WM6007 cONTENT MANAGEMENT

Firewall

A WordPress firewall is a web application firewall specifically designed to protect WordPress website. When a WordPress firewall is installed, it runs between your site and the internet to analyse all the incoming HTTP requests. WordPress firewall plugins protect your website against hacking, brute force and distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks.

Blog

A blog is a discussion or informational website published on the World Wide Web consisting of discrete, often informal diary-style text entries. Posts are typically displayed in reverse chronological order, so that the most recent post appears first, at the top of the web page.

CMS

A content management system (CMS) is a software application that can be used to manage the creation and modification of digital content. It can be open-sourced or proprietary.

Database

A database is a structured, organized set of data. In computing terminology a database refers to a software used to store and organize data. Think of it as a file cabinet where you store data in different sections called tables. When you need a particular file you look into that particular section (table) and get the file (data) you need. WordPress uses MySQL as its database management system.

Domain Name

A domain name is a name used to identify a website on the internet. Beneath the surface, websites are associated with IP addresses. These are basically numerical addresses that tell your browser where to find the website on the internet. To make things simpler for humans every website has a corresponding name. You can think of domain name as the human readable version of the IP address. An example of a domain name would be: polytechnic.bh

Hyperlinks

A hyperlink, or simply a link, is a reference to data that the reader can follow by clicking or tapping. A hyperlink points to a whole document or to a specific element within a document. Hypertext is text with hyperlinks. The text that is linked from is called anchor text.

Mockup

A mockup, or mock-up, is a scale or full-size model of a design or device, used for teaching, demonstration, design evaluation, promotion, and other purposes. A mockup is a prototype if it provides at least part of the functionality of a system and enables testing of a design.

Plugins

A plugin is a piece of software containing a group of functions that can be added to a WordPress or Joomla website. They can extend functionality or add new features to your websites. Plugins are written in the PHP programming language and integrate seamlessly with these type of systems.

Taxonomy

A taxonomy within WordPress is a way of grouping posts together based on a select number of relationships. By default, a standard post will have two taxonomy types called Categories and Tags which are a handy way of ensuring related content on your website is easy for visitors to find. These two types of taxonomies are included in WordPress by default, but just like any other taxonomy, can be removed or changed and you can even add more if you like.

URL

A uniform resource locator (URL) is the address of a World Wide Web page.

User Roles

A user role defines permissions for users to perform a group of tasks. In a default WordPress installation there are some predefined roles with a predefined set of permissions. These roles are Super Admin, Administrator, Editor, Author, Contributor, and Subscriber. Each roles has a certain number of set tasks it is allowed to perform that are known as "capabilities". Your site can have multiple administrators, editors, authors and contributors, so you don't have to manage your site on your own.

Web Server

A web server is server software, or hardware dedicated to running said software, that can satisfy World Wide Web client requests. A web server can, in general, contain one or more websites. A web server processes incoming network requests over HTTP and several other related protocols.

A/B Testing

A/B testing, also known as split testing, is a method used to compare two versions of a webpage to determine which one performs better. Essentially, it involves formulating a hypothesis about how a change will impact user behavior, then showing two variants (A and B) to different segments of website visitors at the same time and comparing which variant drives more conversions or achieves the desired outcome.

Administrator

Administrator is a user role both in WordPress and Joomla. When a user installs a CMS, it creates a new user with the username and password defined during the installation. That first user is assigned the user role of administrator. They can perform all actions on a website and have full capabilities. A user with administrator role can also add and remove other users with the same role. When assigning the administrator role to a user, it is important to remember that administrators have the ability to delete content. Administrator is the only user role that has the ability to upgrade a blog. They can change themes and edit core files by using the built in theme editor. They also have the ability to add, delete, and modify any plugins on the the site in the same way.

Alias

Aliases are short pieces of text that represent the title of certain items (Menu items, Articles and Categories) in a machine-friendly format. This format allows only lowercase letters and dashes (-). Aliases are used by Joomla to make Search Engine Friendly URLs. There are technical limitations to the types of characters that can be included in URLs, so Joomla prevents problems with invalid characters by allowing you to specify an alias.

