PTAP 2310 Test 1

Osteokinematic motions in the transverse plane

-medial rotation (IR) -lateral rotation (ER) -forearm pronation -forearm supination -trunk rotation

Cancellous (spongy) bone

-porous and spongy interior of the bone (trabeculae) -makes up most of the articular ends of long bones -filled with bone marrow, which is important for blood cell production

Joint capsules

-surrounds and encases the synovial joint -protects the hyaline cartilage covering the articular surfaces of synovial joints -negatively pressurized, like a vacuum-sealed contained -composed of 2 layers

Newborn babies are actually born with ______ bones, that end up fusing and growing together as they grow older

300

Triaxial

Allows motion around three different axes of rotation and in three different planes

______ motion describes most of the motion that occurs within our body, with a few exceptions

Angular

______ may be used to describe a location or structure that is located closer to the tail than a reference body part in place of "inferior"

Caudal

A push or pull action that creates motion

Force

In many patients, the anterior deltoid is stronger than the posterior deltoid. Based on what you know about force couples, how will this asymmetry in strength between the anterior and posterior deltoid affect movement of the arm?

If the anterior deltoid is stronger than the posterior deltoid, the arm will still elevate upward, but will deviate more toward the anterior

________ material provides the bone with hardness and strength

Inorganic

Boggy end feel

The result of sweeping or bleeding within the joint -feeling like the joint is caught in quicksand

Osteoarthritis

Loss of articular cartilage

Examples of condyloid joints

MCP joints of hand

2 people are pushing on a box. Person one is pushing on the left of the box with 200 lbs of force. Person two is pushing on the bottom of the box with 100 lbs of force. In which direction will the box travel based on the resultant force of these two individuals?

Person one will move the box more to the right than person two would be moving the box upward

___ bone marrow is found in the medullary canals of flat bones (ribs, scapula)

Red

Most every joint in the body requires ______ and ______ to occur simultaneously

Sliding and gliding

An earlier than expected limitation of ROM in a specific joint also should be classified as an ___________

abnormal joint end feel

Sinus

air-filled cavity within a bone

Hyaline cartilage

covers the ends of the bones that make up the synovial joint to provide for a smooth articulating surface

The term ____ may be used instead of superior to describe a location or structure that is located closer to the head than a reference body part

cranial

Bullet fired from a gun

curvilinear

Most of all motion we see in the environment is _____

curvilinear

The motion of the scapula when you say you don't know

curvilinear

A person sledding down a hill

curvilinear *only rectilinear if the hill is completely flat

Vector

describes the magnitude of the force and the direction in which the force was applied

Linear motion or translatory motion

describes the movement of any object from point A to point B ex. a person who walks from one place to another

Synovial joints are also known as

diarthrodial joints

The hand joints and bones are important in helping us manipulate small objects. The structures of the hand can be found _____ to the wrist

distal

The wrist is ______ to the elbow

distal

Neutral equilibrium

disturbing the position of an object neither results in the center of gravity of that object being raised or lowered

Unstable equilibrium

disturbing the position of an object results in the center of gravity of that object being lowered

Stable equilibrium

disturbing the position of an object results in the center of gravity of that object being raised

Groove

ditch-like groove containing a tendon of blood vessel

Frontal plane

divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

Sagittal plane

divides the body into left and right portions

Transverse plane

divides the body into top and bottom portions

Incline plane

does not exist in the human body

Stability within the body is usually maintained by a combination of effort being produced by the ____ and _____ structures surrounding each joint

dynamic and static

Kicking a ball at the knee

angular

The ribs are ____ to the scapula

anterior

Medical use of "abdomen" refers to the ______ and ________ aspects of the lower trunk

anterior and posterior

The _____ skeleton is made up of 126 bones

appendicular

Trabeculae

arranged in patterns that are specific to the stresses applied to that area of the bone

A term that describes the movement that occurs between two opposing joint surfaces is

arthokinematics

Synarthrosis

articulations between cranial bones -most stable of all the joints in the body -allows the bones to interlock together

