PTAP 2310 Test 1
Osteokinematic motions in the transverse plane
-medial rotation (IR) -lateral rotation (ER) -forearm pronation -forearm supination -trunk rotation
Cancellous (spongy) bone
-porous and spongy interior of the bone (trabeculae) -makes up most of the articular ends of long bones -filled with bone marrow, which is important for blood cell production
Joint capsules
-surrounds and encases the synovial joint -protects the hyaline cartilage covering the articular surfaces of synovial joints -negatively pressurized, like a vacuum-sealed contained -composed of 2 layers
Newborn babies are actually born with ______ bones, that end up fusing and growing together as they grow older
300
Triaxial
Allows motion around three different axes of rotation and in three different planes
______ motion describes most of the motion that occurs within our body, with a few exceptions
Angular
______ may be used to describe a location or structure that is located closer to the tail than a reference body part in place of "inferior"
Caudal
A push or pull action that creates motion
Force
In many patients, the anterior deltoid is stronger than the posterior deltoid. Based on what you know about force couples, how will this asymmetry in strength between the anterior and posterior deltoid affect movement of the arm?
If the anterior deltoid is stronger than the posterior deltoid, the arm will still elevate upward, but will deviate more toward the anterior
________ material provides the bone with hardness and strength
Inorganic
Boggy end feel
The result of sweeping or bleeding within the joint -feeling like the joint is caught in quicksand
Osteoarthritis
Loss of articular cartilage
Examples of condyloid joints
MCP joints of hand
2 people are pushing on a box. Person one is pushing on the left of the box with 200 lbs of force. Person two is pushing on the bottom of the box with 100 lbs of force. In which direction will the box travel based on the resultant force of these two individuals?
Person one will move the box more to the right than person two would be moving the box upward
___ bone marrow is found in the medullary canals of flat bones (ribs, scapula)
Red
Most every joint in the body requires ______ and ______ to occur simultaneously
Sliding and gliding
An earlier than expected limitation of ROM in a specific joint also should be classified as an ___________
abnormal joint end feel
Sinus
air-filled cavity within a bone
Hyaline cartilage
covers the ends of the bones that make up the synovial joint to provide for a smooth articulating surface
The term ____ may be used instead of superior to describe a location or structure that is located closer to the head than a reference body part
cranial
Bullet fired from a gun
curvilinear
Most of all motion we see in the environment is _____
curvilinear
The motion of the scapula when you say you don't know
curvilinear
A person sledding down a hill
curvilinear *only rectilinear if the hill is completely flat
Vector
describes the magnitude of the force and the direction in which the force was applied
Linear motion or translatory motion
describes the movement of any object from point A to point B ex. a person who walks from one place to another
Synovial joints are also known as
diarthrodial joints
The hand joints and bones are important in helping us manipulate small objects. The structures of the hand can be found _____ to the wrist
distal
The wrist is ______ to the elbow
distal
Neutral equilibrium
disturbing the position of an object neither results in the center of gravity of that object being raised or lowered
Unstable equilibrium
disturbing the position of an object results in the center of gravity of that object being lowered
Stable equilibrium
disturbing the position of an object results in the center of gravity of that object being raised
Groove
ditch-like groove containing a tendon of blood vessel
Frontal plane
divides the body into anterior and posterior portions
Sagittal plane
divides the body into left and right portions
Transverse plane
divides the body into top and bottom portions
Incline plane
does not exist in the human body
Stability within the body is usually maintained by a combination of effort being produced by the ____ and _____ structures surrounding each joint
dynamic and static
Kicking a ball at the knee
angular
The ribs are ____ to the scapula
anterior
Medical use of "abdomen" refers to the ______ and ________ aspects of the lower trunk
anterior and posterior
The _____ skeleton is made up of 126 bones
appendicular
Trabeculae
arranged in patterns that are specific to the stresses applied to that area of the bone
A term that describes the movement that occurs between two opposing joint surfaces is
arthokinematics
Synarthrosis
