World History chapter 13

Which statement best describes how changes in agriculture supported the early Industrial Revolution?

The enclosure movement created a large class of unemployed agricultural workers.

What is the main reason the cottage system gave way to the factory system in the British textile industry?

The factory system allowed more cloth to be produced at a lower cost

realism

The movement or style of representing familiar things as they actually are.

Neoclassicism

The revival of a classic style or treatment in art, literature, architecture, or music.

The following quotation reflects the main ideas of which economic thinker? "The constant effort towards population, which is found to act even in the most vicious societies, increases the number of people before the means of subsistence are increased."

Thomas Malthus

what factors contributed to the growth of the populations during the industrial revolution

improvements in health allowing more children to live to adulthood and increasing birth rates.

Louis Pasteur

in 1870, French chemist who clearly showed the link between microbes and disease. He went on to make other major contributions to medicine, including the development of vaccines against rabies and anthrax. He also discovered a process to pasteurize milk.

John D. Rockefeller

in the United States, he dominated the petroleum industry by gaining control of oil wells, oil refineries, and oil pipelines.

The practice of enclosure helped increase farm outputs by

increasing the land available for agriculture.

internal combustible engine

invented by Nikolaus Otto.

Abraham Darby

n 1709, he used coal instead of charcoal to smelt iron, or separate iron from its ore. his experiments led him to produce less expensive, better quality, iron.

"Yes; the machine turns off a regular quantity of cardings, and of course, they must keep as regularly to their work the whole of the day; they must keep with the machine, and therefore however humane the slubber [the boss] may be, as he must keep up with the machine or be found fault with, he spurs the children to keep up also by various means but that which he commonly resorts to is to strap them when they become drowsy." —excerpt from Sadler report This is an excerpt from an 1832 report, which resulted in

new regulations to ease working conditions for children.

What did Karl Marx predict would be the final result of centuries of class struggle and economic competition?

Private ownership of farms and factories would be abolished.

James Watt

Scottish engineer, improved the engine and made it more efficient. His engine became a vital power source of the Industrial Revolution.

"I cannot paint an angel, because I have never seen one." — Gustave Courbet This quotation reflects the values of an artistic movement that rejected

the romantic emphasis on imagination.

The transportation system shown in this image declined in importance after

the steam locomotive was invented.

Impressionism

19th century art movement developed by French artists who sought to record daily life the effects of light and color.

dynamo

A machine that generates electricity. created by Michael faraday

"What is a microorganism [a microbe] that is innocuous [not harmful] to man or to a given animal species? It is a living being which does not possess the capacity to multiply in our body or in the body of the animal. But nothing proves that if the same microorganism should chance to come into contact with some other of the thousands of animal species in the Creation, it might invade it and render it sick. Its virulence might increase by repeated passages through that species, and might eventually affect man or domesticated animals." —Louis Pasteur Which of the following statements is a reasonable inference to draw from this quote by Louis Pasteur?

A microbe can change over time and become harmful.

Romanticism

A movement in the arts and literature that originated in the late 18th century, emphasizing inspiration, subjectivity, and the primacy of the individual.

socialism

A political and economic theory of social organization which advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.

Why was the industrialization of Belgium significant?

Belgium was the first country to apply steam power to transportation.

Henry Bessemer

British engineer who developed a new process for making steel from iron but he patented his process first (1856).

David Ricardo

British laissez-faire economist, dedicated himself to economic studies after reading Smith's the wealth of nations. He claimed that the poor had too many children and had little chance to escape poverty. He noted that when wages were high, families had more children. But more children increased the supply of labor, which led to lower wages and higher unemployment. He opposed any government help for the poor. In his view, the best cure for poverty was not government relief, but the unrestricted laws of the free market.

lightbulb

Created by Thomas Edison

Gustav Courbet

French realist, depicted the rougher side of his life in his painting The Stone Breakers.

"Shortly before mid-day I placed the single earphone to my ear and started listening. . . . I heard, faintly but distinctly, pip-pip-pip. . . . I now felt for the first time absolutely certain that the day would come when mankind would be able to send messages without wires not only across the Atlantic, but between the farthermost ends of the earth." The most likely speaker of the above quotation was

Guglielmo Marconi.

Andrew Carnegie

He began as a poor immigrant from Scotland, worked his way up to build an American steel empire. He later used his wealth to fund libraries, universities, and other charities.

what replaced the cottage industry?

the new machines doomed the cottage industry.

Alred Nobel

In 1866, Swedish chemist invented dynamite, an explosive much safer than others used at the time.

Utilitarianism

Is a theory of morality, which advocates actions that foster happiness or pleasure and oppose his actions that caused unhappiness or harm.

"Passion and prejudice govern the world; only under the name of reason. It is our part, by religion and reason joined, to counteract them all we can." —John Wesley What conclusion about the Methodist movement is best supported by the above quotation?

It encouraged its followers to adopt sober and moral ways

How did the enclosure movement contribute to the Industrial Revolution?

It increased the urban workforce.

"In place of the bourgeois society, with its classes and class antagonisms, we shall have an association, in which the free development of each is the condition for the free development of all." Who was the most likely author of the above quotation?

Karl Max

cottage industry

Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found before the Industrial Revolution.

In practice, which economic system led to the highest degree of government control over economic decisions?

Marxism

"As many more individuals ... are born than can possibly survive; and as, consequently, there is a frequently recurring struggle for existence, it follows that any being, if it vary however slightly in any manner profitable to itself, under the complex and sometimes varying conditions of life, will have a better chance of surviving, and thus be naturally selected." This quote is an excerpt from which of the following written works?