The ____ skeleton is made up of 80 bones

axial

No torque is produced is the force is directed exactly through the ________

axis of rotation

_______ is always perpendicular to the plane of reference if motion in that plane is to occur

axis of rotation

Parts of a lever

axis of rotation force force arm resistance resistance arm

The bones and joints of the foot give us the ability to walk or run on a variety of surfaces and terrains without losing our ______

balance

A _____ first class lever has a mechanical advantage of 1

balanced

Humans are _____, in that we stand and move about on two feet

bipedal

Hyaline cartilage lacks its own _________, therefore it has limited capacity to heal

blood supply

Synovial joint structures

bones ligaments joint capsule synovial membrane synovial fluid fibrocartilage hyaline cartilage meniscus bursae labrum

Short bones

bones where their length and width are more equal

Long bones

bones where their length is greater than their width

Plane joint

both articular surfaces forming the joint are relatively flat, allowing the 2 joint surfaces to glide

Meatus

canal or tube-like opening in a bone

Compact bone is filled with many ___ for nerves and blood vessels

canals

Examples of short bones

carpals tarsal

Traction/distraction forces

cause the joint surfaces to pull apart from each other

Abnormal muscular end feel

caused by a lack of sufficient flexibility within the muscles that cross the joint

Osgood-shlatter

caused by increased tension at a traction epiphysis

Force (effort)

causes the lever arm to rotate around the axis

For an ____ to be considered normal, the joint should have full passive ROM and normal anatomical structures, such as bone, joint capsule, muscle, or soft tissue approximation be the cause of no further joint motion being possible

end feel

Labrum

fibrocartilage found in the hip and shoulder joints, which serves to deepen the articulating surfaces of these joints to provide the hip and shoulder with greater static stability

Meniscus

fibrocartilage found in the knee, which acts as both a shock absorber and also serves to deepen the articulating surfaces at the knee to provide greater static mobility

Joint capsules are composed of these two layers

fibrous outer layer (protection inner layer (synovial membrane)

Planes

fixed lines of reference in which the body is divided according to the anatomical position

Facet

flat or shallow articular surface

Fixed focus

focusing on one object which serves to increase stability and balance

The ____ consists of a number of bones that are distal to the ankle

foot

The law of action/reaction

for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction

The defining characteristic of the speed/distance lever is that the axis is moved closer to the application of the

force

To create a _____, one object must act on another object

force

Mechanical advantage equals

force arm/resistance arm

Mass equals

force/acceleration

Acceleration equals

force/mass

Shear force

forces that push one joint in a specific direction and other other joint surface in the opposite direction

Gomphosis

found between a tooth and the wall of its dental socket in the mandible or the maxilla

Leg or tibia and fibula

found between the knee and ankle joints

A force that tends to prevent motion of one surface across another

friction

If a body segment is being moved in the sagittal plane, a ______ axis of rotation is require

frontal

Examples of ball and socket joint

glenohumeral joint (shoulder) Femoroacetabular joint (hip)

Peg in socket joint

gomphosis joint

The ______ contains the largest number of bones and joints in the entire body

hand

More than half of your bones are located in your ______ and ________

hands and feet

Irregular bones

have a variety of mixed shapes that do not fit into the other categories

Flat bonee

have a very broad surface, but are not very thick

Examples of uniaxial joints

hinge and pivot

Forman

hole through which blood vessels, nerves and ligaments pass

Medullary canal

hollow center of bone, which makes the bone lighter also, contains bone marrow and provides a pathway for arterial supply to the bone

Fossa

hollow or depression

Joint congruency

how well the adjacent joint surfaces fit together

Examples of hinge joints

humeroulnar joint (elbow) interphalangeal joints of the fingers and toes

What barriers potentially exist in a joint with restricted or limited ROM?

if a joint is restricted, PT's need to be able to determine what anatomical structure is responsible for the loss of motion. may be due to a loose bony fragment within the joint, a tight joint capsule, ligament or muscle, injury to the structures within the joint.

