Unit 6 APES Exam Review

List four things you could do to conserve energy

1) walk/bike to scjool 2) turn off lights when leave room 3) unplug electronics when not in use 4) wash clothes in coldwater

The acronym ANWR refers to the _________________________________ and it is important because:

Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, exploration might yield up to 1.4 trillion of oil and natural gas, will harm pristine habitat and the human population as well

What country contains the largest amount of uranium 235?

Australia

What is biogas and how is it converted into an energy source?

Biogas is used as fuel for combustion engines, which convert it to mechanical energy, powering an electric generator to produce electricity

State where Chernobyl is located and explain what happened there.

Chernobyl is located in Ukraine. What happened there was during a test they disconnected cooling system and removed control pods, the plant overheated which led to explosion and fire, 31 died at the time and many more died later because of radiation exposure

What is cogeneration? Why does this process increase efficiency?

Cogeneration is the production of two useful forms of energy, such as high temperature heat or steam and electricity from the same fuel source. This process increases efficiency by using only one source of fuel to produce two forms of energy instead of using 2 different fuel sources

The acronym CAFE refers to the _____________________________________ and it is important because:

Corporate Average Fuel Economy, it's goal is to reduce energy consumption by increasing the fuel economy of cars and light trucks

Describe how electricity is produced by a dam.

Dam produces electricity when water flows through to the river below, the mechanical energy is then converted to electrical energy by the generators. The water from river, moves through the dam, and it's force causes the turbines to spin

How do developed and developing countries compare when it comes to energy consumption? Why?

Developed countries use more energy because they have more resources too and have more things that need energy consumption compared to developing countries who use other resources besides energy

What type of country (developed or developing) uses more fossil fuels? Why?

Developing countries use more fossil fuels because they don't have other resources to create energy like developed countries

Place the following 8 events in chronological order: the oil spill of the Exxon Valdez; the meltdown of the reactor at Chernobyl; the discovery of contamination at Love Canal; The first Earth Day; the leak of methyl isocyanate in Bhopal; the drafting of the Kyoto Protocol; the ratification of the Montreal Protocol, passage of the US Endangered Species Act

Earth day, U.S endangered species act, love canal, montreal protocol, bhopal, chernobyl, exxon valdez, kyoto protocol

Why is wood fuel commonly used in developing countries?

Easy accessibility

How does fracking pollute the groundwater?

Fracking fluid injected into rock to enable gas to be released often contains toxic chemicals

Explain what happened at Fukushima Daiichi and why it is significant

Fukushima Daiichi occured in Japan in 2011, it was a 9.0 earthquake triggered by 15m tsunami, caused structured damage and interruption of power supply, caused fires, H2 gas explosions, and release of radioactive gases, 4 out of 6 reactors were destroyed

List 4 products that are derived primarily from crude oil

Gasoline, heating oil, jet fuel, and asphalt

How is geothermal energy generated?

Geothermal energy uses steam to produce electricity. The steam comes from reservoirs of hot water found a few miles or more below the earth's surface. The steam rotates a turbine that activates a generator, which produces electricity

List three species that may be threatened by the construction of a solar power tower in the California Desert.

Meerkat, camels, rattlesnakes

List three air pollutants that are emitted during the burning of coal.

Mercury, lead, sulfur dioxide

Identify three examples of renewable resources and three examples of nonrenewable resources.

Non Renewable- coal, oil, natural gas Renewable- solar, biomass, geothermal

Compare a nonrenewable to a renewable energy source

Nonrenewable resources exist in a fixed amount and cannot be replaced on a human timescale (Examples: coal, oil, natural gas, nuclear). Renewable resources can be replenished naturally at or near the rate of consumption (Examples: solar, biomass, geothermal, wind, hydropower).

Compare off grid to on grid solar systems.

On grid solar systems are solar pv systems that only generate power when the utility power grid is available and off grid solar systems allow you to store your solar power in batteries for use when the power grid goes down of if you are not on the grid

The acronym OPEC refers to the ____________________________________________ and it is important because:

Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, it ensures the stabilization of oil markets in order to secure an efficient, economic and regular supply of petroleum to consumers

What are some environmental concerns with using wood as an energy source?

Particle emissions that turn into smog

Compare passive and active solar energy.

