world cultures chapt. 16

Who benefited most from the Communist revolution in China? Who suffered most?

*?? The communist party members because they held all the important jobs and controlled the government and the economy. The government controlled every aspect of citizen's lives through a single party dictatorship *????

What did Mao Zedong believe? Who influenced him?

*He believed that to appeal to China's poor. He wanted to end years of oppression by landlords and government officials. -he wanted China to industrialize so that it could take its place as a leading world power. -wanted to end China's humiliation at the hands of the imperial powers -he put his faith in China's poor, landless peasants to carry out the revolution against ruling class. -wanted to end foreign influence -wanted China to become self-sufficient *Mao Zedong was influenced by Karl Marx (a German philosopher who believed that the industrial working class, would rise up against the ruling class.

What were the programs of Xiaoping? What did he want to accomplish with these programs?

*He stressed economic reform instead of class struggle through 4 modernizations: -modernizing agriculture -expanding industry -developing science and technology -upgrading China's defense forces *He wanted to achieve wealth and power for China (pg. 357-358)

What is the current status of Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Vietnam in relation to China

*Hong Kong: in 1997 China regained control of Hong Kong from Britain.China promised not to change their economy for at least 50 years. *Taiwan: fears invasion from China. Taiwan is one of largest trading nations and wants to seek independence from China but China will not allow this and threatens to invade if they try *Vietnam: relations have improved in recent years. The two countries settled the border issue. However, they have remained at odds over fishing rights.

How did Deng Xiaoping try to modernize China?

*Introduced the program of Four Modernizations: -modernizing agriculture, expanding industry, developing science and technology, and upgrading China's defense forces. -introduced the responsibility system (each farm family was responsible for making its own living) -extended the responsibility system to industry where managers were responsible for company profits. -he also opened the door to foreign trade and investment

how did communists gain power? Who did they appeal to?

*The communist were led by Mao Zedong. His peasant army was very disciplined and succeeded over the Nationalists army that had low morale and corruption in the Nationalists party undermined their cause. In 1949, Communists swept into Beijing *The Communist appealed to China's poor who promised to end many years of oppression by landlords and government officials. They also won the support of many educated and middle-class Chinese.

What was China's relationship with Vietnam, Japan, and Taiwan like?

*Vietnam: was often strained. China conquered Vietnam and then China supplied North Vietnam with weapons during the Vietnam war which caused conflict *Japan: Japan invaded and occupied China during the 1930's and left bitter feelings. *Taiwan: Since 1949, Taiwan has feared invasion by China. Tensions have eased but China still claims Taiwan as part of its territory

What are the various art forms in China? Which one was in high demand?

*Visual arts (porcelain,painting) *Literature (poetry, novels) *performing arts *Chinese porcelains were in great demand as articles of trade

responsibility system

*each farm family was responsible for making its own living. (each family raised crops and had to sell a portion of the harvest to the government at a set price. The rest could be sold for profit-on the open market. *a new program to raise food production and increase government power. *was a practice in the People's Republic of China, first adopted in agriculture in 1981 and later extended to other sectors of the economy, by which local managers are held responsible for the profits and losses of the enterprise.

What was the purpose of the Great Leap Forward? How did Mao try to accomplish this?

*for China to achieve modernization *he divided China into communes:(several villages, thousands of acres of land,and thousands of people) -the commune controlled the land and peasant's lives. It assigned jobs to each worker and the commune provided food, clothing, care for the workers. -Mao expected to increase food output through large-scale farming.

How did Mao gain support of the peasantry? What did he promise?

*he insisted that Communist forces treat the peasants fairly and politely. They paid peasants for the food their forces required to help Mao's army grow. *he promised to end many years of oppression by landlords and government officials

How did Mao change China

-he ended foreign influence and insisted that China become self-sufficient. -he denounced imperialism and called for China to industrialize so that it could take its place as a leading world power ???

Why was there a protest in Tiananmen Square?

In April 1989, spurred by the death of deposed Communist Party General Secretary Hu Yaobang, mass gatherings and protests took place in and around Tiananmen Square.[3] The largely student-run demonstrations aimed for continued economic reform and liberalization,[4] and eventually evolved into a mass movement for political reform and freedom of the press. The students were demanding political freedom.

Why was the relationship between the USSR and China strained?

In the 1950's, China and the Soviet Union became rivals for power in Asia

How successful was the Great Leap Forward? Compare that with Xiaoping's Four Modernizations?

It was not successful. Peasants resisted the commune system, sometimes even destroying crops. -food production fell because the government assigned to millions of farm workers to projects such as building schools, etc. Since everyone was guaranteed a living, many workers did not work very hard. *Under the Great Leap Forward, communes set up factories, however, products from these factories where often poor quality because quantity of quality was stressed. *under the Four Modernizations: Deng used the responsibility system in industry (making managers responsible for decisions and profits) China's economy boomed and industrial output rose. China became one of the world's fastest developing countries.

commune

community in which all the property is held in common, living quarters are shared, and physical needs are provided in exchange for work at assigned jobs

collective farms

farm operated and managed under government direction

capitalism

free market economic system in which the means of production are owned and operated by individuals for profit

What was Mao's philosophy

he called for loyalty and service to China. -wanted to build a classless society in which everyone was equal. -he promised a better life for the poor. He appealed to the peasants to help him build an army to conquer others. - Maoist organizations mainly draw upon Mao's ideology of the People's War, mobilizing large parts of rural populations to revolt against established institutions

proleteriat

industrial working class

propaganda

spread of ideas to promote a cause or damage an opposing cause

totalitarian system

the government controls every aspect of citizens lives through a single-party dictatorship