Wiley Hw - Ch 26&27
An increase in blood pH along with a decrease in carbon dioxide concentration will decrease the rate and depth of breathing
True
Approximately two thirds of body fluid is intracellular fluid and one third is extracellular fluid
True
Body water gain is regulated by the thirst center in the hypothalamus
True
Depression of the central nervous system is one of the major physiological effect of acidosis
True
In the process of forming concentrated urine, symporters in the loop of Henle cause sodium ions and chloride ions to build up in the renal medulla helping to form the osmotic gradient. ADH increases reabsorption of water by principal cells in the collecting ducts.
True
Most (90-95%) water and solute reabsorption occurs before the fluid reaches the collecting ducts.
True
Osmolarity controls the movement of water between interstitial fluid and intercellular fluid
True
The major physiological effect of acidosis is depression of the central nervous system through depression of synaptic transmission while the major physiological effect of alkalosis is overexcitabillity
True
The thirst center in the hypothalamus acts by stimulating the desire to drink
True
Trace amounts of bilirubin and urobilinogen may be found in a normal urine sample.
True
excess hydrogen ions in the body are often produced by metabolic reactions
True
glomerular filtration is regulated by renal auto regulation, neural regulation and hormonal regulation
True
tubular reabsorption selectively removes material from the tubular fluid and returns to the blood while tubular secretion removes materials from the blood
True
Excessive urine concentration of a normal breakdown product of hemoglobin, caused by pernicious anemia, infectious hepatitis, jaundice or cirrhosis, manifests as which condition?
Uribilinogenuria
micturition involves
Voluntary and involuntary muscle contractions Micturation center in the sacral spinal cord Relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter (All of these)
Which of the following occurs between RBC and blood plasma as the blood level of carbon dioxide increases or decreases?
chloride shift
Absence of angiotensin converting enzyme will lead to
decreased blood pressure
Which of the following occurs when water loss is greater than water gain?
dehydration
Blood plasma and dissolved substances with molecules that are smaller than most proteins are filtered directly into the
glomerular capsule
Filtered fluid leaving the glomerular capillaries IMMEDIATELY enters the
glomerular capsule
Which is the correct order of filtrate flow?
glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule (DCT), collecting duct
This is the structure of the nephron that filters blood.
glomerulus
Stress, causing excessive amounts of epinephrine secretion which stimulates glycogen breakdown, indicates which condition? This condition can also indicate diabetes mellitus.
glucosuria
If you hold your breath for a prolonged period of time, the concentration of bicarbonate ions in your blood will
increase while blood pH decreases
atrial natriuretic peptide helps to regulate the volume and osmolarity of body fluids by
increasing urinary excretion of sodium and chloride ions accompanied by water.
Anorexia, starvation, or a diet too low in carbohydrates indicates which condition?
ketonuria
Which imbalance results when systemic arterial blood HCO3- levels drop significantly (below 22 mEq/liter)?
metabolic acidosis
An infant with severe diarrhea and vomiting may experience greater problems with fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance than an adult with the same disorder because
more of an infant's body mass is water.
Hyperventilation (breathing in and out more air than normal) during a panic attack causes an increase in blood ______.
pH
This is a test to measure kidney function.
plasma creatinine
The most abundant buffer system inside body cells and in plasma is the
protein buffer system
inflammation of the kidney
pyelonephritis
This term means the return of substances into the blood stream from the filtrate.
reabsorption
Excessive calcium ingestion and low water intake can lead to which condition?
renal calculi
shock wave lithotripsy is often used to treat which condition?
renal calculi
Which imbalance results when systemic arterial blood CO2 levels raise to abnormal values?
respiratory acidosis
This is a nephron process that results in a substance in blood entering the already formed filtrate.
secretion
Sodium ions may be reabsorbed through
sodium-glucose symporters in the proximal convoluted tubules
The coma and convulsions seen with water intoxication are caused by
swelling of cells due to decreased interstitial sodium content.
Proteins may act as buffers because
the free carboxyl group can release hydrogen ions
Which of the following is a waste product normally excreted by the kidneys?
urea
Which of the following is the main factor that determines water loss?
urination
The kidneys convert some of the bilirubin from hemoglobin breakdown to ______, a yellow pigment.
urobilin
Which of the following is the most common cause of metabolic alkalosis?
vomiting
The largest volume of body fluid is located
within cells
Inadequate exhalation of carbon dioxide can cause
Blood pH to drop
Which of the following is the most abundant mineral in the body?
