World History Final Exam Review

Explain the characteristics of the Italian Renaissance. (also, why did it start in Italy?)

A new age called the Renaissance, meaning rebirth, marked a great change in culture, politics, society, and economics. In Italy, and began in the 1300s and reached it's peak around 1500. Instead of focusing on religion, as in the Middle Ages, the Renaissance explore the human experience. At the same time, there was a new emphasis on individual achievement. Renaissance humanist study the classical culture of Greek and Roman to try to comprehend their own times. They wanted to broaden their understanding. Italy was the birthplace of the renaissance for many reasons. It had been the center of the Roman empire; remains of the ancient culture were all around. Rome is also the seat of the Roman Catholic Church, and import important of the arts.

Know how Mohammed successors expand their rule and spread Islam.

After capturing Damascus and 750, with strong support from Shiites, and non-Arabs, Abu al-Abbas found the Abbasid dynasty. The Abbasids ended conquest and supported education and learning. They enjoyed a golden age, with more efficient government and a beautiful new capital, Baghdad, in the former Persian Empire.

Explain the characteristics of the Northern Renaissance.

An astounding invention, the printing press, help to spread Renaissance ideas. In about 1455, Johann Gutenberg printed the first complete edition of the Bible using the new printing press. The Northern Renaissance began in the prosperous cities of Flanders, it's thriving center of trade. Flemish painters pursued realism in their art. One of the most important Flemish painters was Jan Van Eyck. The Dutch priest in human is Desiderius Erasmus call for a translation of the Bible into the vernacular so that it could be read by a wider audience to English humanist sir Thomas Moore called for social reform in the form of a utopian, or idea, society in which people live together in peace and harmony.

Explain the scientific advancements made during the Renaissance.

At the heart of this movement was the idea the mathematical laws govern nature and the universe. Galileo realize that these moons move the same way that Copernicus had said that the earth moves around the sun. Other scholars attacked him because his observations contradicted interviews about the world. Isaac Newton use mathematics to show that a single force keeps the planet in their orbits around the sun. He called his force gravity. To help explain his laws, Newton developed the branch of mathematics called calculus.

Know how geography and ethnic diversity contributed to turmoil in Eastern Europe in the 12th and 13th century.

At times many groups tried to dominate the region. Without a strong central government, Poland-Luthuania declined and eventually disappeared from the map. The Mongols overran Hungary in 1241, killing half its peoples.

Moctezuma

Aztec ruler who failed at keeping Cortes out Tenochtitlan.

Know how conflicts between monarchs and popes affected the balance of power in Europe.

During the Middle Ages, popes and the church spread their influence across Europe. European rulers grew more powerful too. However, this increase in power often resulted in conflict. Rulers of the Holy Roman Empire, which extended from Germany to Italy, often confronted the pope over the appointment of church officials.

Know how culture and art flourished during the High Middle Ages.

Europe in the High Middle Ages experienced a blossoming of education, literature , and arts. This was influenced by increased prosperity, contact with others cultures, and the rediscovery of ancient learning. Education gained importance. In the 110o's , the new translations initiated a revolution in learning. A change brought a flowering of literary works. Architecture and the arts also flourished. Fortress-like Romanesque churches gave way to the Gothic style (flying buttresses).

illumination

Gothic style being applied to the decoration of books.

Fredrick Barbarossa

Holy Roman emperor who fought but failed to capture wealthy northern Italian cities.

Golden Bull of 1222

Hungarianking was forced to sign, strictly limited power.

Explain the teachings of Islam; compare and contrast Judaism and Catholicism.

In Medina, thousands adopted Islam and formed strong, peaceful communities. All Muslims study the Quran to learn about God's will and living a good life. Muslims believe that priests are not necessary to mediate between people and God. Muslims gather in their mosque to pray. They follow the 5 pillars of Islam (declaring faith, praying 5 times daily, giving charity to the poor, fasting during their holy month, and making the hajj). Because Jews and Christians worship the same God and study what are considered God's earlier revelations, Muslims call them the people of the book.

Understand the causes and effects of the Black Death and the Hundred Years' War.

In the mid-1300's a deadly disease called the bubonic plague, or the Black Death, reached Europe. It was spread by fleas carried by rats. Eventually, the epidemic, killed 1/3 of all European. People were terrified and normal life broke down. People fled cities or hid in their homes. Without workers, production declined. Survivors demanded higher wages, leading to inflation (rising prices). The plague not only spread death but also social unrest, as bitter, angry peasants revolted. Between 1337 and 1453 England and France fought a series of conflicts known as the Hundred Years' War. Both sides wanted control of lands in France that had once been England's, the English Channel, and regional trade. England won early victories with new technology, the longbow. As Europe recovered from the plague, it's population grew, manufacturing expanded, and trade increased. This set the stage for the Renaissance, and Age of Exploration.

Florence

Italy's capital city.

Ivan the Terrible

Ivan the Great's grandson who became unstable and violent with power.

theocracy

John Calvin's teachings.