articulations between cranial bones -most stable of all the joints in the body -allows the bones to interlock together
The ____ skeleton is made up of 80 bones
axial
No torque is produced is the force is directed exactly through the ________
axis of rotation
_______ is always perpendicular to the plane of reference if motion in that plane is to occur
axis of rotation
Parts of a lever
axis of rotation force force arm resistance resistance arm
The bones and joints of the foot give us the ability to walk or run on a variety of surfaces and terrains without losing our ______
balance
A _____ first class lever has a mechanical advantage of 1
balanced
Humans are _____, in that we stand and move about on two feet
bipedal
Hyaline cartilage lacks its own _________, therefore it has limited capacity to heal
blood supply
Synovial joint structures
bones ligaments joint capsule synovial membrane synovial fluid fibrocartilage hyaline cartilage meniscus bursae labrum
Short bones
bones where their length and width are more equal
Long bones
bones where their length is greater than their width
Plane joint
both articular surfaces forming the joint are relatively flat, allowing the 2 joint surfaces to glide
Meatus
canal or tube-like opening in a bone
Compact bone is filled with many ___ for nerves and blood vessels
canals
Examples of short bones
carpals tarsal
Traction/distraction forces
cause the joint surfaces to pull apart from each other
Abnormal muscular end feel
caused by a lack of sufficient flexibility within the muscles that cross the joint
Osgood-shlatter
caused by increased tension at a traction epiphysis
Force (effort)
causes the lever arm to rotate around the axis
For an ____ to be considered normal, the joint should have full passive ROM and normal anatomical structures, such as bone, joint capsule, muscle, or soft tissue approximation be the cause of no further joint motion being possible
end feel
Labrum
fibrocartilage found in the hip and shoulder joints, which serves to deepen the articulating surfaces of these joints to provide the hip and shoulder with greater static stability
Meniscus
fibrocartilage found in the knee, which acts as both a shock absorber and also serves to deepen the articulating surfaces at the knee to provide greater static mobility
Joint capsules are composed of these two layers
fibrous outer layer (protection inner layer (synovial membrane)
Planes
fixed lines of reference in which the body is divided according to the anatomical position
Facet
flat or shallow articular surface
Fixed focus
focusing on one object which serves to increase stability and balance
The ____ consists of a number of bones that are distal to the ankle
foot
The law of action/reaction
for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction
The defining characteristic of the speed/distance lever is that the axis is moved closer to the application of the
force
To create a _____, one object must act on another object
force
Mechanical advantage equals
force arm/resistance arm
Mass equals
force/acceleration
Acceleration equals
force/mass
Shear force
forces that push one joint in a specific direction and other other joint surface in the opposite direction
Gomphosis
found between a tooth and the wall of its dental socket in the mandible or the maxilla
Leg or tibia and fibula
found between the knee and ankle joints
A force that tends to prevent motion of one surface across another
friction
If a body segment is being moved in the sagittal plane, a ______ axis of rotation is require
frontal
Examples of ball and socket joint
glenohumeral joint (shoulder) Femoroacetabular joint (hip)
Peg in socket joint
gomphosis joint
The ______ contains the largest number of bones and joints in the entire body
hand
More than half of your bones are located in your ______ and ________
hands and feet
Irregular bones
have a variety of mixed shapes that do not fit into the other categories
Flat bonee
have a very broad surface, but are not very thick
Examples of uniaxial joints
hinge and pivot
Forman
hole through which blood vessels, nerves and ligaments pass
Medullary canal
hollow center of bone, which makes the bone lighter also, contains bone marrow and provides a pathway for arterial supply to the bone
Fossa
hollow or depression
Joint congruency
how well the adjacent joint surfaces fit together
Examples of hinge joints
humeroulnar joint (elbow) interphalangeal joints of the fingers and toes
What barriers potentially exist in a joint with restricted or limited ROM?
if a joint is restricted, PT's need to be able to determine what anatomical structure is responsible for the loss of motion. may be due to a loose bony fragment within the joint, a tight joint capsule, ligament or muscle, injury to the structures within the joint.