Concave rule

if the moving articular segment within the joint is concave, the direction of the slide within the joint is in the same direction to that of the moving bony segment

Convex rule

if the moving articular segment within the joint is convex, the direction of the slide within the joint is in the opposite direction to that of the moving bony segment

Torque can be increased by 2 different ways:

increasing the strength being applied to the lever system increasing the perpendicular distance of the force's line of pull from the axis of rotation (moment arm)

The tendency for an object to stay at rest or in motion

inertia

Tendinitis

inflammation of a tendon

Bursitis

inflammation of bursa

Capsulitis

inflammation of joint surfaces

Synovitis

inflammation of the synovial membrane

Tenosynovitis

inflammation of the tendon sheath

Movement is greatly affected if there is ______ or ______.

injury; disease

One of the functions of the pulley is to change the uncle's line of pull on the bone causing the joint to move. Why is this important?

it creates more angular force on the bone, which therefore will create more angular motion in the joint being moved. also, it creates specific motion that is essential for human function

The amount of torque changes throughout the

joint ROM

Examples of static structures

joint capsule, ligaments, or meniscus

Epiphyseal plate

known as the "growth plate"

Examples of fibrocartilage

labrum meniscus intervertebral discs articular discs

Line

less prominent ridge (than a crest)

A force couple is also a type of

linear force

Parallel force

linear forces that occur in the same plane but in the opposite direction to create counter force

There are two types of motion:

linear motion and angular motion

Forearm or radius and ulna

located between the elbow and wrist

Thigh of femur

located between the hip joint and the knee joint

Spine

long, thin projection (spinous process)

Hyaline cartilage gets ____ and ______ from the synovial joint

lubrication and nutrition

Torque is also referred to as

moment of force

Joints that are more stable do not allow as much ________

motion

Vectors of greater magnitude being applied in an optimum direction will produce the greatest amount of ____

movement

Angular motion

movement of an object around a fixed point all parts of the object move through the same angle, in the same direction, but the object does not move the same distance

Osteokinematics

movement of bones surrounding the joint

Examples of dynamic stabilizer

muscular structures surrounding each joint

Legg-Calve-Perthes

necrosis of the femoral head due to an interruption of blood supply

Static structures are

non-contractile, non-moving structures that are able to resist the forces that are applied to our joints with specific motions or outside forces

Movement requires

normal functioning joint, muscle, adequate bone integrity, and an intact nervous system for both motor and sensory function

Bony end feel

occurs as 2 adjacent bones come into direct contact with each other and prevent further movement of the joint -has the most abrupt sudden stop of any end feels

Force couples

occurs when two or more forces acting in different directions, resulting in a turning effect around an axis of rotation

Shearing forces

one joint surface glides or slides on the other joint surface to create a stretch of the joint capsule in the area of joint restriction

Compact bone is made of cells called

osteocytes

A term that describes the movement of bones around a fixed joint axis

osteokinemtics

Together a canal and the osteocytes that surround the canal are called

osteons

Strain

overstitching of muscle fibers

Subluxation

partial separation of joint surfaces

End feel assessments should always be performed with ______ ROM testing to a joint

passive

Examples of sesamoid bones

patella and pisiform

Examples of pulleys in the body

patella, malleoli, and sesamoid bones

Supine

patients lying flat other back with their legs extended straight

Examples of irregular bones

pelvic bones vertebrae sacrum coccyx mandible facial bones

Force arm

perpendicular distance between axis and application of force

Resistance arm

perpendicular distance between axis and application of resistance

Prone

person lying flat on their stomach

Sidelying

person lying on their side lying on right side would be right sidling and lying on left side would be left sidelying

Cardinal planes

planes that divide the body into equal portions

The scapula is located on the _____ portion of the body

posterior

A second class lever is a ____ lever and has a mechanical advantage >1

power

Abnormal capsular end feel

present if arthrokinematic joint motion is restricted by the joint capsule at an earlier than expected point within the joint's ROM, before full PROM has been achieved

Eminence

projecting, prominent part of a bone

Epicondyle

prominence above or on a condyle

Tendon

provide attachment for the muscle to the bone

The humerus is _____ to the forearm

proximal

The terms ____ and _____ are used to describe the location or position of structures in the extremities

proximal and distal

Examples of pivot joints

proximal and distal radioulnar joints articulation between the dens of C2 with the anterior arch of C1

Example of ellipsoid

radoiocarpal joint (wrist joint)

