the pet-parrots from the houses of the Muslims. There is no agriculture left, as the angry Lord Indra* has stopped sending rains. My King! The Vedas have disappeared. With dharma gone, character and nobleness have disappeared. My king, this sword that you hold is now placed into your lotus-hands by divine providence. Take it and without further delay uproot from my lands this Muslim kingdom. Go forth my dear Lord, win your victory, and establish One Hundred Victory Pillars!" *the Hindu god of the heavens who brings thunder and rain Speech of a female petitioner from the South Indian city of Madurai made at the court of the king of Vijayanagara, a Hindu empire in South India. The speech is recorded in a fourteenth-century poem written by a princess of Vijayanagara describing Vijayanagara's conquest of the Muslim sultanate of Madurai in 1378. Which of the following is a claim made by the petitioner in the third paragraph? A. A prophecy has shown that the king will conquer the Madurai Sultanate. B. The king should establish victory pillars after his conquest. C. The gods will directly accompany the king in his conquest of the Madurai Sultanate. D. The king has the support of the gods in his efforts to drive Muslims out of Madurai.

D. The king has the support of the gods in his efforts to drive Muslims out of Madurai. (The petitioner's claim that "divine providence" directly placed a sword into the king's hand is intended to demonstrate that the king of Vijayanagara was favored by divine forces. Since the petitioner's speech is included in a poem written by a princess at the court of Vijayanagara to describe the conquest of Madurai, it is likely that the story is intended to illustrate that the kings of Vijayanagara received their authority and legitimacy directly from divine sources.)

THE CONSTELLATION HERCULES, NAMED AFTER AN ANCIENT GREEK MYTHICAL HERO. PAGE FROM A 1430 COPY OF THE BOOK OF FIXED STARS, AN ASTRONOMY BOOK WRITTEN BY A TENTH-CENTURY MUSLIM SCIENTIST This copy of The Book of Fixed Stars was made for the ruler of the Timurid dynasty, a Turkic state that controlled much of Central Asia during the fifteenth century. The dots scattered across the figure indicate individual stars and the symbols next to the dots indicate the stars' relative brightness, as observed by Muslim astronomers. The sponsoring of scholarship by Turkic dynasties, such as the Timurids, best shows that, in the period circa 1200-1450, scholarly activities in the Muslim world continued despite the A. expansion of the Song dynasty into Muslim Central Asia B. conquest of Baghdad by the European Crusaders C. Byzantine reconquest of Palestine and Lebanon D. fragmentation of the Abbasid Caliphate

D. fragmentation of the Abbasid Caliphate (The Abbasid Caliphate began disintegrating in the ninth and tenth centuries, and numerous new states emerged. Like the Abbasid caliphs, these states promoted the study of science and philosophy and the development of new technologies.)

"There are one hundred and fifty households in Manila. The houses of the city are so suitable and those of the country so charming that life in those islands is altogether delightful. At one end of the city is the quarter for the Chinese merchants. There are about twenty thousand of them. It is a very curious place to see, because of the fine order in which the Chinese live. Every kind of merchandise has its own separate area, and those goods are so rare that they merit admiration. The Spanish merchants of Manila intermix with the Chinese and the Portuguese of Macao so that they may enjoy the freedom to participate in commerce with China. The Spanish do not attempt to hide the fact that they are acting as agents for the inhabitants of Mexico and lately they have sent a great quantity of merchandise to Peru and to Mexico from Asia. The emperor of China could build a palace with the silver bars from Peru that have been carried to his country because of that traffic, without their ships having been registered, and without taxes having been paid to the king of Spain." Jerónimo de Bañuelos y Carrillo, Spanish admiral, description of the trade of the Philippines, published in Mexico, 1638 The author's claim that the Spanish inhabitants of Manila act as agents for the inhabitants of Mexico can best be described as a reference to which of the following? A. The cultural connections between regions created by Catholic religious orders, such as the Jesuits B. The resentment of colonial-born Spanish Creole populations against their second-class status in imperial societies C. The differences between the administrative framework of European trading post empires and settler empires D. The mercantilist trade regulations enforced by Spanish colonial authorities

D. The mercantilist trade regulations enforced by Spanish colonial authorities (Both the Philippines and Mexico (as well as Peru) were Spanish colonies in the seventeenth century. Mercantilist trade regulations allowed Spanish or Creole merchants in the colonies to trade with merchants in other Spanish colonies and in Spain but limited Spanish colonies' trade with British, French, Dutch, or other European countries' colonies. The exclusive commercial contacts between Spanish merchants in Manila and Spanish merchants in Mexico are best described as a reference to these mercantilist regulations.)