Concave rule
if the moving articular segment within the joint is concave, the direction of the slide within the joint is in the same direction to that of the moving bony segment
Convex rule
if the moving articular segment within the joint is convex, the direction of the slide within the joint is in the opposite direction to that of the moving bony segment
Torque can be increased by 2 different ways:
increasing the strength being applied to the lever system increasing the perpendicular distance of the force's line of pull from the axis of rotation (moment arm)
The tendency for an object to stay at rest or in motion
inertia
Tendinitis
inflammation of a tendon
Bursitis
inflammation of bursa
Capsulitis
inflammation of joint surfaces
Synovitis
inflammation of the synovial membrane
Tenosynovitis
inflammation of the tendon sheath
Movement is greatly affected if there is ______ or ______.
injury; disease
One of the functions of the pulley is to change the uncle's line of pull on the bone causing the joint to move. Why is this important?
it creates more angular force on the bone, which therefore will create more angular motion in the joint being moved. also, it creates specific motion that is essential for human function
The amount of torque changes throughout the
joint ROM
Examples of static structures
joint capsule, ligaments, or meniscus
Epiphyseal plate
known as the "growth plate"
Examples of fibrocartilage
labrum meniscus intervertebral discs articular discs
Line
less prominent ridge (than a crest)
A force couple is also a type of
linear force
Parallel force
linear forces that occur in the same plane but in the opposite direction to create counter force
There are two types of motion:
linear motion and angular motion
Forearm or radius and ulna
located between the elbow and wrist
Thigh of femur
located between the hip joint and the knee joint
Spine
long, thin projection (spinous process)
Hyaline cartilage gets ____ and ______ from the synovial joint
lubrication and nutrition
Torque is also referred to as
moment of force
Joints that are more stable do not allow as much ________
motion
Vectors of greater magnitude being applied in an optimum direction will produce the greatest amount of ____
movement
Angular motion
movement of an object around a fixed point all parts of the object move through the same angle, in the same direction, but the object does not move the same distance
Osteokinematics
movement of bones surrounding the joint
Examples of dynamic stabilizer
muscular structures surrounding each joint
Legg-Calve-Perthes
necrosis of the femoral head due to an interruption of blood supply
Static structures are
non-contractile, non-moving structures that are able to resist the forces that are applied to our joints with specific motions or outside forces
Movement requires
normal functioning joint, muscle, adequate bone integrity, and an intact nervous system for both motor and sensory function
Bony end feel
occurs as 2 adjacent bones come into direct contact with each other and prevent further movement of the joint -has the most abrupt sudden stop of any end feels
Force couples
occurs when two or more forces acting in different directions, resulting in a turning effect around an axis of rotation
Shearing forces
one joint surface glides or slides on the other joint surface to create a stretch of the joint capsule in the area of joint restriction
Compact bone is made of cells called
osteocytes
A term that describes the movement of bones around a fixed joint axis
osteokinemtics
Together a canal and the osteocytes that surround the canal are called
osteons
Strain
overstitching of muscle fibers
Subluxation
partial separation of joint surfaces
End feel assessments should always be performed with ______ ROM testing to a joint
passive
Examples of sesamoid bones
patella and pisiform
Examples of pulleys in the body
patella, malleoli, and sesamoid bones
Supine
patients lying flat other back with their legs extended straight
Examples of irregular bones
pelvic bones vertebrae sacrum coccyx mandible facial bones
Force arm
perpendicular distance between axis and application of force
Resistance arm
perpendicular distance between axis and application of resistance
Prone
person lying flat on their stomach
Sidelying
person lying on their side lying on right side would be right sidling and lying on left side would be left sidelying
Cardinal planes
planes that divide the body into equal portions
The scapula is located on the _____ portion of the body
posterior
A second class lever is a ____ lever and has a mechanical advantage >1
power
Abnormal capsular end feel
present if arthrokinematic joint motion is restricted by the joint capsule at an earlier than expected point within the joint's ROM, before full PROM has been achieved
Eminence
projecting, prominent part of a bone
Epicondyle
prominence above or on a condyle
Tendon
provide attachment for the muscle to the bone
The humerus is _____ to the forearm
proximal
The terms ____ and _____ are used to describe the location or position of structures in the extremities
proximal and distal
Examples of pivot joints
proximal and distal radioulnar joints articulation between the dens of C2 with the anterior arch of C1