Calcium
Most of the phosphate in a body is present as
Calcium phosphate salt
In extracellular fluid the abundant anion is
Cl-
Electrolytes in the body help to:
Control osmosis between fluid compartments Help to maintain acid-base balance Carry electrical current Serve as enzyme cofactors (All of these)
The major physiological effect of acidosis is __________. The major physiological effect of alkalosis is __________.
Depression of the CNS; overexcitability of the CNS
water intoxication results from
Dilute body fluids and a decrease in the osmolarity of interstitial fluids
Which of the following is a common cause of respiratory acidosis?
Hypoventilation due to emphysema
Increased secretion of hydrogen ions would result in a(n) ____________ of blood ______________?
Increase, pH
The primary trigger for adh secretion is
Increased blood osmolarity
Infants experience greater problems with fluid, electrolyte, and acid base balance than adults due to differences in:
Ion concentrations Metabolic rate Kidney development Breathing rate (All of these)
In intracellular fluid the most abundant cation is
K+
Regulation of the volume and osmolarity of body fluids occurs first in the
Loop of Henle
The kidneys and which other organ significantly affects the ph of body fluids
Lungs
respiratory acidosis
May be corrected by hyperventilation
In extracellular fluid the most abundant cation is
Na+
ACE inhibitors can lower blood pressure because inhibiting ace
Prevents the formation of angiotensin II
Which structure of the nephron reabsorption the most substances?
Proximal convoluted tubule
The kidneys release _____ to raise blood pressure
Renin
Physiological correction for acidosis caused by severe diarrhea may occur through
Respiratory compensation
PTH, calcitriol and calcitonin are
The main regulators of calcium in the blood
Concentrated urine is formed in part because of the action of suymporters which actively reabsorb ions from the fluid in the
Thick segment of the ascending nephron loop
Which of the following hormones increases reabsorption of sodium in the kidney? 1. Angiotensin II 2. Aldosterone 3. Atrial Natriuretic peptide
1 and 2 are correct
Urine moves from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder because of 1. Peristalisis 2. Gravity 3. Hydrostatic pressure
1, 2, and 3 are correct
Which of the following statements accurately reflect aging of the kidneys? 1. The kidneys decrease in size 2. Glomerular filtration rate decreases 3. Renal blood flow decreases
1,2,3 are correct
What is the normal volume of urine produced in humans?
1-2 L/day
In intracellular fluid the most abundant anion is
HPO42-
What is the normal specific gravity range of urine in humans?
1.001-1.035
What is the normal ph range of urine in humans?
4.6-8.0
The proximal convoluted tubules reabsorb what percentage of filtered water?
65%
Water accounts for what percentage of the total volume of urine?
95%
Most buffer systems in the body consist of
A weak acid and the salt of that acid
Consumption of salty food will cause an increase in this hormone.
ADH
The major hormone that regulates water loss is
ADH
Which of the following is a condition where blood pH is below 7.35?
Acidosis
Some kidney diseases cause a change in the permeability of glomerular capillaries making them more permeable to plasma proteins. This changes the colloid osmotic pressure, thus drawing water out of the blood and into tissues. The result is a) dehydration b) edema c) overhydration d) high blood pressure e) there is no actual change
Edema
Chemical substances normally present in urine include:
Electrolytes, urea, creatine, and uric acid (All of these)
Because of the involvement of carbon dioxide in the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system, this buffer system provides protection against pH changes due to respiratory problems that lead to an excess or shortage of carbon dioxide.
False
antidiuretic hormone increases the solute concentration of urine by causing less water to be resorbed
False
glomerular capillaries and podocytes together form the
Filtration membrane
Which increases gfr?
action of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) on mesangial cells.
The Na+ level in blood is controlled by
aldosterone
Which of the following is used to promote Na+ reabsorption by the kidneys?
aldosterone
Which of the following is used to promote water reabsorption by the kidneys?
antidiuretic hormone
This hormone is released when the blood volume increases.
atrial natriuretic peptide