Alt tags

Also known as "alt attributes" or "alt descriptions," are used in HTML code to describe the appearance and function of an image on a webpage. They play a crucial role in both web accessibility and search engine optimization (SEO)

Embeds

An embed is a code, or a block of HTML or iFrame, that is pasted into the interface of your website. It's super easy to embed videos, images, tweets, audio, maps and other content into your WordPress site.

Interactive Elements

An interactive element is anything that a user can interact, engage, or adapt with. Or in other words, anything that is clickable. This doesn't mean that you should make anything and everything on your site clickable. Elements that should be interactive are the ones that help your users pay attention to the most critical aspects of your site.

Blocks

Blocks are a great new tool for building engaging content. With blocks, you can insert, rearrange, and style multimedia content with very little technical knowledge. Instead of using custom code, you can add a block and focus on your content. By default, WordPress offers a set of basic content blocks like a paragraph, image, button, list, shortcodes, layout, embed and more.

Breadcrumbs

Breadcrumbs are nice way to display the connection from the root and can be found in Joomla CMS. It gives you a hierarchical representation with click able links so that user can visit upper links easily. A breadcrumbs module can be really helpful if you have a site with a lot of information. For instance, if you have multiple menu items and sub menu items, a breadcrumbs module will display the location of each page as you browse through all the pages on the site.This article explains how create a Breadcrumbs Module.

Categories

Categories provide a helpful way to group related posts together. Category is one of the pre-defined taxonomies in WordPress. It is used to sort and group content into different sections. A website publishing content on a variety of topics can divide their website into sections using categories.

Comments

Comments allow your website's visitors to have a discussion with you and each other. When you activate comments on a Page or post, WordPress inserts several text boxes after your content where users can submit their comments. Once you approve a comment, it appears underneath your content. Whether you want to customize how your receive comments or tweak how your site displays comments, WordPress provides a thorough set of options to build a community from the visitors to your site.

Cron

Cron is the time-based task scheduling system that is available on UNIX systems. WP-Cron is how WordPress handles scheduling time-based tasks in WordPress. Several WordPress core features, such as checking for updates and publishing scheduled post, utilize WP-Cron. WP-Cron works by: on every page load, a list of scheduled tasks is checked to see what needs to be run. Any tasks scheduled to be run will be run during that page load. WP-Cron does not run constantly as the system cron does; it is only triggered on page load. Scheduling errors could occur if you schedule a task for 2:00PM and no page loads occur until 5:00PM

Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)

Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) is a type of security vulnerability typically found in CMSs. This vulnerability allows attackers to inject malicious scripts into web pages viewed by other users. XSS attacks exploit the fact that a web application sends data received from one user to other users without validating or encoding it. This can lead to a wide range of problems, from minor nuisances to significant security breaches.

HTML

HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language. HTML describes the structure of a Web page. HTML consists of a series of elements. HTML elements tell the browser how to display the content. HTML elements are represented by tags.

Headings

Heading tags (not to be confused with the HTML tag or HTTP headers) are used to present structure on the page to users. There are six sizes of heading tags, beginning with <h1>, the most important, and ending with <h6>, the least important. They also help search engines to find the page. Search engines scan your post for content relevant to the searched words, and looks within the heading tags to see what the content is all about. It should make it easier for Google for example, to find those words.

Gallery

Image galleries are a great way to share groups of pictures on your WordPress site. The Create Gallery feature of the WordPress media uploader allows you to add a simple image gallery to pages or posts on your site.

Editor

In WordPress the term Editor may refer to a pre-defined user role in the WordPress user management system. Users with the editor role have the capability to write, edit, publish, and delete posts. This includes posts written by other users. They can also moderate, approve, and delete comments. Their privileges extend beyond just adding and removing content. They can also manage categories, tags, custom taxonomies, and even upload files. A user with Editor privileges also has the ability to read private posts and pages. Only the Administrator user role has more privileges than the Editor user role in terms of capabilities. Limitations of this role are that it can not access WordPress settings, themes, and plugins areas. In others words, they can manage content and even delete it, but they cannot perform site management tasks. Since editors can delete posts, even those already published, it is highly recommended that you only assign this role to a user you trust. Also keep in mind that you can add or remove capabilities to user roles in WordPress. So, if you are not sure about giving a user this much control on your site you can tweak the user role to meet your needs.

