Women, Gender and Sexuality Studies Exam 1
1914-1918 why was labor unionizing occurring now?
(women moving out of domestic homes and into the workforce) because of World War 1
What did doctors think was the cause of the problem with no name?
- the women themsleves - education the women received - needed more sex - women saw their mothers working, they wanted that liberation too
1830s
-black woman's abuse was not considered a crime
General myths about feminism:
1. it is only for upper-class white women 2. it is only for women 3. feminism was a continuous process
The NWP disagreed on what?
1. what sex discrimination meant 2. women's equality meant 3. legislation needed for these things
Fact: The portion of women going to college dropped from 1920 to 1958?
12%
Which amendment was passed in 1870?
15th amendment - granted African American men the right to vote by declaring that the "right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude."
When was the Declaration of Sentiments written?
1848
The first wave of feminism was seen as? What was its concern?
1850-1930 concerned with equal rights, labor movement and suffrage
When did Sojourner Truth give the "Ain't I a woman?"
1851
What year was the first woman's march on Washington? This was done to demand what?
1913 the right to vote
Who became the first woman in Congress in what year?
1916: Jeannette Rankin, a Republican from Montana, is elected to the House of Representatives and becomes the first woman to serve in Congress.
What year is this sent to the states for ratification? The federal woman suffrage amendment, originally written by Susan B. Anthony and introduced in Congress in 1878, is passed by the House of Representatives and the Senate.
1919
Conscious Raising became popular in what decade?
1960s
Equal Pay Act Civil Rights Act
1963 1964
Combahee River Collective
A black feminist lesbian organization active in Boston from 1974 to 1980 race, sexual, heterosexual and class oppression need to develop a politics that was unlike those of white women and not sexist unlike those of black and white men just was asking to be treated humanely, levelly human is enough they have to fight the world bc they are on the bottom of it if black women were free everyone else would have to be too bc they are at the bottom
What was the declaration of sentiments?
A document from the Seneca Falls Convention regarding the need for equal rights for women especially the right to vote it outlines grievances and sets the agenda for the women's rights movement, 12 resolutions were adopted calling for equal treatment of men and women / voting rights for women
"Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence"
Adrienne Rich compulsory heterosexuality is pushed on women laws are made to support this structure, anything outside this structure is not supported
Established in 1869, the Colored National Labor Union (CNLU) was formed by?
African Americans to organize their labor collectively on a national level, had as its goal improving the working conditions and quality of life for its members.
1850s
Ain't I a woman? / Declaration of Sentiments
In 1910 who traveled to the UK, joined the movement there, and brought these tactics of civil disobedience and other radical approaches to US suffrage?
Alice Paul
Who led the National Woman's Party? Follwing the radification of the 19th amendment, what did they also demand for?
Alice Paul to work off of the 19th amendment the NWP asked for an Equal Rights Act
"Working Women black women and the history of the suffrage movement"
Angela Davis president of NLM = William Sylvis white women didn't support black labor movements like NLU CNLU, if they didn't embrace the fundemental principals of unity and class the labor movement would remain powerless Susan B Anthony said sexism was worse than racism! working women didn't fully embrace women's suffrage because they were too concerned with their immediate concerns like wage, hours and working conditions
What big convention happened in 1838?
Antislavery convention
What happens at her trial?
At Anthony's trial the judge does not allow her to testify on her own behalf, dismisses the jury, rules her guilty, and fines her $100. She refuses to pay.
"The master's tools will never dismantle the master's house" main points
Audre Lorde tools used to examine fruits of the racist patriarchy? it means only the narrowest paramenters of chnage are allowable and possible as woen we have been taught to ignore our diff or use them as cause for seperation educate men on our existance and needs
"black women shaping feminist theory"
Bell hooks women are powerless to change their position in life - crotoizise Fem Mystiq. for acting as black women didnt exist racism abound the writings of white ***being oppressed means an absence of choices! white feminists had resoucres white women make black women bojects promoting black women's power white women are seen as victums
Who founded NOW (National Organization for Women) and in what year?
Betty Friedan 1966
"The problem that has no name"
Betty Friedan doctors blamed "the problem" on women, sex and education from 1920-1958 women going to college dropped 12%
1960s
Betty Friedan - the problem that has no name
"Social Construction Theory" main pts:
Carol Vance biological determinism constructivist deconstruction essentialist sexual identity
Which state adopted for women to vote in 1893?
Colorado
What major event took place for feminists in 1967?
Critique of Miss America Pagent they were responding not only to the pageant and its antiquated, misogynistic attitudes toward women and beauty, but also to how the United States, as a whole, treated women.
"There is no unmarked woman"
Deborah Tannen women don't have a standard/ / normal but men do, so every woman is judged by their appearance and actions Ralph Fasold! - bio perspective
1990s
Deborah Tannen - there is no unmarked woman Katie Bornstein - solving the gender puzzle / my gender workbook John D'Emilio - capitalism and gay identity
"Feminism Unfinished"
Dorthy Sue Cobble, Linda Gordon and Astrid Henry
Who hated the amendment, who liked the amendment?