A person standing still on an elevation

rectilinear

Linear motion can be subdivided into:

rectilinear motion and curvilinear motion

Two types of bone marrow

red and yellow

Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are made here

red bone marrow

Lateral

refers to a location or position farther from the midline of the body

Posterior (dorsal)

refers to a location or position on the back of the body or identifies a part of the structure that is closer to the back of the body in reference to another body part

Anterior (ventral)

refers to a location or position on the front of the body or identifies a part of a structure that is closer to the front of the body in reference to another body part

Proximal

refers to a location or position that is closer to the trunk in reference to another body part

Distal

refers to a location or position that is farther away from the trunk in reference to another body part

Medial

refers to a location or position toward the midline of the body

Superficial

refers to a position or structure that is closer to the surface of the body

Deep

refers to a structure that has greater depth than a reference body part

Unilateral

refers to one side of the body

Contralateral

refers to opposite sides of the body

Biomechanics

refers to the mechanical principles that relate directly to the human body

Arthrokinematics

refers to the motion that occurs between two adjacent joint surfaces in the body

Trendenlenburg position

refers to the patient lying on their back straight with the feet lower than the head

Ipsilateral

refers to the same side of the body

Arm or humerus

refers to the segment of the body between the shoulder and the elbow joints

Bilateral

refers to two, or both sides of the body

Aponeurosis

a broad, flat fibrous structure that provides static stability to prevent adjacent bones from separating provides for attachment of muscles where there is no bone accessible to the muscle

Force

a push/pull action that results in a specific movement

SCFE (Slipped femoral capital epiphysis)

a separation of the growth plate within the femoral head

Bursa

a small, gel-like sac or pillow, filled with a gelatinous substance that reduced friction between the tendon and underlying bony prominences

Uniaxial

a synovial joint characterized as having one axis of rotation -can only move in 2 directions with 1 plane of rotation

Condyloid

a synovial, biaxial joint characterized by the articulation of one large convex member with a relatively shallow and small concave member

Joint mobilization

a technique used to restore joint play motion to a patient's joint considered a passive oscillatory movement or sustained stretch of the tissue surrounding the two adjacent joint surfaces that restricts the amount of arthrokinematic motion available to the joint

Endosteum

a thin membrane lining the perimeter of the medullary canal contains osteoclasts, responsible for the resorption of bone when additional calcium is needed by the body

Ball and socket joint

a triaxial joint that allows articulation between a large spherical convex surface or ball and its matching cup-like socket

The defining characteristic of the power lever is that the axis is moved closer to the application of the

resistance

Abnormal end feel

results during PROM when pain, muscle guarding, swelling, or the presence of abnormal anatomy structures in the area of a joint prevent further joint ROM at an earlier point than expected

Muscle Spasm End Feel

results from an involuntary muscle contraction, usually as a result of a painful joint motion, which serves to prevent further motion of an injured joint

Linear force

results when a single or multiple forces act along the same line or plane, which results in movement occurring in a straight line

Springy Block End Feel

results when there is a meniscus tear or loose fibrocartilaginous body fragment within the joint

With angular motion, there is fixed point of _________

rotation (axis of rotation)

Head

rounded articular projection beyond a narrow, neck-like portion of bone

Condyle

rounded, knuckle-like projection

If a body segment is moving in the frontal plane, a _______ axis of rotation is required

sagittal

The direction of roll is always in the ___ direction as the moving bony segment, regardless of whether the joint surface shape is convex or concave

same

Examples of flat bone

scapula cranial bones ribs sternum

Motions of the body that are not angular

scapular elevation, depression, protraction, retraction all curvilinear

Crest

sharp ridge or border

An example of linear motion occurring within the body

shrugging shoulders up or down, inward or outward

Hooklying

similar to supine but hips and knees are bent such that the soles of the feet rest on the supportive surface

Short-sitting

sitting in an upright chair, your knees and hips bent to 90 degrees

Axial skeleton

skull face sternum rib cage vertebral column sacrum hyoid bone

Sesamoid bones

small bones located where tendons cross the ends of long bones in the extremities

Tubercle

small rounded projection (small surface area for attachment)

How much ROM is allowed at each joint?

some joints move more than others. It is important to know the normal/expected range of motion of each joint so you can accurately assume the presence of a potential joint injury or loss of function ex. shoulder joint moves more than the hip joint