Themes

In WordPress, a theme is a collection of templates and stylesheets used to define the appearance and display of a WordPress powered website. They can be changed, managed, and added from the WordPress admin area under Appearance » Themes. WordPress Themes are ready-made layouts created for WordPress and can be used for blogging, news websites, e-commerce projects and more. You can find free themes or you can buy premium ones. When you download a WordPress theme, it will usually be provided as a .zip file. This compressed file contains all the necessary files (PHP files, stylesheets, JavaScript files, images, etc.) that make up the theme.

Joomla

Joomla is a free and open-source content management system for publishing web content, developed by Open Source Matters, Inc. It is built on a model-view-controller web application framework that can be used independently of the CMS.

Keywords

Keywords are important words or phrases that people are likely to search for if they were looking for the content you are publishing. Meta description is a brief description of what your page or post is about. Meta keywords and description are actually HTML meta tags, and they go into your website's header.

LAMP

LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP) is an archetypal model of web service stacks, named as an acronym of the names of its original four open-source components: the Linux operating system, the Apache HTTP Server, the MySQL relational database management system (RDBMS), and the PHP programming language.

MAMP

MAMP is a free, local server environment that can be installed under macOS and Windows with just a few clicks. MAMP provides them with all the tools they need to run WordPress on their desktop PC for testing or development purposes, for example. With the help of our local DNS server NAMO, you can even easily test your projects on mobile devices. It doesn't matter if you prefer Apache or Nginx or if you want to work with PHP, Python, Perl or Ruby.

Media Library

Media consists of the images, video, recordings, and files that you upload and use in your blog. Media is typically uploaded and inserted into the content when writing a Post or writing a Page. Note that the Uploading Setting in the Settings Media Screen describes the location and structure of the upload directory (where your media files are stored). If you do need to upload Media, even if that Media is not related to a Post or Page, then you need to use the Media Add New Screen.

Metadata

Metadata, by its very definition, is information about information. In the case of WordPress, it's information associated with posts, users, comments and terms. An example would be a Content Type called Products with a metadata field for price. This field would be stored in the postmeta table.

Menus

Most menus are used as a method for building navigation within a WordPress site. Navigation Menus, or simply Menus, are a WordPress theme feature which allows users to create navigation menus by using built-in Menu Editor located in WordPress admin area under Appearance »Menus. avigation menus allow theme designers to let users create custom menus of their own. The default menu will just list current WordPress Pages. WordPress supports multiple menus so a theme can have support for more than one navigational menu (e.g. header and footer menus). Users can add posts, pages, and custom links to a menu using drag and drop functionality. Users can also add CSS classes to their menu items and change their appearance by adding custom styles.

MySQL

MySQL (the abbreviation for Structured Query Language) is the world's most popular open source database. Whether you are a fast growing web property, technology ISV or large enterprise, MySQL can cost-effectively help you deliver high performance, scalable database applications. MySQL is developed, distributed, and supported by Oracle Corporation.

wp-config

One of the most important files in your WordPress installation is the wp-config.php file. This file is located in the root of your WordPress file directory and contains your website's base configuration details, such as database connection information. It contains information about the database, including the name, host (typically localhost), username, and password and you can configure other database elements, the security keys for your WordPress installation, and developer options.

PHP

PHP (recursive acronym for PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor) is a widely-used open source general-purpose scripting language that is especially suited for web development and can be embedded into HTML.

Pages

Pages are for non-chronological content: pages like "About" or "Contact" would be common examples. Pages live outside of the normal blog chronology, and are often used to present timeless information about yourself or your site — information that is always relevant. You can use Pages to organize and manage the structure of your website content.

Permalinks

Permalinks are the permanent URLs to your individual pages and blog posts, as well as your category and tag archives. A permalink is the web address used to link to your content. The URL to each post should be permanent and never change — hence the name permalink.

Posts

Posts are entries that display in reverse order on your home page and/or blog page. Posts usually have comment fields beneath them and are included in your site's RSS feed. Posts are blog content listed in a reverse chronological order (newest content on top). You will see posts listed on your blog page. If you are using WordPress as a blog, then you will end up using posts for the majority of your website's content To write a post: Log in to your WordPress Administration Screen (Dashboard). Click the 'Posts' tab.