Elizabeth Cady Stanton - she wanted women to be included Lucy Stone - be was antislavery
What was the cause of the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848?
Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott had a tea party and discussed their oppression
In 1867 which feminists took money from a known racist?
Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B Anthony
"Women Culture and Society: Declaration of Sentiments"
Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B Anthony and Matilda Joslyn Gage two sections of paper: Dec of sentiments and resolutions calling men out for acting like masters when the real master of all human beings is God women wanted custody of children and voting rights simple adjustments of this document show that women aren't asking for much
NOW was founded in? and by who?
Founded by Betty Friedan and Pauli Murray in 1966
"to be black and female" and main points:
Fran Beal black women are economically exploited and physcially assaulted by the system women are reduced to a biological function "slave of a slave" fallacious to think for a black man to be strong black women have to be weak value of system is value of person at bottom of totem pole understand that this system enslaves us all
Which statement happened in 1884 that was not as famous as Rosa Parks in the 1890s?
Ida B Wells did not give up her train seat to a white man
"Why I am not a Feminist"
Jessa Crispin women are using the feminist label to gain popularity a woman can be a feminist without any true political, personal or relational adaptions whatsoever trying to change the perception of feminism people lose the meaning of it "feminazi witches"
"From sex to gender" main points
Joanna Meyerowitz do we change the body to fit the mind? or the mind to fit the body? homosexuality and transgendered people are often linked together (seen as psychotic)
"Capitalism and Gay Identity" Main points
John D'Emilio we don't have a history what does this mean? we do have a history but social construction influences silence need a groundwork in order to make a political change acceptance has a lot to do with where society stands ***capitalism promotes and suppresses gay rights Myth 1: gays didn't exist, overreliance on coming out which is an individual act not in support of the structural movement Myth 2: "external homosexual" homosexuality has existed in every culture
When was Seneca falls?
July 19-20 1848
Who said this quote? "feminists are just women who don't want to be treated like shit" In what article?
Kathy Bail Bad Feminist
"Solving the gender puzzle" "My gender workbook"
Katie Bornstein
"Gender stereotyping in the English language" Main pts:
Laurel Richardson lang colors our view of gender 1. women are apart of men grammatically 2. pronouns usage perpetuates diff personality and professional attributes 3. labels women as incompetent and men as strong 4. women are defined in terms of relation to men, 5. women defined as their availability and sexual desirability to men 6. historical pattern of derogation
"Oppression"
Marilyn Frye oppression - root of oppression is press, to reduce something there are many forms of oppression
Which women were paper editors? Why was this frowned upon?
Mary Anne and Shad Carey Because women could edit the paper to say what they wanted to get out to the public
"Women Culture and Society: White Privilege and Male Privilege"
McIntosh men are reluctant to acknowledge their privilege allow "them" to be more like us 1. entitlement 2. weightless knapsack 3. meant to remain oblivious to the knapsack
1980s
McIntosh - White Privilege and Male Privilege / Declaration of Sentiments Marilyn Frye - Oppression Angela Davis - Working Women black women and the history of the suffrage movement Audre Lorde - the master's tools will never dismantle the master's house Bell Hooks - black women shaping feminist theory Gloria Anzaldua - How to tame a wild tongue / towards a new consciousness Carol Vance - social construct theory Adrienne Rich - compulsory heterosexuality and lesbian
"History of sexuality"
Michel Foucault timeline
What group in 1973 black fem. Felt the necessity of forming a separate black group - 1974 met again and used conscious raising
NBFO (Nat. Bl. Fem. Organ)
Which two groups in the mid 1900s disagree with eachother?
NWP vs. social justice feminists Disagreed over what "women's equality" and "sex discrimination" meant / what kind of legislation met the needs of the majority of women. NWP feminists favored strict legal equality between men and women in labor laws as well as in laws affecting marriage, divorce, and child custody. Social justice feminists opposed uniform, gender neutral legal approach, which they feared the ERA would inaugurate. They called for a review of laws affecting women and a determination on a case-by-case basis of whether they disadvantaged women. Sometimes it was necessary to treat men and women differently in order to advance women's equality.
1869 split between which two feminist groups?
NWSA (National Women Suffrage Association) The primary goal of the organization is to achieve voting rights for women by means of a Congressional amendment to the Constitution - included Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B Anthony /AWSA (American Women Suffrage Association) National Woman Suffrage Association. Lucy Stone, Henry Blackwell, and others form the American Woman Suffrage Association, which focuses exclusively on gaining voting rights for women through the individual state constitutions. Explanation: The disagreement about whether or not to support the Fifteenth Amendment, which granted African American men the right to vote, led to a division in the women's rights movement. In 1869, activists established two competing national organizations focused on winning woman suffrage. The National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) opposed the Fifteenth Amendment, while the American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA) supported the new law. Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony founded the NWSA first. The pair believed that instead of supporting the Fifteenth Amendment as it was, women's rights activists should fight for women to be included as well. They started the NWSA to lead this effort.