A third class lever is a ____ lever and has a mechanical advantage <1

speed/distance

Supination

the act of moving the palm to face forward in the anatomical position

The law of acceleration

the amount of acceleration depends on the strength of the force applied to the object and the amount of mass contained within the object

Resistance (load)

the amount of load that must be overcome for rotary motion to occur

Med. rotation

the anterior surface of a segment rolling inward toward the midline

Joint play

the arthrokinematic movements that happens between joint surfaces when an external force creates passive motion of the joint

Example of a cartilaginous joint

the articulation between two adjacent vertebral bodies, held stable by the intervertebral discs, which are made of fibrous cartilage

A first class lever can be a power and speed/distance lever as well, as long as

the axis is in the middle and the force and resistance are on the outsides

Center of gravity

the balance point of an object at which torque on all sides are equal

Osteons

thick tubes all going in the same direction inside the bone with blood vessels, veins, and nerves in the center

Periosteum

thin membrane covering the entire outside surface of bone, with the exception of the articular ends, which are covered by hyaline cartilage

Traction epiphysis

this bony structure is found at the attachment sites of tendons or ligments

Pressure Epiphysis

this bony structure is found at the end of long bones, where pressure of the compression from opposing bones causes longitudinal growth

Metaphysis

this bony structure is the flared part of the end of long bones as it transitions into the epiphyseal portion of the long bone

Diaphysis

this bony structure is the main shaft of the long bone and is comprised mostly of cortical or compact bone

What motions are allowed by the joint?

this determines the movements that a person may perform with any one or series of joints. ex. you can move your shoulder into more directions than you can your wrist and elbow

Joints that are very mobile are often _________

unstable

Superior

used to describe the location of a body part that is above another body part. Also used to describe the upper surface of an organ or body system

Inferior

used to describe the location of a body part that is below another body part. Also used to describe the lower surface area of an organ or body system

Understanding movement does not need to be so complex if you know:

what motions are allowed by a particular joint? how much range of motion is normally allowed by a particular joint? what barriers potentially exist in a joint with restricted or limited range of motion? how does a muscle create joint movement? where does the muscle cross the joint to create its specific motion(s) at that joint?

Example of a 1st class lever in the human body

the head resting on the cervical vertebrae

Long-sitting

the hips are bent at 90 degrees while the knees are completely extended

Compression/approximation forces

the joint surfaces are moved closer together

Newton's 2nd law of motion

the law of accceleration

Newton's 3rd law of motion

the law of action/reaction

Newton's 1st law of motion

the law of inertia

Fundamental position

the relaxed posture in standing

Examples of wheels and axle in the body

the scapula and humerus the pelvis and femur

Component motions

the small arthrokinematic joint surface motions that accompany active joint ROM

Kinetics

the study of forces that create movement

Kinesiology

the study of movement

Resultant force

the summative effect of the application of the concurrent forces

Torque

the tendency of a force to produce rotation of an object around a fixed axis

Kinematics

the time, space, and mass aspects of a moving system, without regard of the forces that created the movement

Soft tissue approximation

the tissue girth on each side of the joint comes into contact with each other after full passive ROM has been achieved and prevents further motion

The knee is a ______ joint in shape, but a _______ joint in function

condyloid, hinge

Neck or cervical spine

consists of the cervical vertebrae

Head or cranium

consists of the cranial and facial bones

Axis of rotation

the fixed point around which a lever rotates

Base of support

the part of the body that is in contact with the supporting surfce

Sellar joint

Each of the two bones forming the joint have both convex and concave shapes on each articular surface of the joint

Bone marrow

-located on the inside of the bones within the medullary canal -have many small and large blood vessels to carry nutrients and wastes in and out of the bone

Osteokinematic motions in the frontal plane

-abduction -adduction -radial deviation -ulnar deviation -trunk sidebending -thumb flexion & extension

Functions of the joint

-allow motion -bears the body's weight -provide stability throughout the body due to the ligaments, joint capsule, fibrous cartilage and muscles that surround each joint

The shape of the articular surfaces of the synovial joint determine the:

-amount of motion allowed by the joint -directions of motion allowed by the joint

