Wiley Hw - Ch 26&27

An increase in blood pH along with a decrease in carbon dioxide concentration will decrease the rate and depth of breathing

True

Approximately two thirds of body fluid is intracellular fluid and one third is extracellular fluid

True

Body water gain is regulated by the thirst center in the hypothalamus

True

Depression of the central nervous system is one of the major physiological effect of acidosis

True

In the process of forming concentrated urine, symporters in the loop of Henle cause sodium ions and chloride ions to build up in the renal medulla helping to form the osmotic gradient. ADH increases reabsorption of water by principal cells in the collecting ducts.

True

Most (90-95%) water and solute reabsorption occurs before the fluid reaches the collecting ducts.

True

Osmolarity controls the movement of water between interstitial fluid and intercellular fluid

True

The major physiological effect of acidosis is depression of the central nervous system through depression of synaptic transmission while the major physiological effect of alkalosis is overexcitabillity

True

The thirst center in the hypothalamus acts by stimulating the desire to drink

True

Trace amounts of bilirubin and urobilinogen may be found in a normal urine sample.

True

excess hydrogen ions in the body are often produced by metabolic reactions

True

glomerular filtration is regulated by renal auto regulation, neural regulation and hormonal regulation

True

tubular reabsorption selectively removes material from the tubular fluid and returns to the blood while tubular secretion removes materials from the blood

True

Excessive urine concentration of a normal breakdown product of hemoglobin, caused by pernicious anemia, infectious hepatitis, jaundice or cirrhosis, manifests as which condition?

Uribilinogenuria

micturition involves

Voluntary and involuntary muscle contractions Micturation center in the sacral spinal cord Relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter (All of these)

Which of the following occurs between RBC and blood plasma as the blood level of carbon dioxide increases or decreases?

chloride shift

Absence of angiotensin converting enzyme will lead to

decreased blood pressure

Which of the following occurs when water loss is greater than water gain?

dehydration

Blood plasma and dissolved substances with molecules that are smaller than most proteins are filtered directly into the

glomerular capsule

Filtered fluid leaving the glomerular capillaries IMMEDIATELY enters the

glomerular capsule

Which is the correct order of filtrate flow?

glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule (DCT), collecting duct

This is the structure of the nephron that filters blood.

glomerulus

Stress, causing excessive amounts of epinephrine secretion which stimulates glycogen breakdown, indicates which condition? This condition can also indicate diabetes mellitus.

glucosuria

If you hold your breath for a prolonged period of time, the concentration of bicarbonate ions in your blood will

increase while blood pH decreases

atrial natriuretic peptide helps to regulate the volume and osmolarity of body fluids by

increasing urinary excretion of sodium and chloride ions accompanied by water.

Anorexia, starvation, or a diet too low in carbohydrates indicates which condition?

ketonuria

Which imbalance results when systemic arterial blood HCO3- levels drop significantly (below 22 mEq/liter)?

metabolic acidosis

An infant with severe diarrhea and vomiting may experience greater problems with fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance than an adult with the same disorder because

more of an infant's body mass is water.

Hyperventilation (breathing in and out more air than normal) during a panic attack causes an increase in blood ______.

pH

This is a test to measure kidney function.

plasma creatinine

The most abundant buffer system inside body cells and in plasma is the

protein buffer system

inflammation of the kidney

pyelonephritis

This term means the return of substances into the blood stream from the filtrate.

reabsorption

Excessive calcium ingestion and low water intake can lead to which condition?

renal calculi

shock wave lithotripsy is often used to treat which condition?

renal calculi

Which imbalance results when systemic arterial blood CO2 levels raise to abnormal values?

respiratory acidosis

This is a nephron process that results in a substance in blood entering the already formed filtrate.

secretion

Sodium ions may be reabsorbed through

sodium-glucose symporters in the proximal convoluted tubules

The coma and convulsions seen with water intoxication are caused by

swelling of cells due to decreased interstitial sodium content.

Proteins may act as buffers because

the free carboxyl group can release hydrogen ions

Which of the following is a waste product normally excreted by the kidneys?

urea

Which of the following is the main factor that determines water loss?

urination

The kidneys convert some of the bilirubin from hemoglobin breakdown to ______, a yellow pigment.

urobilin

Which of the following is the most common cause of metabolic alkalosis?

vomiting

The largest volume of body fluid is located

within cells

Inadequate exhalation of carbon dioxide can cause

Blood pH to drop

Which of the following is the most abundant mineral in the body?