Example of ellipsoid
radoiocarpal joint (wrist joint)
A person standing still on an elevation
rectilinear
Linear motion can be subdivided into:
rectilinear motion and curvilinear motion
Two types of bone marrow
red and yellow
Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are made here
red bone marrow
Lateral
refers to a location or position farther from the midline of the body
Posterior (dorsal)
refers to a location or position on the back of the body or identifies a part of the structure that is closer to the back of the body in reference to another body part
Anterior (ventral)
refers to a location or position on the front of the body or identifies a part of a structure that is closer to the front of the body in reference to another body part
Proximal
refers to a location or position that is closer to the trunk in reference to another body part
Distal
refers to a location or position that is farther away from the trunk in reference to another body part
Medial
refers to a location or position toward the midline of the body
Superficial
refers to a position or structure that is closer to the surface of the body
Deep
refers to a structure that has greater depth than a reference body part
Unilateral
refers to one side of the body
Contralateral
refers to opposite sides of the body
Biomechanics
refers to the mechanical principles that relate directly to the human body
Arthrokinematics
refers to the motion that occurs between two adjacent joint surfaces in the body
Trendenlenburg position
refers to the patient lying on their back straight with the feet lower than the head
Ipsilateral
refers to the same side of the body
Arm or humerus
refers to the segment of the body between the shoulder and the elbow joints
Bilateral
refers to two, or both sides of the body
Aponeurosis
a broad, flat fibrous structure that provides static stability to prevent adjacent bones from separating provides for attachment of muscles where there is no bone accessible to the muscle
Force
a push/pull action that results in a specific movement
SCFE (Slipped femoral capital epiphysis)
a separation of the growth plate within the femoral head
Bursa
a small, gel-like sac or pillow, filled with a gelatinous substance that reduced friction between the tendon and underlying bony prominences
Uniaxial
a synovial joint characterized as having one axis of rotation -can only move in 2 directions with 1 plane of rotation
Condyloid
a synovial, biaxial joint characterized by the articulation of one large convex member with a relatively shallow and small concave member
Joint mobilization
a technique used to restore joint play motion to a patient's joint considered a passive oscillatory movement or sustained stretch of the tissue surrounding the two adjacent joint surfaces that restricts the amount of arthrokinematic motion available to the joint
Endosteum
a thin membrane lining the perimeter of the medullary canal contains osteoclasts, responsible for the resorption of bone when additional calcium is needed by the body
Ball and socket joint
a triaxial joint that allows articulation between a large spherical convex surface or ball and its matching cup-like socket
The defining characteristic of the power lever is that the axis is moved closer to the application of the
resistance
Abnormal end feel
results during PROM when pain, muscle guarding, swelling, or the presence of abnormal anatomy structures in the area of a joint prevent further joint ROM at an earlier point than expected
Muscle Spasm End Feel
results from an involuntary muscle contraction, usually as a result of a painful joint motion, which serves to prevent further motion of an injured joint
Linear force
results when a single or multiple forces act along the same line or plane, which results in movement occurring in a straight line
Springy Block End Feel
results when there is a meniscus tear or loose fibrocartilaginous body fragment within the joint
With angular motion, there is fixed point of _________
rotation (axis of rotation)
Head
rounded articular projection beyond a narrow, neck-like portion of bone
Condyle
rounded, knuckle-like projection
If a body segment is moving in the frontal plane, a _______ axis of rotation is required
sagittal
The direction of roll is always in the ___ direction as the moving bony segment, regardless of whether the joint surface shape is convex or concave
same
Examples of flat bone
scapula cranial bones ribs sternum
Motions of the body that are not angular
scapular elevation, depression, protraction, retraction all curvilinear
Crest
sharp ridge or border
An example of linear motion occurring within the body
shrugging shoulders up or down, inward or outward
Hooklying
similar to supine but hips and knees are bent such that the soles of the feet rest on the supportive surface
Short-sitting
sitting in an upright chair, your knees and hips bent to 90 degrees
Axial skeleton
skull face sternum rib cage vertebral column sacrum hyoid bone
Sesamoid bones
small bones located where tendons cross the ends of long bones in the extremities
Tubercle
small rounded projection (small surface area for attachment)
How much ROM is allowed at each joint?