Ligaments

-assists and reinforces a specific area of the joint capsule in preventing excessive separation of the two articular surfaces of a synovial joint -may serve as an attachment for cartilage, fascia or muscle -a static stabilizer

Types of normal end feel

-bony (hard) end feel -soft tissue stretch (firm) end feel -soft tissue approximation (soft)

Osteoclasts

-break down and reabsorb existing bone -very big and often contain more than one nucleus, which happens when two or more cells get fused together -work as a team with osteoblasts to reshape bones

Elastic cartilage

-essential in giving a specific structure its characteristic shape -returns to the previous shape, even after the application of an external force ex. tip of nose, external aspect of ear

Lining cells

-flat bone cells -cover the outside surface of all bones and are also formed from osteoblasts -play an important role in controlling the movement of molecules in and out of the bone

Osteokinematic motions that occur in the sagittal plane

-flexion -extension -hyperextension -trunk flexion -thumb abduction -thumb adduction

Compact bone:

-hard, dense outer shell of bone -completely covers the bone -tends to be thickest in the shaft of long bone -tends to be thinnest at the end of long bones -found extensively in the plates of the flat bones of the skull

Name the functions of a ligament

-holds 2 adjacent bones together -provides a site of attachment for cartilage, fascia, or muscle -reinforces the joint capsule to provide extra strength and stability with motions that place specific stresses on the joint

Functions of the skeleton

-provides a rigid framework of the human body -gives support and shape to the human body -protects vital internal organs -provides a rigid framework for muscle attachment and leverage -manufacture of blood cells -storage site for calcium

Osteoblasts

-responsible for making new bone as your body grows -rebuilds existing bones when they are broken -when finished making new bone, they become either lining cells or osteocytes

Synovial fluid

-secreted b the synovial membrane -a thick, clear liquid -lubrication -shock absorption -nutrition

Osteocytes

-start shaped bone cells most commonly found in compact bone -old osteoblasts that have stopped making new bone -have long branching arms that connect them and lets them exchange mineral and communicate with other cells in the area

Open-pack position

-the surrounding joint capsule and ligaments are slackened -minimal congruency between the articular surfaces of the joint -minimal bony stability -maximal intra-articular synovial fluid volume -maximal muscular effort required to maintain the joint in this position (dynamic stabilizers have to do a lot of work to stabilize the joint)

Closed-pack position

-the surrounding joint capsule and ligaments are taut -maximal congruency between the articular surfaces of the joint -maximal bony stability -minimal intra-articular synovial fluid volume -minimal muscular effort required to maintain the joint in this position

Bone is made up of:

1/3 organic (living) material 2/3 inorganic (non-living) material

The organic material within the skeletal system provides the bone with ___ while inorganic material within the skeletal system provides the bone with ___?

1. flexibility or elasticity 2. strength and stability

Synovial joints can be identified by the following features:

1. has a joint capsule 2. has a joint cavity 3. the joint cavity is lined by the synovial membrane, which secretes synovial fluid that fills the joint cavity 4. there is no direct union between the adjacent joint surfaces because of the presence of synovial fluid within the joint cavity 5. the joint surfaces that make up the synovial joint are covered by hyaline cartilage 6. the joint capsule and the strong ligaments position on the outside of the capsule provide the synovial joint with static stability 7. the muscles that surround the joint are responsible for providing the joint with dynamic stability

The law of acceleration is dependent upon 2 factors

1. how much force is applied 2. how much mass is contained within the object being moved

Your bones make up ____% of your body weight

15

About _____% of the bone in your body is compact bone

80

Ellipsoid or ellipsoidal

A biaxial, synovial joint characterized by the articulation of an elongated convex surface in one dimension matched with a concave surface that is the same approximate shape and size

Describes factors associate with moving systems

Dynamic

Syndesmosis

Held stable by ligamentous structures which allow very little stretching or twisting to occur between the two adjacent bones -distal tibiofibular and radioulnar joints

Tuberosity

Large rounded projection (large surface area for attachment)

_______ occurs when one force overcomes the resistance of the object to which the force is applied

Movement

Roll

New points on one moving joint surface comes into contact with new points on the other non-moving joint surface throughout the joint motion