RSS

RSS, standing for Really Simple Syndication or Rich Site Summary, uses several standard web feed formats to publish content in a structured XML file for syndication. An XML file in this format is called an RSS Feed. This format allows automatic syndication of data and the XML file ensure compatibility across numerous machines and programs.

Benchmarking

Refers to the process of measuring the performance of a website against specific standards, metrics, or the performance of other similar websites. This involves assessing various aspects of a website's functionality and effectiveness, typically with the goal of improving performance, user experience, and overall quality. Key Aspects of Website Benchmarking include: Performance Metrics, User Experience, Responsiveness, Security Standards..etc.

Responsive

Responsive themes follow the responsive web design approach which aims to create websites that offer optimal user experience across various devices and screen resolutions including desktop computers, tablets such as iPad, smartphones and other mobile devices. A responsive WordPress theme smoothly adjusts its layout based on the screen size and resolution. Responsive themes offer better readability and usability on smaller screens such as smart phones. It also prevents you from creating a device specific mobile version. Before responsive themes, sites would have to create a different mobile version for each platform such as iPhone, Android, etc. Responsive design allows a single site to be viewed on various devices without the need for additional themes or plugins.

Backups

Site backups are essential because problems inevitably occur and you need to be in a position to take action when disaster strikes. Spending a few minutes to make an easy, convenient backup of your database will allow you to spend even more time being creative and productive with your website.

Sitemaps

Sitemaps are specially formatted files that provide information to search engine crawlers about the pages that are present on a website and any recent changes to those pages. This helps search engines like Google efficiently crawl and index the site's content.

Slugs

Slugs are the URL-friendly names of your posts, pages, categories, and tags. In WordPress, a slug is the bit of text that appears after your domain name in the URL of a page. Essentially, it's the part of your site's URL that identifies every single page on your site (except for the homepage).

Tag

Tag is one of the pre-defined taxonomy in WordPress. Users can add tags to their WordPress posts along with categories. However, while a category may cover a broad range of topics, tags are smaller in scope and focused to specific topics. Think of them as keywords used for topics discussed in a particular post. In WordPress, if a user does not select a category for a post, then it is automatically filed into the default category. However, tags are not automatically added to a post unless a user adds them, which makes them completely optional, but there is not limit as to how many you can add.

Apache

The Apache HTTP Server, colloquially called Apache, is free and open-source cross-platform web server software, released under the terms of Apache License 2.0. Apache is developed and maintained by an open community of developers under the auspices of the Apache Software Foundation.

Templates

The Template controls the overall look and layout of your site and how your site would appear to people. It provides the framework that brings together common elements, modules and components as well as providing the cascading style sheet for your site. Both the Front-end (Site) and the Back-end (Administrator) of your site have templates.

Dashboard

The WordPress Dashboard is a first screen which will be seen when you log into the administration area of your blog which will display the overview of the website. It is a collection of gadgets that provide information and an overview of what's happening with your website. By default, WordPress delivers five widgets on this page: At a Glance, Activity, Quick Draft, WordPress Events and News, and Welcome.

Revisions

The WordPress revisions system stores a record of each saved draft or published update of your posts. The revision system allows you to see what changes were made in each revision by dragging a slider (or using the Next/Previous buttons). The display indicates what has changed in each revision - what was added, what remained unchanged, and what was removed. Lines added or removed are highlighted, and individual character changes get additional highlighting. Click the 'Restore This Revision' button to restore a revision. The revisions page also includes a 'compare any two revisions' mode that allows you to compare any two individual revisions. In this mode, the slider has two handles, one representing the revision you are comparing from and one representing the revision you are comparing to. Drag the handles to see what has changed between any two specific revisions.

Localhost

The localhost is the default name describing the local computer address also known as the loopback address. For example, typing: ping localhost would ping the local IP address of 127.0.0.1 (the loopback address). When setting up a web server or software on a web server, 127.0.0.1 is used to point the software to the local machine.The localhost is the default name describing the local computer address also known as the loopback address. For example, typing: ping localhost would ping the local IP address of 127.0.0.1 (the loopback address). When setting up a web server or software on a web server, 127.0.0.1 is used to point the software to the local machine.