Passive energy systems use the sun's energy for heating and cooling purposes, active solar energy is where they collect solar radiation and convert it in the form of heat to water, air, or some other fluid

What country contains the largest amount of natural gas?

Russia

________ is the active element in most photovoltaic cells

Silicon

Compare tar sand to shale oil. What are some environmental concerns of each of these?

Tar sand is a combination of clay, sand, water, and bitumen, which is a heavy hydrocarbon, and can be upgraded to synthetic crude oil. Shale oil is a form of sedimentary rock that contains kerogen which is released in a petroleum like liquid when the rock is heated. Some environmental concerns of tar sand are the emissions of greenhouse gas pollution from oil consumption and environmental concerns of shale oil is water and air pollution, waste management, and land use.

Explain what the Deepwater Horizon was, where it went, and why it is significant.

The Deepwater Horizon was an explosion at a BP oil rig in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010, it released 780 million and killed 6000 sea turtles, 26,000 marine mammals, and 82,000 birds.

Describe the basic components of a fuel cell? What are the limitations of fuel cells? What are the advantages of using fuel cells?

The basic components of a fuel cell are an ion conducting electrolyte, a cathode, and an anode. The limitations of fuel cells are expensive to manufacture due to high costs of catalysts, lack of infrastructure, hydrogen is expensive to produce and not widely available. The advantages of using fuel cells are high efficiency, operating silently, and eliminating pollution caused by burning fossil fuels

Compare a fuel rod to a control rod. How do they work together?

The fuel rod is there to power the reactor, the control rods are move in and out of the pile to control the rate of fission by absorbing neutrons

Explain what happened at Three Mile Island, and why it is significant.

Three Mile Island is located in Pennsylvania, what happened there was that the cooling water valve was closed and the lack of cooling water around core led to partial meltdown

What country contains the largest amount of geothermal energy?

United States

Which country contains the largest amount of coal?

United States

Explain how thermal pollution is produced by power plants.

Use of water as a coolant by power plants produces thermal pollution when water is used as a coolant and returned to the natural environment at a higher temperature

What country contains the largest amount of crude oil?

Venezuela

List the following types of visible light in order from shortest to longest wavelength: Green, Orange, Red, Yellow, Blue, Violet

Violet, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange, Red

What is biomass and how is it converted into an energy source?

When biomass is burned, the chemical energy in biomass is released as heat, used for cooking, heating, electricity, ethanol

Describe how fossil fuels are ignited and converted into electricity.

When fossil fuels are burned carbon and hydrogen react with oxygen in air to carbon dioxide and water. During this reaction heat is released which further amplifies the reaction. Electricity is generated by transforming mechanical energy to electrical energy in a turbine or generator

Strengthen this weak statement: "Fossil fuel use releases carbon dioxide, which causes the greenhouse effect."

When fossil fuels are burned, they release carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, which results in trapping heat into our atmosphere and makes them primary contributors to global warming and climate change

How does a wind turbine work? What are the limitations of wind turbines? What are the advantages of using wind turbines?

Wind turbines work by wind turning the propeller like blades of a turbine around a rotor, which spins a generator which then creates electricity. The limitations from using a wind turbine are wind fluctuating, expensive, post a threat to wildlife, noisy, and create visual pollution. The advantages from using wind turbines are a clean fuel source, sustainable, cost effective, domestic source of energy.

How do wind, geothermal, and hydroelectric operate?

Wind- energy source is used for electricity, power is generated through turbines Geothermal- energy source is used for electricity and heating, power is generated through steam from aquifers and spins turbines, hot water through pipes in homes/buildings Hydroelectric- energy source is used for electricity, power is generated through water which spins turbines in dams

Does industrialization lead to high energy consumption rates? Why/why not?

Yes, because more industries use energy for lighting and working machines which leads to a lot of energy that is produced in industries and factories

How do PV cells work?

allows protons or particles of light to knock electrons free from atoms generating a flow of electricity, they convert sunlight into electricity

Fracking is short for _______________ and it is a concern because...

hydraulic fracturing, it produces a lot of air pollution and water contamination due to toxic chemicals

Arrange the following types of electromagnetic radiation in order from lowest to highest energy: Ultraviolet, Microwave, Infrared, Gamma, Radio, X-ray, Visible.

microwave, radio, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, x rays, gamma rays