some joints move more than others. It is important to know the normal/expected range of motion of each joint so you can accurately assume the presence of a potential joint injury or loss of function ex. shoulder joint moves more than the hip joint
A third class lever is a ____ lever and has a mechanical advantage <1
speed/distance
Supination
the act of moving the palm to face forward in the anatomical position
The law of acceleration
the amount of acceleration depends on the strength of the force applied to the object and the amount of mass contained within the object
Resistance (load)
the amount of load that must be overcome for rotary motion to occur
Med. rotation
the anterior surface of a segment rolling inward toward the midline
Joint play
the arthrokinematic movements that happens between joint surfaces when an external force creates passive motion of the joint
Example of a cartilaginous joint
the articulation between two adjacent vertebral bodies, held stable by the intervertebral discs, which are made of fibrous cartilage
A first class lever can be a power and speed/distance lever as well, as long as
the axis is in the middle and the force and resistance are on the outsides
Center of gravity
the balance point of an object at which torque on all sides are equal
Osteons
thick tubes all going in the same direction inside the bone with blood vessels, veins, and nerves in the center
Periosteum
thin membrane covering the entire outside surface of bone, with the exception of the articular ends, which are covered by hyaline cartilage
Traction epiphysis
this bony structure is found at the attachment sites of tendons or ligments
Pressure Epiphysis
this bony structure is found at the end of long bones, where pressure of the compression from opposing bones causes longitudinal growth
Metaphysis
this bony structure is the flared part of the end of long bones as it transitions into the epiphyseal portion of the long bone
Diaphysis
this bony structure is the main shaft of the long bone and is comprised mostly of cortical or compact bone
What motions are allowed by the joint?
this determines the movements that a person may perform with any one or series of joints. ex. you can move your shoulder into more directions than you can your wrist and elbow
Joints that are very mobile are often _________
unstable
Superior
used to describe the location of a body part that is above another body part. Also used to describe the upper surface of an organ or body system
Inferior
used to describe the location of a body part that is below another body part. Also used to describe the lower surface area of an organ or body system
Understanding movement does not need to be so complex if you know:
what motions are allowed by a particular joint? how much range of motion is normally allowed by a particular joint? what barriers potentially exist in a joint with restricted or limited range of motion? how does a muscle create joint movement? where does the muscle cross the joint to create its specific motion(s) at that joint?
Example of a 1st class lever in the human body
the head resting on the cervical vertebrae
Long-sitting
the hips are bent at 90 degrees while the knees are completely extended
Compression/approximation forces
the joint surfaces are moved closer together
Newton's 2nd law of motion
the law of accceleration
Newton's 3rd law of motion
the law of action/reaction
Newton's 1st law of motion
the law of inertia
Fundamental position
the relaxed posture in standing
Examples of wheels and axle in the body
the scapula and humerus the pelvis and femur
Component motions
the small arthrokinematic joint surface motions that accompany active joint ROM
Kinetics
the study of forces that create movement
Kinesiology
the study of movement
Resultant force
the summative effect of the application of the concurrent forces
Torque
the tendency of a force to produce rotation of an object around a fixed axis
Kinematics
the time, space, and mass aspects of a moving system, without regard of the forces that created the movement
Soft tissue approximation
the tissue girth on each side of the joint comes into contact with each other after full passive ROM has been achieved and prevents further motion
The knee is a ______ joint in shape, but a _______ joint in function
condyloid, hinge
Neck or cervical spine
consists of the cervical vertebrae
Head or cranium
consists of the cranial and facial bones
Axis of rotation
the fixed point around which a lever rotates
Base of support
the part of the body that is in contact with the supporting surfce
Sellar joint
Each of the two bones forming the joint have both convex and concave shapes on each articular surface of the joint
Bone marrow
-located on the inside of the bones within the medullary canal -have many small and large blood vessels to carry nutrients and wastes in and out of the bone
Osteokinematic motions in the frontal plane
-abduction -adduction -radial deviation -ulnar deviation -trunk sidebending -thumb flexion & extension
Functions of the joint
-allow motion -bears the body's weight -provide stability throughout the body due to the ligaments, joint capsule, fibrous cartilage and muscles that surround each joint
The shape of the articular surfaces of the synovial joint determine the:
-amount of motion allowed by the joint -directions of motion allowed by the joint
Ligaments