Calcium

Most of the phosphate in a body is present as

Calcium phosphate salt

In extracellular fluid the abundant anion is

Cl-

Electrolytes in the body help to:

Control osmosis between fluid compartments Help to maintain acid-base balance Carry electrical current Serve as enzyme cofactors (All of these)

The major physiological effect of acidosis is __________. The major physiological effect of alkalosis is __________.

Depression of the CNS; overexcitability of the CNS

water intoxication results from

Dilute body fluids and a decrease in the osmolarity of interstitial fluids

Which of the following is a common cause of respiratory acidosis?

Hypoventilation due to emphysema

Increased secretion of hydrogen ions would result in a(n) ____________ of blood ______________?

Increase, pH

The primary trigger for adh secretion is

Increased blood osmolarity

Infants experience greater problems with fluid, electrolyte, and acid base balance than adults due to differences in:

Ion concentrations Metabolic rate Kidney development Breathing rate (All of these)

In intracellular fluid the most abundant cation is

K+

Regulation of the volume and osmolarity of body fluids occurs first in the

Loop of Henle

The kidneys and which other organ significantly affects the ph of body fluids

Lungs

respiratory acidosis

May be corrected by hyperventilation

In extracellular fluid the most abundant cation is

Na+

ACE inhibitors can lower blood pressure because inhibiting ace

Prevents the formation of angiotensin II

Which structure of the nephron reabsorption the most substances?

Proximal convoluted tubule

The kidneys release _____ to raise blood pressure

Renin

Physiological correction for acidosis caused by severe diarrhea may occur through

Respiratory compensation

PTH, calcitriol and calcitonin are

The main regulators of calcium in the blood

Concentrated urine is formed in part because of the action of suymporters which actively reabsorb ions from the fluid in the

Thick segment of the ascending nephron loop

Which of the following hormones increases reabsorption of sodium in the kidney? 1. Angiotensin II 2. Aldosterone 3. Atrial Natriuretic peptide

1 and 2 are correct

Urine moves from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder because of 1. Peristalisis 2. Gravity 3. Hydrostatic pressure

1, 2, and 3 are correct

Which of the following statements accurately reflect aging of the kidneys? 1. The kidneys decrease in size 2. Glomerular filtration rate decreases 3. Renal blood flow decreases

1,2,3 are correct

What is the normal volume of urine produced in humans?

1-2 L/day

In intracellular fluid the most abundant anion is

HPO42-

What is the normal specific gravity range of urine in humans?

1.001-1.035

What is the normal ph range of urine in humans?

4.6-8.0

The proximal convoluted tubules reabsorb what percentage of filtered water?

65%

Water accounts for what percentage of the total volume of urine?

95%

Most buffer systems in the body consist of

A weak acid and the salt of that acid

Consumption of salty food will cause an increase in this hormone.

ADH

The major hormone that regulates water loss is

ADH

Which of the following is a condition where blood pH is below 7.35?

Acidosis

Some kidney diseases cause a change in the permeability of glomerular capillaries making them more permeable to plasma proteins. This changes the colloid osmotic pressure, thus drawing water out of the blood and into tissues. The result is a) dehydration b) edema c) overhydration d) high blood pressure e) there is no actual change

Edema

Chemical substances normally present in urine include:

Electrolytes, urea, creatine, and uric acid (All of these)

Because of the involvement of carbon dioxide in the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system, this buffer system provides protection against pH changes due to respiratory problems that lead to an excess or shortage of carbon dioxide.

False

antidiuretic hormone increases the solute concentration of urine by causing less water to be resorbed

False

glomerular capillaries and podocytes together form the

Filtration membrane

Which increases gfr?

action of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) on mesangial cells.

The Na+ level in blood is controlled by

aldosterone

Which of the following is used to promote Na+ reabsorption by the kidneys?

aldosterone

Which of the following is used to promote water reabsorption by the kidneys?

antidiuretic hormone

This hormone is released when the blood volume increases.

atrial natriuretic peptide