World Civilization chapter 6

Olmec civilization

"mother culture," collapsed around the fourth century B.C.E., at one time it extended from Mexico City to El Salvador and perhaps to the shores of the Pacific Ocean. temples and pyramids, devised a written language that has not been deciphered,Olmecs exported rubber to their neighbors in exchange for salt and obsidian

South America chronology

10,500 B.C.E. First human settlements in S.America c. 3200 B.C.E. Agriculture first practiced c. 2500 B.C.E. Founding of Caral First millennium B.C.E. Chavín style c. 150-800 C.E. Moche civilization c. 500-1000 C.E. Wari culture c. 1100-1450 Civilization of Chimor 1400s Inka takeover in central Andes

South America has been inhabited for more than ________ years.

12,000

Inka civilization was established by the

1400s C.E.

It is generally accepted that human beings were living in the Americas at least ________ years ago.

15,000

Early Mesoamerica

15000 years ago-Arrival of human beings in America c. 8000 B.C.E.-Agriculture first practiced c. 1200 B.C.E.-Rise of Olmec culture c. 400 B.C.E.- End of Olmec era c. 300 B.C.E.-800 C.E-Teothihuacán civilization First millennium C.E.- Origins of Mayan civilization 300-900 C.E.- Classical era of Mayan culture 870 C.E.- Tikal abandoned Late 1100s- Migration of Mexica to Valley of Mexico 1300s-1400s- Kingdom of the Aztecs

Mounted nomadic tribes that dominated the Southwest included the Navajo and

Apache.

The people of the Hopewell culture in Ohio ranged from Lake Superior to the

Appalachian Mountains.

With a population of 20,000 in the 1200s, the largest city in North America (until Philadelphia in the early nineteenth century) was

Cahokia

Moche

Chavín society had broken down by 200 B.C.E., but early in the first millennium C.E., another advanced civilization appeared in northern Peru, in the valley of the Moche River, which flows from the foot-hills of the Andes into the Pacific Ocean.2500 square miles, capital city contained 10,000, two massive adobe pyramids standing as high as 100 feet. Pyramid of the Moon,covered a total of 15 acres and was adorned with painted murals depicting battles, ritual sacrifices, and various local deities. high quality of artisanship.Paintings and pottery as well as other artifacts in stone, metal, and ceramics frequently portray warriors, prisoners, and sacrificial victims. fascinated by the heavens, and much of their art consisted of celestial symbols and astronomical constellations.

South America: The Arawak

East of the Andes Mountains in South America, other Amerindian societies were beginning to make the transition to agriculture. Men and women were considered of equal status. Men were responsible for hunting, warfare, and dealing with outsiders, while women were accountable for the crops, the distribution of food, maintaining the household, and bearing and raising the children.

Because the soil lacked sufficient nutrients, agriculture never developed in the Amazon region.

False

The patron god of the Aztecs, and the unifying focus for the Aztec kingdom, was

Huitzilopochtli

Environmental Problems

Moche River valley is extremely arid, less than an inch of rain annually.sophisticated irrigation system to carry water from the river to the parched fields. the irrigation canals had been abandoned, and the remaining population had left the area and moved farther inland or suffered from severe malnutrition. environmental disruptions,changes in the temperature of the Pacific Ocean known as El Niño, led to alternating periods of drought and flooding of coastal regions, which caused the irrigated fields to silt up . The warm water created by El Niño conditions also killed local marine life, severely damaging the local fishing industry.

The civilization that emerged during the first millennium C.E. in northern Peru was the

Moche.

Hopewell culture

Native American society that flourished from about 200 B.C.E. to 400 C.E., noted for large burial mounds and extensive manufacturing. Largely based in Ohio, its traders ranged as far as the Gulf of Mexico.

By 2,500 B.C.E. urban settlements had appeared in the coastal regions and river valleys of

Peru and Ecuador

The capital of the Aztec empire was

Tenochtitlan.

Teotihuacan

Teotihuacan is thought by some scholars to have been perhaps created by the Toltecs. larger and older than Plaenque ,mystery, much scale and power, may date from as early as 200 BC, at it's peak-one of the world's largest cities, 125,000 people, At its height, it covered up to 8 square miles., the temple of the sun is the 3rd largest pyramid in the world, temple of the moon, archaeologists discovered why tombs were built, 12 skeletons-10 decapitated, human sacrifice, was the scene of ritual sacrifice.

Inka

The Chimor kingdom was eventually succeeded in the late 15 century by an invading force from the mountains far to the south. ruler Pachakuti, "he who transforms the world"), immediate successors, Topa Inka and Huayna Inka (the word Inka means "ruler"), the boundaries of the empire were extended as far as Ecuador, central Chile, and the edge of the Amazon basin. were the last civilization to flourish in South America before the arrival of the Spanish. Use of the highways was restricted to official and military purposes.

Stateless Societies in the Americas

The Eastern Woodlands, The people of the Hopewell culture, Cahokia near the modern city of East Saint Louis, Illinois, archaeologists found a burial mound more than 98 feet high with a base larger than that of the Great Pyramid in Egypt.