Spin

One point on one joint surface comes into contact with one point on the other joint surface throughout the joint motion

Slide or glide

One point on one moving joint surface comes into contact with many new points on the non moving other joint surface throughout joint motion

______ material provides the bone with flexibility (elasticity)

Organic

Explain how the terms proximal and superior/distal and inferior are different and used differently to describe locations within the body

Proximal and distal are terms to describe landmarks that are closer to, or farther from the midline of the body. Also they are used to describe the extremities Superior and inferior are used to describe the landmarks that are above of below the comparative body part within the area of the axial skeleton. Also can be used to describe the location of a part of an organ

______ bone makes up approximately 20% of the bone in your body

Spongy

Joint surfaces are covered with hyaline cartilage

Synovial joint

Friction

a force developed between two adjacent surfaces, which tends to inhibit motion of one surface against the other surface

A measure of speed usually expressed in feet per second or mph

Velocity

Trochanter

Very large rounded projection (very large surface area for attachment)

_____ bone marrow is found in the medullary canals of long bones

Yellow

Sellar or saddle joint

a biaxial, synovial joint characterized by each joint partner having both convex and concave surfaces on each side of the joint

Example of a linear parallel force

a back brace

Osteomyelitis

a bacterial infection of bone

State of equilibrium

a balanced object; all forces acting on the object are even

Flexion

a bending movement brings the two joint segments closer together. an increase in the joint angle

Bending forces

a compression force on one side of the joint and a gapping force to occur on the other side of the joint

Circumduction

a cone-shaped arc of motion

Fibrocartilage

a dense, fibrous tissue that can withstand a great amount of tension and/or compression

Gravitational force

a downward force applied to the object as a result of the earth's gravity

Retraction

a liner movement bringing the segment closer to the posterior midline

Osteoporosis

a loss of normal bone density

Velocity

a measure of speed of an object, which results when an object is subjected to a specific force

Abduction

a movement away from the midline of the body

Where does the muscle cross the joint to create its specific motion(s) at that joint?

a muscle creates its specific motion based on how and where it crosses the joint it affects. ex. pulling on one side of the door it will open, pulling from the opposite side it will close --shortening of the triceps will bend the elbow and pulling on the triceps will extend the elbow

How is it that muscles creates specific movement?

a muscle shortens to create movement. As the muscle shortens, it pulls on it's bony attachments to create motion at the joints that are crossed by the muscle

Recumbent

a patient positioned in a semi-reclined or reclined position ex. relaxing in a recliner at home

Example of 3rd class lever in the human body

a person performing a bicep curl

Example of 2nd class lever in the human body

a person rising up on their toes

Intervertebral discs

amphiarthrodial joint

Cartilaginous joint is also known as

amphiarthroidal joint

Static

an adjective we apply as we describe the structures that help to stabilize the body as they withstand the forces being imposed on them

Horizontal adduction

an anterior movement of the shoulder preceded by either flexion or abduction

Gravity

an attraction between the object and the earth

Line of gravity

an imaginary vertical line passing through the object's CoG toward the center of he earth

The law of inertia

an object at rest stays at rest; an object in motion tends to stay in motion unless a force is acted upon it

Pulleys

change direction of applied force from muscle

In the body, pulley serves two functions:

changes the muscular line of pull to generate more angular force increases the perpendicular distance of the moment arm to generate more torque

Ovoid joint

characterized as having 2 bones forming convex/concave relationship between the articular surfaces of the bones

Non-axial or plane joints

characterized by articulation between two relatively flat joint surfaces -does not contain an axis of rotation

Cartilaginous joint

characterized by having two joint surfaces held stable by fibrous cartilage

Abnormal bony end feel

characterized by the presence of abnormal bone in the area surrounding a joint that interferes with the motion that would normally occur at a given joint

Empty end feel

characterized by the reduction of ROM due to the onset of pain or patient resistance prior to the onset of detecting any tissue resistance as you move the joint through its expected ROM

Examples of long bones

clavicle humerus radius ulna metacarpals femur tibia fibula metatarsals phalanges

Appendicular skeleton

clavicle scapula pelvic bones upper extremities lower extremities

Each bone is made up of three types of bone material:

compact bone spongy bone bone marrow

Dislocation

complete separation of joint surfaces

Muscular end feel

examiner will be able to move the joint through more ROM after the initial onset of resistance as opposed to the capsular end feel -the muscle is much more elastic than the capsule

Example of a bony end feel

extending your elbow fully when the olecranon process of the ulna slams into the olecranon fossa of the humerus

Torque is least at the ______ of joint ROM

extremes

Examples of non-axial joints

facet joints in the vertebral column intercarpal joints intertarsal joints

Yellow bone marrow is made mostly of ____

fat

Abdomen or lower trunk

includes the pelvis, stomach and lumbar vertebrae.