-assists and reinforces a specific area of the joint capsule in preventing excessive separation of the two articular surfaces of a synovial joint -may serve as an attachment for cartilage, fascia or muscle -a static stabilizer
Types of normal end feel
-bony (hard) end feel -soft tissue stretch (firm) end feel -soft tissue approximation (soft)
Osteoclasts
-break down and reabsorb existing bone -very big and often contain more than one nucleus, which happens when two or more cells get fused together -work as a team with osteoblasts to reshape bones
Elastic cartilage
-essential in giving a specific structure its characteristic shape -returns to the previous shape, even after the application of an external force ex. tip of nose, external aspect of ear
Lining cells
-flat bone cells -cover the outside surface of all bones and are also formed from osteoblasts -play an important role in controlling the movement of molecules in and out of the bone
Osteokinematic motions that occur in the sagittal plane
-flexion -extension -hyperextension -trunk flexion -thumb abduction -thumb adduction
Compact bone:
-hard, dense outer shell of bone -completely covers the bone -tends to be thickest in the shaft of long bone -tends to be thinnest at the end of long bones -found extensively in the plates of the flat bones of the skull
Name the functions of a ligament
-holds 2 adjacent bones together -provides a site of attachment for cartilage, fascia, or muscle -reinforces the joint capsule to provide extra strength and stability with motions that place specific stresses on the joint
Functions of the skeleton
-provides a rigid framework of the human body -gives support and shape to the human body -protects vital internal organs -provides a rigid framework for muscle attachment and leverage -manufacture of blood cells -storage site for calcium
Osteoblasts
-responsible for making new bone as your body grows -rebuilds existing bones when they are broken -when finished making new bone, they become either lining cells or osteocytes
Synovial fluid
-secreted b the synovial membrane -a thick, clear liquid -lubrication -shock absorption -nutrition
Osteocytes
-start shaped bone cells most commonly found in compact bone -old osteoblasts that have stopped making new bone -have long branching arms that connect them and lets them exchange mineral and communicate with other cells in the area
Open-pack position
-the surrounding joint capsule and ligaments are slackened -minimal congruency between the articular surfaces of the joint -minimal bony stability -maximal intra-articular synovial fluid volume -maximal muscular effort required to maintain the joint in this position (dynamic stabilizers have to do a lot of work to stabilize the joint)
Closed-pack position
-the surrounding joint capsule and ligaments are taut -maximal congruency between the articular surfaces of the joint -maximal bony stability -minimal intra-articular synovial fluid volume -minimal muscular effort required to maintain the joint in this position
Bone is made up of:
1/3 organic (living) material 2/3 inorganic (non-living) material
The organic material within the skeletal system provides the bone with ___ while inorganic material within the skeletal system provides the bone with ___?
1. flexibility or elasticity 2. strength and stability
Synovial joints can be identified by the following features:
1. has a joint capsule 2. has a joint cavity 3. the joint cavity is lined by the synovial membrane, which secretes synovial fluid that fills the joint cavity 4. there is no direct union between the adjacent joint surfaces because of the presence of synovial fluid within the joint cavity 5. the joint surfaces that make up the synovial joint are covered by hyaline cartilage 6. the joint capsule and the strong ligaments position on the outside of the capsule provide the synovial joint with static stability 7. the muscles that surround the joint are responsible for providing the joint with dynamic stability
The law of acceleration is dependent upon 2 factors
1. how much force is applied 2. how much mass is contained within the object being moved
Your bones make up ____% of your body weight
15
About _____% of the bone in your body is compact bone
80
Ellipsoid or ellipsoidal
A biaxial, synovial joint characterized by the articulation of an elongated convex surface in one dimension matched with a concave surface that is the same approximate shape and size
Describes factors associate with moving systems
Dynamic
Syndesmosis
Held stable by ligamentous structures which allow very little stretching or twisting to occur between the two adjacent bones -distal tibiofibular and radioulnar joints
Tuberosity
Large rounded projection (large surface area for attachment)
_______ occurs when one force overcomes the resistance of the object to which the force is applied
Movement
Roll
New points on one moving joint surface comes into contact with new points on the other non-moving joint surface throughout the joint motion
Spin
One point on one joint surface comes into contact with one point on the other joint surface throughout the joint motion
Slide or glide
One point on one moving joint surface comes into contact with many new points on the non moving other joint surface throughout joint motion
______ material provides the bone with flexibility (elasticity)
Organic