"The Muslims are not the greatest traders in Asia, though they are dispersed in almost every part of it. In Ottoman Turkey, the Christians and Jews carry on the main foreign trade, and in Persia the Armenian Christians and Indians. As to the Persians, they trade with their own countrymen, one province with another, and most of them trade with the Indians. The Armenian Christians manage alone the whole European trade [with Persia]. The abundance of the Persian silk that is exported is very well known. The Dutch import it into Europe via the Indian Ocean to the value of near six hundred thousand livres* yearly. All the Europeans who trade in Ottoman Turkey import nothing more valuable than the Persian silks, which they buy from the Armenians. The Russians import it as well. Persia exports to the Indies [an] abundance of tobacco, all sorts of fruit, marmalade, wines, horses, ceramics, feathers, and Turkish leather of all colors, of which a great amount is exported to Russia and other European countries. The exportation of steel and iron is forbidden in the kingdom, but it is exported notwithstanding. There are some Persian traders who have deputies in all parts of the world, as far as Sweden on the one side and China on the other side." *French currency unit Jean Chardin, French jeweler and merchant, on his travels to Safavid Persia, 1686 Based on the passage, in which of the following ways were Safavid Persian trading practices similar to those of other land-based Islamic empires during the seventeenth century? A. The restriction of trade in luxury manufactured goods, such as silk B. The development of an export economy focused on agricultural production C. The deployment of a large navy to protect trading interests in the Indian Ocean D. The participation of multiple ethnic and religious groups in interregional trade

D. The participation of multiple ethnic and religious groups in interregional trade

TWO SCENES FROM SOWING AND REAPING, A YUAN-DYNASTY (CIRCA 1350) COPY OF A SONG-DYNASTY (CIRCA 1150) ILLUSTRATED SCROLL ABOUT THE PRACTICE OF RICE CULTIVATION IN CHINA. Image 1: Workers irrigating a rice field by powering a mechanical water wheel with their feet Image 2: Men, women, and children harvesting rice The activity depicted in Image 2 best illustrates which of the following characteristics of China's economy before 1450? A. The influence of Confucian labor policies B. The dependence on trade along the Silk Roads C. The impact of innovations borrowed from surrounding states D. The reliance on systems of peasant labor

D. The reliance on systems of peasant labor (The imperial government in China before 1450 relied on systems of peasant labor to accomplish agricultural and other projects such as the activity depicted in Image 2.)

"Many [Ottoman] Sunni religious scholars have labeled the Sufi whirling rituals* as 'dancing,' and have pronounced them forbidden, branding those who approve of them as infidels. The Sufis counter that these rituals are not dancing, arguing instead that they enliven the soul through a combination of music and movement, which, they say, allows them to focus on the spiritual aspects of religion. The common people flock to the Sufis, giving them offerings and gifts. Since their whirling rituals play a big part in their popularity, they will not abandon these practices anytime soon. The Sunni scholars have written many tracts and opinions against them . . . and this tug-of-war between the two parties has brought them into a vicious circle." *religious observances practiced by some Sufis in the Ottoman Empire Katip Çelebi, Ottoman official, The Balance of Truth, philosophical and scientific treatise, 1656 The author's position on the religious controversy in the passage can best be described as that of A. a practitioner of the Sufi way with its emphasis on increased spirituality B. a strong supporter of the official Ottoman religious establishment C. an advocate of the right of the people to freely choose their own religion D. an impartial observer describing the controversy without taking sides

D. an impartial observer describing the controversy without taking sides (The author describes the arguments of both sides to the debate and does not appear to openly criticize or endorse either side, suggesting that he is trying to present an objective view of the Sunni-Sufi rivalry.)

Source 1 "People who follow Judaism should pass their lives among Christians quietly, practicing their own religion and not speaking ill of Christianity. Moreover, a Jewish person should not attempt to convert any Christian. Whoever violates this law shall be put to death and lose his property. Jewish people may maintain their synagogues, but they cannot build new synagogues without our permission. Christians may not deface synagogues or steal anything from them. Jewish people shall not be forced to attend court by Christian officials on Saturdays [the Jewish Sabbath]. All legal claims between Christians and the Jewish community shall be decided by our royal judges and a Christian is forbidden from arresting or harming Jewish people or seizing their property. Christians may not use force to convert a Jewish person to Christianity, though Christians should use the Holy Scriptures and kind words. Jewish people, however, should not attempt to interfere with a member of their community converting to Christianity of their own will. Any Christian, however, who converts to Judaism shall be put to death as a heretic." Law code issued by Alfonso X, king of the Christian Spanish kingdom of Castile, circa 1265 Source 2 "King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, by the grace of God, King and Queen of Spain, greetings. We learned that some wicked Christians in our kingdom adopted Jewish religious practices and cultural customs and apostatized from our holy Catholic faith because these Christians interacted with Jewish people. Therefore, we, with the counsel and advice of the clergy, noblemen, and other persons of learning and wisdom in our kingdom, order the Jewish community to depart and never to return. And we forbid any person or persons in our kingdom to receive, protect, or defend any Jewish person under pain of losing all their possessions, vassals, fortified places, and whatever financial grants they hold from us." Royal decree issued by King Ferdinand II and Queen Isabella of Spain, 1492 The attitude toward religious practice expressed in Source 2 was most directly apparent in which of the following Spanish policies in the Americas in the period circa 1500-1750 ? A. The state sponsorship of Jesuit missions to native populations B. The development of Candomblé and Voudun among African slave populations C. The use of the encomienda system D. The establishment of the casta system

The state sponsorship of Jesuit missions to native populations The Spanish state's sponsorship of Jesuit missions to convert native populations to Christianity directly derives from the state's intolerance of religious diversity, which is apparent in Source 2.