Gutenberg

The new editor in Wordpress is called Gutenberg. The entire editing experience has been rebuilt for media rich pages and posts. Experience the flexibility that blocks will bring, whether you are building your first site, or write code for a living. helps you create content in a more visual way than the previous TinyMCE editor. To do this, it provides a library of pre-built elements, or 'blocks'. Each block can be added to a page or post and customized. There are blocks to handle basic components such as text and images, as well as some that provide advanced features (such as buttons and tables).

Low Fidelity (Wireframes)

These are basic and often quick sketches of the user interface. They are typically less detailed, focusing on the broad layout and functionalities without the inclusion of color, graphics, or actual content. The simplicity of low-fidelity wireframes helps in early-stage testing, focusing on basic usability and structure.

High Fidelity (Wireframes)

These are more detailed and closely resemble the final product. They include more precise representations of the layout, including colors, graphics, and sometimes even interactive elements.

Usability

Usability is the ease of use and learnability of a human-made object such as a tool or device. In software engineering, usability is the degree to which a software can be used by specified consumers to achieve quantified objectives with effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction in a quantified context of use.

WAMP

WampServer is an open-source Windows web development environment. It allows you to create web applications with Apache2, PHP and a MySQL database. Alongside, PhpMyAdmin allows you to manage easily your databases.

Functionality Testing

Website functionality testing is a specialized form of testing focused on ensuring that all the features and functions of a website operate as intended. Key areas include: Link testing, Form testing, Database Connectivity, Compatibility Testing..etc.

Optimization

Whether you run a high traffic WordPress installation or a small blog on a low cost shared host, you should optimize WordPress and your server to run as efficiently as possible. A list of techniques can be applied on the server or the website to achieve better levels of optimizations.

Widgets

WordPress Widgets add content and features to your Sidebars. Examples are the default widgets that come with WordPress; for Categories, Tag cloud, Search, etc. Plugins will often add their own widgets. Widgets were originally designed to provide a simple and easy-to-use way of giving design and structure control of the WordPress Theme to the user, which is now available on properly "widgetized" WordPress Themes to include the header, footer, and elsewhere in the WordPress design and structure. Widgets require no code experience or expertise. They can be added, removed, and rearranged on the Theme Customizer or Appearance > Widgets in the WordPress Administration Screens.

Wordpress

WordPress is open source content management system based on PHP and MySQL that is usually used with the MySQL or MariaDB database servers but can also use the SQLite database engine. Features include a plugin architecture and a template system, referred to inside WordPress as Themes.

Security

WordPress security is a topic of huge importance for every website owner. Google blacklists around 10,000+ websites every day for malware and around 50,000 for phishing every week. If you are serious about your website, then you need to pay attention to the WordPress security best practices. In this guide, we will share all the top WordPress security tips to help you protect your website against hackers and malware. While WordPress core software is very secure, and it's audited regularly by hundreds of developers, there is a lot that can be done to keep your site secure.

XAMPP

XAMPP is a completely free, easy to install Apache distribution containing MariaDB/MySQL, PHP, and Perl. The XAMPP open source package has been set up to be incredibly easy to install and to use.

Root

Your WordPress root directory contains some special configuration files. These files contain important settings specific to your WordPress site. .htaccess - A server configuration file, WordPress uses it to manage permalinks and redirects. wp-config.php - This file tells WordPress how to connect to your database. Many people want WordPress to power their website's root (e.g. http://example.com) but they don't want all of the WordPress files cluttering up their root directory. WordPress allows you to install it into a subdirectory, but have your website served from the website root.

htdocs

htdocs (or www) is the directory that the Apache web server looks for files to serve on your domain by default. This location can be changed to whatever value you want. All you have to do is point the Document Root to a different folder in your .conf file.

phpMyAdmin

phpMyAdmin is a free software tool written in PHP, intended to handle the administration of MySQL over the Web. phpMyAdmin supports a wide range of operations on MySQL and MariaDB. Frequently used operations (managing databases, tables, columns, relations, indexes, users, permissions, etc) can be performed via the user interface, while you still have the ability to directly execute any SQL statement.