On the Origin of Species

Laissez-faire

Policy of minimum governmental interference in the economic affairs of individuals and society.

Which of the following statements would you be most likely to find supported in the book shown here?

Prices should be regulated by the laws of supply and demand.

steam engine

Thomas Newcomen developed it but later James Watt improved his invention.

The Communist Manifesto

Written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. it formed the basis for the modern communist movement, arguing that capitalism would inevitably self-destruct.

Karl Marx

a German philosopher condemned the ideas of the Utopians as unrealistic idealism. He formulated a new theory, "scientific socialism", in which he claimed was based on a scientific study of history. He teamed up with another German socialist, Friedrich Engels, whose father owned a textile factory in England. together, they wrote a pamphlet, the Communist Manifesto in 1848. According to him, communism would bring about a classless society in which the means of production would be owned in common for the good of all. Wherever communism came to be practiced, it brought a system of government in which the state led by a small elite controlled all economic and political life and exercised authoritarian control over the people. He theorized that economy was the driving force in history. He argued that there was "the history of class struggles" between the "haves" and the "have-nots". The haves had always owned the means of production and this controlled society and all its wealth. He despised capitalism. He believed it created prosperity for only a few and poverty for many.

Social Gospel Movement

a movement that urged Christians to social service by helping those in need

radio

allowed wirelesses communication over long distances. created by Guglielmo Marconi.

Adam Smith

author of the bestseller the wealth of nations. Smith asserted that a free market economy, or unregulated exchange of goods and services, would come to help everyone, not just the rich. He said the free market would produce more goods at lower prices making it affordable to everyone. He urged families to have fewer children and discouraged charitable handouts and vaccinations.

Florence Nightingale

believed that the first requirement of a hospital was to do no harm. As an army nurse during the Crimean War, she insisted on better hygiene in field hospitals. After the war, she worked to introduce sanitary measures in British hospitals. She founded the world's first school of nursing.

The Wealth of Nations

book written by Adam Smith where he argued that by giving everyone freedom to produce and exchange goods as they pleased and opening the markets up to domestic and foreign competition, people's natural self-interest would promote greater prosperity than with

telegraph

created by Samuel B Morse which could send coded messages over wires by means of electricity.

Vincent Van Gogh

experimented with sharp brush lines and bright colors. His unique brushwork lent a dreamlike quality to everyday subjects. Poor, he sold a few paintings in hist short, unhappy life. today, his masterpieces sell for millions of dollars.

John Wesley

founded the Methodist movement in the mid-1700s. He stressed the need for a personal sense of faith. He encouraged his followers to improve themselves by adopting sober, moral ways.

Which movement which arose during the Industrial Age is reflected in this excerpt from a poem? He prayeth well, who loveth well Both man and bird and beast. He prayeth best, who loveth best All things both great and small; For the dear God who loveth us, He made and loveth all. —Samuel Taylor Coleridge, "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner"

romanticism

atomic theory

showed that each element has its own kind of atoms and showed how different kinds of atoms combine to make all chemical substances. discovered by John Dalton

Michael Faraday

the English chemist created the first electric motor and the first dynamo, a machine that generates electricity.

Which social development is reflected in the following 1837 quote by Catharine Beecher? "Woman is to win every thing by peace and love; by making herself so much respected, esteemed and loved, that to yield to her opinions and to gratify her wishes, will be the free-will offering of the heart. But this is to be all accomplished in the domestic and social circle. There let every woman become so cultivated and refined in intellect . . . so unassuming and unambitious . . . so "gentle and easy to be entreated," as that every heart will repose in her presence; then, the fathers, the husbands, and the sons, will find an influence thrown around them, to which they will yield not only willingly but proudly. . . . But the moment woman begins to feel the promptings of ambition, or the thirst for power, her aegis of defence is gone. All the sacred protection of religion, all the generous promptings of chivalry, all the poetry of romantic gallantry, depend upon woman's retaining her place as dependent and defenceless, and making no claims, and maintaining no right but what are the gifts of honour, rectitude and love."

the growth of a middle-class cult of domesticity

The invention shown here was most directly responsible for a revolution in

transportation

Thomas Malthus

was a laissez-faire thinker whose writings influenced ideas for generations. In his 1798 book an essay on the principle of population, he grimly predicted that poverty was unavoidable because the population was increasing faster than the food supply. He thought that the only checks on populations growth were nature's natural methods of war, disease, and famine. He opposed any government help for the poor. In his view, the best cure for poverty was not government government relief, but the unrestricted laws of the free market. He felt that individuals should be left to improve their lot through thrift, hard work.

Robert Owen

was an industrial success story. He grew up a poor welsh boy and became a successful mill owner. Unlike most industrialists, he refused to use child labor. He championed laws that limited child labor and encouraged the organization of labor unions. He was a utopian socialist hoping to change society for the better. He believed he could change society for the better. He set up a model community around a mill in New Lanark, Scotland, to put his own ideas into practice. At his factory, he built homes for workers, opened a school for children, and generally treated employees well. He wanted to show an employer could offer decent living and working conditions and still run a profitable business.

On the Origin of the Species

written by Charles Darwin. It argues that the numerous traits and adaptions that differentiates species from each other explain how species evolved over time and gradually diverged.

An Essay on the Principle of Population

written by Thomas Malthus. his principle of population is basically the law of supply and demand applied to relationships between food production and population growth.