Which culture was the first emerge in the Gulf of Mexico region, near Vera Cruz?

The Olmecs.

Who were the first Americans, and when and how did they come?

The question has not yet been definitively answered. at least 15,000 years ago. were hunters and food gatherers who lived in small nomadic communities, Homo sapiens sapiens who crossed from Asia by foot between 10,000 and 15,000 years ago, mid-nineteenth century, migration of small communities across the Bering Strait at a time when the area was a land bridge uniting the continents of Asia and North America.

The people ruling northern Yucatan for several centuries beginning in the 1000s C.E. were the

Toltecs.

Which of the following lesser-known peoples created the most extensive land empire yet seen in South America?

Wari

Cuzco

Where the Inka were from, a city located at an altitude of 10,000 feet in the mountains of southern Peru.

Monte Albán

Zapotec people, middle of the first millennium B.C.E., the Zapotec created an extensive civilization that flourished for several hundred years in the highlands. temples and pyramids ,located on a massive stone terrace atop a 1,200-foot-high mountain overlooking the Oaxaca valley. 20,000, lived on terraces cut into the sides of the mountain known as Danibaan-sacred mountain.devised a written language that has not been deciphered, Monte Albán was abandoned for unknown reasons in the late eighth century C.E.,

The Inka political system was based on

a highly centralized state.

Caral

a highly publicized site located 14 miles inland from the coast, the remnants of a 4,500-year-old city sit on the crest of a 60-foot-high pyramid. The inhabitants engaged in farming, growing squash, beans, and tomatoes, but also provided cotton to fishing communities along the coast, who used it to make fishnets. Land was divided in a manner similar to the well-field system in ancient China

Pueblo Bonito

a large settlement built by the Ancient Pueblo people in what is now New Mexico in the ninth century C.E. It contained several hundred compounds housing several thousand residents.

Pulque

a liquor extracted from the agave (uh-GAH-vee) plant, was used in religious ceremonies.

Copán

a monarch, known to scholars as "18 Rabbit" from the hieroglyphs composing his name—ordered the construction of a grand palace requiring more than 30,000 person-days of labor.

pueblos

a three-story adobe communal house with a timbered roof. Pueblos were constructed by the Ancient Pueblo people in what is now the southwestern United States starting around the ninth century C.E.

South America

a vast continent, characterized by extremes in climate and geography. The north is dominated by the mighty Amazon River, which flows through dense tropical rain forests carrying the largest flow of water of any river system in the world. Farther to the south, the forests are replaced by prairies and steppes stretching westward to the Andes Mountains, which extend the entire length of the continent, from the Isthmus of Panama to the Strait of Magellan. Along the Pacific coast, on the western slopes of the mountains, are some of the driest desert regions in the world. inhabited by human beings for more than 12,000 years. hunters, fishers, and food gatherers,

quipu

an Inka record-keeping system that used knotted strings rather than writing.

All of the following are correct about Inka civilization except

communication was dependent ships on the Pacific, ranging from modern Chile to Columbia

Tikal and Calakmul

competed for dominance throughout the region, setting up puppet regimes and waging bloody wars that wavered back and forth for years but ultimately resulted in the total destruction of Calakmul at the end of the century.

Amerindians

earliest inhabitants of North and South America. Original theories suggested migration from Siberia across the Bering Land Bridge; more recent evidence suggests migration also occurred by sea from regions of the South Pacific to South America.

Wari and Chimor

expand from their former home in the Andes foothills and established communities along the coast in the vicinity of modern Lima, Peru. Moche's sacred buildings and appropriated their religious symbolism.succumbed to the challenge posed by unstable environmental conditions. Around 1100, a new power, Chimor, with its capital at Chan Chan , at the mouth of the Moche River, emerged in the area.30,000 residents. the people of Chimor relied on irrigation to funnel the water from the river into their fields. Chimor, a victim of floods and a series of earthquakes that destroyed the intricate irrigation system that had been the basis of its survival. transported included jewelry, beads, and metal goods. technological exchanges were an important by-product of the relationship.Transportation by land, however, was more difficult (terrain in the mountains was a serious obstacle.

Teothihuacán

first major metropolis in Mesoamerica, arose around the third century B.C.E. and flourished for nearly a millennium until it collapsed under mysterious circumstances about 800 C.E., Along the main thorough-fare were temples and palaces, all dominated by the massive Pyramid of the Sun, traded cacao, rubber, feathers, and various types of vegetables and meat. during the eighth century C.E., for unknown reasons, the wealth and power of the city began to decline. fought over limited farmland.

The decline of the Maya can be attributed to all of the following possibilities except

gunpowder weapons.

Mayan hieroglyphs were

ideographic and phonetic, becoming more phonetic over time. remained undeciphered until scholars recognized that symbols appearing in many passages represented dates in the Mayan calendar. measures time back to a particular date in August 3114 B.C.E., required a sophisticated understanding of astronomical events and mathematics to compile. scribes, who wrote on deerskin or strips of tree bark.

calpullis

in Aztec society, a kinship group, often of a thousand or more, which served as an intermediary with the central government, providing taxes and conscript labor to the state.

chinampas

in Mesoamerica, artificial islands crisscrossed by canals that provided water for crops and easy transportation to local markets.