Thorax or chest

made up of the ribs, sternum and thoracic vertebrae

The amount of matter contained within a body or object

mass

Force equals

mass * acceleration

Torque is greatest at the ______ of the joint's ROM

midpoint

Describes factors associated with non-moving systems

static

White and red blood cells are created mostly by?

stem cells that are found in bone marrow, the innermost layer of the bone

Examples of saddle joints

sternoclaviular joint carpometacarpal joint of thumb

Sprain

stretching or tearing of ligamentous structures

Dynamic

structures of the body that are contractile or moving, as they resist the forces that are applied to our joints with specific motions or outside forces as well

_____ and _____ are used to describe the location or position of structures in the trunk

superior and inferior

Reverse Trendelenburg

supine with legs straight and the head is lower than the feet

Limitations in joint ROM may be due to:

swelling, inflammation, or infection

Examples of fibrous joints

synarthrosis sydesmosis gomphosis

Cranial sutures

synarthrosis joint

Ligamentous fibrous joint

syndesmosis joint

This classification of joint is held stable by ligaments and the interosseous membrane. These structures allow very little stretching or twisting motion between the 2 adjacent bones

syndesmosis joint

Ventral

synonym for anterior

Dorsal

synonym for posterior

Hyaline cartilage + ______ = near friction free environment

synovial fluid

Most mobile type of joint

synovial joint

A person is most unstable if

the COG is higher the BOS is more anrrow the line of gravity falls outside the COG and progresses to the edge of the BOS mass of the object is less decreased friction between the object and the support surface no ability to focus on an object placed in front of them

A person is most stable if

the COG is lower the BOS is wider the line of gravity falls through the COG and injury the middle of the BOS mass of the object is greater increased friction between the object and the support surface fixed focus on a stationary object positioned in front of them

Two types of soft tissue stretch end feel

the capsular end feel and the muscular end feel

Rectilinear motion

the center of mass of the object moves in a straight line all parts of the object move the same distance, in the same direction and at the same time

Fibrous joints

the most stable joints in the human body and allow very little to no motion between the joint surfaces -characterized by having a thin layer of fibrous tissue between 2 adjacent bones

Degrees of freedom

the number of planes in which a specific joint in the body may move

Curvilinear motion

the object moves from point a to point b but the center of mass of the object can be traced as a curve instead of a straight line

Inertia

the property of matter that causes it to resist any change in its current state

Dislocating force

the pull of the muscle applies traction to the 2 joint surfaces, thus pulling them apart from each other

Stabilizing force

the pull of the muscle approximates the 2 joint surfaces together

Angular force

the pull of the muscle has the greatest moment arm at this point. most of the force generated by the muscle is producing rotation of the joint

Anatomical position

the reference position which PT's and PTA's use to describe body position, location, and movement. All movement is described relative to anatomical position

The ability for a force to produce rotation around an axis

torque

Explain how the amount of torque being placed on a joint changes throughout the joint's ROM

torque is the byproduct of multiplying the moment arm and amount of force being applied by the muscle on the moving bony segment. The strength of the muscle is the greatest at the midpoint of the joint's ROM and the moment arm is also greatest at the midpoint of the joint's ROM. therefore, torque is greatest at this point

Concurrent forces

two or more forces acting on a common point, but pushing or pulling in different directions

A quantity of force having both direction and magnitude

vector

Each force has a ________

vector

If a body segment is to move in the transverse plane, a ______ axis of rotation is required

vertical or longitudinal

Capsular end feel

when the joint capsule becomes taut at the end of available passive ROM -similar feeling one would get if you were to stretch a leather belt