Explain how the terms proximal and superior/distal and inferior are different and used differently to describe locations within the body
Proximal and distal are terms to describe landmarks that are closer to, or farther from the midline of the body. Also they are used to describe the extremities Superior and inferior are used to describe the landmarks that are above of below the comparative body part within the area of the axial skeleton. Also can be used to describe the location of a part of an organ
______ bone makes up approximately 20% of the bone in your body
Spongy
Joint surfaces are covered with hyaline cartilage
Synovial joint
Friction
a force developed between two adjacent surfaces, which tends to inhibit motion of one surface against the other surface
A measure of speed usually expressed in feet per second or mph
Velocity
Trochanter
Very large rounded projection (very large surface area for attachment)
_____ bone marrow is found in the medullary canals of long bones
Yellow
Sellar or saddle joint
a biaxial, synovial joint characterized by each joint partner having both convex and concave surfaces on each side of the joint
Example of a linear parallel force
a back brace
Osteomyelitis
a bacterial infection of bone
State of equilibrium
a balanced object; all forces acting on the object are even
Flexion
a bending movement brings the two joint segments closer together. an increase in the joint angle
Bending forces
a compression force on one side of the joint and a gapping force to occur on the other side of the joint
Circumduction
a cone-shaped arc of motion
Fibrocartilage
a dense, fibrous tissue that can withstand a great amount of tension and/or compression
Gravitational force
a downward force applied to the object as a result of the earth's gravity
Retraction
a liner movement bringing the segment closer to the posterior midline
Osteoporosis
a loss of normal bone density
Velocity
a measure of speed of an object, which results when an object is subjected to a specific force
Abduction
a movement away from the midline of the body
Where does the muscle cross the joint to create its specific motion(s) at that joint?
a muscle creates its specific motion based on how and where it crosses the joint it affects. ex. pulling on one side of the door it will open, pulling from the opposite side it will close --shortening of the triceps will bend the elbow and pulling on the triceps will extend the elbow
How is it that muscles creates specific movement?
a muscle shortens to create movement. As the muscle shortens, it pulls on it's bony attachments to create motion at the joints that are crossed by the muscle
Recumbent
a patient positioned in a semi-reclined or reclined position ex. relaxing in a recliner at home
Example of 3rd class lever in the human body
a person performing a bicep curl
Example of 2nd class lever in the human body
a person rising up on their toes
Intervertebral discs
amphiarthrodial joint
Cartilaginous joint is also known as
amphiarthroidal joint
Static
an adjective we apply as we describe the structures that help to stabilize the body as they withstand the forces being imposed on them
Horizontal adduction
an anterior movement of the shoulder preceded by either flexion or abduction
Gravity
an attraction between the object and the earth
Line of gravity
an imaginary vertical line passing through the object's CoG toward the center of he earth
The law of inertia
an object at rest stays at rest; an object in motion tends to stay in motion unless a force is acted upon it
Pulleys
change direction of applied force from muscle
In the body, pulley serves two functions:
changes the muscular line of pull to generate more angular force increases the perpendicular distance of the moment arm to generate more torque
Ovoid joint
characterized as having 2 bones forming convex/concave relationship between the articular surfaces of the bones
Non-axial or plane joints
characterized by articulation between two relatively flat joint surfaces -does not contain an axis of rotation
Cartilaginous joint
characterized by having two joint surfaces held stable by fibrous cartilage
Abnormal bony end feel
characterized by the presence of abnormal bone in the area surrounding a joint that interferes with the motion that would normally occur at a given joint
Empty end feel
characterized by the reduction of ROM due to the onset of pain or patient resistance prior to the onset of detecting any tissue resistance as you move the joint through its expected ROM
Examples of long bones
clavicle humerus radius ulna metacarpals femur tibia fibula metatarsals phalanges
Appendicular skeleton
clavicle scapula pelvic bones upper extremities lower extremities
Each bone is made up of three types of bone material:
compact bone spongy bone bone marrow
Dislocation
complete separation of joint surfaces
Muscular end feel
examiner will be able to move the joint through more ROM after the initial onset of resistance as opposed to the capsular end feel -the muscle is much more elastic than the capsule
Example of a bony end feel
extending your elbow fully when the olecranon process of the ulna slams into the olecranon fossa of the humerus
Torque is least at the ______ of joint ROM
extremes
Examples of non-axial joints
facet joints in the vertebral column intercarpal joints intertarsal joints
Yellow bone marrow is made mostly of ____
fat
Abdomen or lower trunk
includes the pelvis, stomach and lumbar vertebrae.