1896 which part is formed by hundreds of clubs?
National Association of Colored Women - uplift the race
What group was founded in 1866?
National Labor Union
"What's wrong with equal rights for women?"
Phyllis Schlafly
1970s
Phyllis Schlafly - what's wrong with equal rights for women? Fran Beal - to be black and female Michael Foucault - history of sexuality
Played a leading role of the "zap" of the second congress to United Women in 1970s, left administrative position in a major feminist organization in order to be involved in lavender menace
Retame brown
Sexist Children Books "Best word book ever"
Richard Scarry
"Bad Feminist"
Roxanna Gay feminist is used an insult today
"Peculiar Benefits"
Roxanne Gay the word privilege has been overused you can't speak for all unprivileged people if you haven't experienced that, hard to know oppressive Olympics
2000s
Roxanne Gay - Bad Feminist / Peculiar Benefits Jessa Crispin - Why I am not a feminist Dorthy Sue Cobble - Feminism Unfinished Laurel Richardson - gender stereotyping in the English lang. Joanna Meyerowitz - from sex to gender
who didn't want an equal rights act?
Social justice feminists - they wanted individual rights for women
"Ain't I a woman?"
Sojourner Truth where did Christ come from? a woman people tell Truth she is a man because of her physical ability if she gives her the right to vote! she is a woman but doesn't receive any chivalry
The Equal Rights Amendment of 1921 - we are still pursuing it, 1970 unification tried to get it ratified. What happened to it now?
Still has not been passed
Who was arrested in 1872? For?
Susan B Anthony for voting in the presidential election
Who were the delegates of the National Labor Movement?
Susan B Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Who was also a big figure in the lavender menace?
Susan Brownmiller
August 26th, 1920 what was passed? When did Britan get this?
The 19th Amendment to the Constitution, granting women the right 1928
In 1913 Alice Paul and Lucy Burns form what? To focus on?
The Congressional Union for Women Suffrage. Their focus is lobbying for a constitutional amendment to secure the right to vote for women, and they begin introducing some of the methods used by the suffrage movement in Britain.
What two groups merge together in 1890?
The National Women Suffrage Association and the American Women Suffrage Association = National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA). As the movement's mainstream organization, NAWSA wages state-by-state campaigns to obtain voting rights for women.
1869 Why was Susan b Anthony excluded from this convention?
The convention of the National Labor Union because she didn't support black people and told them to work as scabs
What is this group later named?
The group is later renamed the National Women's Party. Alice Paul organizes a suffrage parade in Washington, DC, the day of Woodrow Wilson's inauguration.
What was passed in 1851 regarding slaves?
The slave owners could capture the slaves that ran away
What happened between suffrage and second wave of feminism?
These years appear as a retreat for women's rights with a dwindling band of white middle class feminists making minimal headway in a society large dismissive of women's issues
Gloria Anzaldua
Towards a New Consciousness / how to tame a wild tongue identity is embedded in lang. languages can reject different belifs from other cultures
Who was the president of NLU?
William Sylvis "no distinction of race or nationality" within the ranks of his organization
Why was the 15th amendment a big problem for women?
Women did not get the right to vote but black men did
What was proposed to Congress in 1878?
Women's suffrage amendment
suffragist
an advocate of the extension of voting rights (especially to women)
During the 1950s and 60s there was an anxiety around?
communism
Suffragettes - who coins this term? To mock which group specifically? Why mock them?
created as an insult to women (ette in French means inferior) Charles E Hands WSPU (women's social and political union) to show their dissatisfaction for their aggressive behavior
In 1969 what group was not invited to a big feminist convention? How did they respond?
didn't invite daughter of Bilitis Retime Brown didn't care feminists wanted to distance themselves from gays
In 1971 what did NOW recognize as a legitimate concern?
lesbian movement
which led to an anxiety with?
lesbians being a part of the feminist movement
Masculine mystique focused on? Feminine mystique focused on?
masculinity and the male sphere of employment certain ideals kept women trapped at home, large expectations for them to be mothers and housewives
"Black Women Striving for suffrage"
podcast dates 1851 ST speech, runaway salve law 1884 Ida B Wells
"The Lavender Menace"
podcast intersectionality retime brown Betty Friedan is homophobic - sees a credible threat to aline with lesbians scum manifesto
Mid 1900s: Social justice feminists where concerned with equal right for women and what else?
racial and economic justice
The third wave of feminism is concerned with what?
sex and still feminists have it all
By the 1980s why was feminism shrinking?
students were graduating and getting jobs, they didn't have time for protesting, went separate ways from groups
1868 what was passed that granted citizenship to black men?
the 14th amendment
Who was Alice Paul influenced by?
the British feminists radical "deeds not words" starvation / broke windows / brutal force feedings
The second wave of feminism was about? Time period?
the politicalization not just suggesting laws to be made but pushing for them to be ratified bra burning, "man-hating", birth control, abortion and sterilization rights 1960s-1980s
Suffrage
the right to vote in political elections