All of the following are correct about the Moche civilization except

it was unusual among American civilizations because it was not fascinated by the heavens.

Louis Leakey

one of the pioneers in the search for the origins of humankind in Africa, suggested that the first hominids may have arrived in America as long as 100,000 years ago.

El Niño

periodic changes in water temperature at the surface of the Pacific Ocean, which can lead to major environmental changes and may have led to the collapse of the Moche civilization in what is now Peru.

In order to postpone the final day of reckoning, Aztecs

practiced human sacrifice.

What types of ecological areas were most associated with Olmec, Mayan, and Aztec culture?

primarily by cultivating crops, such as corn and beans, but also engaged in fishing and hunting. rubber was one of the products most desired

The Ancient Pueblo Peoples

pueblos a three-story adobe communal house with a timbered roof. Pueblos were constructed by the Ancient Pueblo people in what is now the southwestern United States starting around the ninth century C.E., Community religious functions were carried out in two large circular chambers called kivas.

pyramid

symbolized the link between the world of human beings and the realm of deities and was often used to house the tomb of a deceased ruler.

Mesoamerica's first inhabitants arrived by way of

the Bering Straight while in pursuit of food.

Inka Culture

the Inka state was built on war. 200,000 the largest and best armed in the region, had no wheeled vehicles, supplies were carried on the backs of llamas. Quechua language, which became the lingua franca of the state, no writing system but kept records using a system of knotted strings called quipu, to record all data of a numerical nature. What could not be recorded in such a manner was committed to memory and then recited when needed. As in the case of the Aztecs and the Maya, the lack of a fully developed writing system did not prevent the Inka from realizing a high level of cultural achievement. court theater, including both tragic and comic works. massive stone structures at Cuzco

polygyny

the practice of having more than one wife at a time.

Mesoamerica

the region stretching roughly from modern central Mexico to Honduras, in which the Olmec, Mayan, Aztec and other civilizations developed. home to some of the first civilizations in the Western Hemisphere

Amazonia

the soil lacked adequate nutrients to support a large population. in some areas where decaying organic matter produces a rich soil suitable for farming—such as the region near the modern river port of Santarem—large agricultural societies may once have existed. More information about this previously unknown society must await further archaeological evidence.

Tahuantinsuyu

the world of the four quarters, ruled by a governor related to the royal family.

In North America, the change from hunter gathers to farmers occurred only in the

third millennium B.C.E

cavern of the painted rock

wall painting suggest that Stone Age peoples were living in the area at least 11,000 years ago.

Aztec

was authoritarian, bureaucracy, multitude of gods, Power was vested in the monarch, whose authority had both a divine and a secular character. more than a hundred deities in the Aztec pantheon, folk legend held that their original homeland was an island in a lake called Aztlán. population consisted of commoners, indentured workers, and slaves. , Aztecs left their original habitat and, carrying an image of their patron deity, Huitzilopochtli , began a lengthy migration that climaxed with their arrival in the Valley of Mexico sometime late in the century. Less sophisticated, forced to seek alliances with stronger city-states. excellent warriors, used their prowess to become the leading city-state in the lake region. Establishing their capital at Tenochtitlán, To provide a unifying focus for the kingdom, the Aztecs promoted their patron god, Huitzilopochtli, as the guiding deity of the entire population, which now numbered several million. most important government officials in the provinces were the tax collectors, who collected the tribute. Male children were trained for war and were expected to serve in the army on reaching adulthood. Women were expected to work in the home, weave textiles, and raise children, although like their brothers they were permitted to enter the priesthood.

Aztec cosmology

was based on a belief in the existence of two worlds, the material and the divine. In an effort to postpone the day of reckoning, the Aztecs practiced human sacrifice. sun god, Huitzilopochtli, Victims were prepared for the ceremony through elaborate rituals and then brought to the holy shrine, where their hearts were ripped out of their chests and presented to the gods as a holy offering. writing based on hieroglyphs that represented an object or a concept. no phonetic significance, scribes carefully painted the notes on paper made from the inner bark of fig trees. Unfortunately, many of these notes were destroyed by the Spaniards as part of their effort to eradicate all aspects of Aztec religion and culture.

Ancient Mayan Rituals

where Guatemala is now,emerge along the Pacific coast, to offer blood was to give thanks for creation, torture, human sacrifice, decapitation was most common,violence destroyed the Maya-like the civil war today,older and just as sophisticated as the Teothihuacan. Cacao trees derives from the Mayan word kakaw were the source of chocolate, which was drunk as a beverage by the upper classes, while cocoa beans, the fruit of the cacao tree, were used as currency in markets throughout the region. By the end of the third century C.E., Mayan civilization had begun to enter its classical phase. nobles became priests or scribes at the royal court or adopted honored professions as sculptors or painters, rivalry among Mayan city-states was endemic and often involved bloody clashes. Religion polytheistic, gods shared many of the characteristics of deities of nearby cultures, Itzámna-the creator of all things, he was credited with bringing maize, cacao, medicine, and writing to the Mayan people.