Thorax or chest
made up of the ribs, sternum and thoracic vertebrae
The amount of matter contained within a body or object
mass
Force equals
mass * acceleration
Torque is greatest at the ______ of the joint's ROM
midpoint
Describes factors associated with non-moving systems
static
White and red blood cells are created mostly by?
stem cells that are found in bone marrow, the innermost layer of the bone
Examples of saddle joints
sternoclaviular joint carpometacarpal joint of thumb
Sprain
stretching or tearing of ligamentous structures
Dynamic
structures of the body that are contractile or moving, as they resist the forces that are applied to our joints with specific motions or outside forces as well
_____ and _____ are used to describe the location or position of structures in the trunk
superior and inferior
Reverse Trendelenburg
supine with legs straight and the head is lower than the feet
Limitations in joint ROM may be due to:
swelling, inflammation, or infection
Examples of fibrous joints
synarthrosis sydesmosis gomphosis
Cranial sutures
synarthrosis joint
Ligamentous fibrous joint
syndesmosis joint
This classification of joint is held stable by ligaments and the interosseous membrane. These structures allow very little stretching or twisting motion between the 2 adjacent bones
syndesmosis joint
Ventral
synonym for anterior
Dorsal
synonym for posterior
Hyaline cartilage + ______ = near friction free environment
synovial fluid
Most mobile type of joint
synovial joint
A person is most unstable if
the COG is higher the BOS is more anrrow the line of gravity falls outside the COG and progresses to the edge of the BOS mass of the object is less decreased friction between the object and the support surface no ability to focus on an object placed in front of them
A person is most stable if
the COG is lower the BOS is wider the line of gravity falls through the COG and injury the middle of the BOS mass of the object is greater increased friction between the object and the support surface fixed focus on a stationary object positioned in front of them
Two types of soft tissue stretch end feel
the capsular end feel and the muscular end feel
Rectilinear motion
the center of mass of the object moves in a straight line all parts of the object move the same distance, in the same direction and at the same time
Fibrous joints
the most stable joints in the human body and allow very little to no motion between the joint surfaces -characterized by having a thin layer of fibrous tissue between 2 adjacent bones
Degrees of freedom
the number of planes in which a specific joint in the body may move
Curvilinear motion
the object moves from point a to point b but the center of mass of the object can be traced as a curve instead of a straight line
Inertia
the property of matter that causes it to resist any change in its current state
Dislocating force
the pull of the muscle applies traction to the 2 joint surfaces, thus pulling them apart from each other
Stabilizing force
the pull of the muscle approximates the 2 joint surfaces together
Angular force
the pull of the muscle has the greatest moment arm at this point. most of the force generated by the muscle is producing rotation of the joint
Anatomical position
the reference position which PT's and PTA's use to describe body position, location, and movement. All movement is described relative to anatomical position
The ability for a force to produce rotation around an axis
torque
Explain how the amount of torque being placed on a joint changes throughout the joint's ROM
torque is the byproduct of multiplying the moment arm and amount of force being applied by the muscle on the moving bony segment. The strength of the muscle is the greatest at the midpoint of the joint's ROM and the moment arm is also greatest at the midpoint of the joint's ROM. therefore, torque is greatest at this point
Concurrent forces
two or more forces acting on a common point, but pushing or pulling in different directions
A quantity of force having both direction and magnitude
vector
Each force has a ________
vector
If a body segment is to move in the transverse plane, a ______ axis of rotation is required
vertical or longitudinal
Capsular end feel
when the joint capsule becomes taut at the end of available passive ROM -similar feeling one would get if you were to stretch a leather belt