Explain the rise and fall of India's Muslim empires.

Muslim rulers reorganize Indian government and increased trade. During the Mongol raids of the 1200s, scholars fled from Baghdad to India, bringing Persian and Greek learning with them. These new comers helped turn Delhi into a place where art and architecture flourished. However, in 1389, Mongols a tad Delhi, destroyed much of its culture.

No the social classes that developed in the Americas.

Penisulares : people born in Spain filled the highest positions. Metizos : people of Native American and European descent. Mullattoes : people of African and European descent. At the bottom Native Americans and African slaves.

Leonardo da Vinci

Renaissance artist.

Know how Spain and Portugal govern their colonies in the Americas.

Spanish settlers and missionaries followed Congers into the Americas. They will colonies and created a culture that blend of European, Native American, and African traditions. By the mid--1500s, Spain's empire reached the modern Californias to South America. However, society in the colonies was strictly structured. Peninsulares or people born in Spain, filled the highest positions. Next were Creoles, or American-born descendants of Spanish settlers. Lower groups included mestizos, people of Native American and European descent, and mullattoes , people of African and European descent. At the bottom where Native Americans and African slaves. As in Spanish colonies, Native Americans in Brazil were nearly wiped out from the disease. Brazil's rulers also used African slaves and for his native American labor. A new culture emerged, blending European, Native American, and African traditions. In the 1500s, wealth from the Americas made Spain and Portugal Europe's most wealthy and powerful countries. Pirates often attacked treasure ships from the colonies. Some pirates, called privateers, even did so with support of the nations monarchs.

Explain the rise and fall of the Byzantine Empire.

The Byzantine Empire reached its peak under Justinian. Byzantine armies reconquered North Africa and parts of Southern Europe. However, these victories were only temporary, as Justinian's successors later lost these lands. One of his most important achievements was rebuilding the church of Hagia Sophia. In the 1900's the Byzantine emperor asked the pope for help in fighting the Muslim Seljuks. This started the first Crusade. In 1204, knights on the Fourth Crusade attacked Constantinople . The Byzantines lost control of much their wealth and trade.

Understand the causes and effects of the crusades.

The Crusades were a series of wars in which Christians fought Muslims for control of Middle Eastern lands. The Crusades were destructive, but ultimately opened a wider world to Europeans and increased the pace of change. The Byzantine emperor asked Pope Urban II for help and Urban launched the Crusades to free the Holy Land.Only the first Crusade was a success for Christians, who captures Jerusalem in 1009. Crusades encouraged the growth of a money economy. Monarchs gained the right to collect taxes to support the Crusades.

Explain the rise and fall of the Ottoman and Safavid empires.

The Ottomans were Turkish-speaking nomads who had expanded into Asia minor and the Belkin peninsula by the 1300s. They were successful in temperature in Constantinople in 1453. Sulieman expanded the empire into Asia, Africa, and Europe. He based the justices them on the sharia, as well as well edicts. After Abbas' death, the empire suffered from religious disputes until it's ended in 1722.

Explain how Russia grew in power during the 14th and 15th centuries.

The Vikings traveled along Russia's rivers trading with Slavs and with Constantinople. Between 1236 and 1241, Mongols advanced into Russia. The princess of Moscow gained power under the Mongols, and Moscow became Russia's spiritual and political center. In 1380 these princes led other Russian's in defeating the Golden Horde at the battle of Kulikovo. A driving force behind Moscow's success was Ivan the III, or Ivan the Great.

Know the short-term and long-term consequences of European colonization in the Americas.

The trade of slaves became known as triangular trade, a series of Atlantic Sea routes joining Europe, Africa, and the Americas. On the first leg of the triangle, merchant ships brought European goods, such as guns and cloths, to Africa, where they were traded for slaves. On the second leg, known as the middle passage, slaves brought to the Americas, where they were traded for sugar, molasses, and cotton from European plantations. On the final leg, these products were treated for other colonial goods, such as furs and selfish, then ship to Europe, where they traded for European goods. Those who lives were restrained and holding pens in African port cities until European ships arrived.

Understand the positive and negative effects of the Columbian exchange.

When Columbus return to Europe in 1493, he brought back American plants and animals. Later, he carried European plants, animals, and settlers back to the Americas. This began a vast global into change name for Columbus, the Columbian exchange. Sharon different. And livestock help people around the world. The dispersal of new crops from the Americas also contributed to worldwide population growth by the 1700s. Additionally, the Columbian exchange started the migration to the Americas, the forcible transfer of millions of slaves, and brought that to millions of Native Americans from European diseases. In the 1500s, the pace of inflation increase in Europe, influence by silver and gold flowing in from the Americas. Inflation is rising prices going to start increases in the money supply. European entrepreneurs hired workers, pay production costs, join investors in overseas ventures, and ultimately help convert local economies into international trading economy.

Know how changing economic and social conditions, wars, and the growing power of monarchs began to shape nation-states in France and England.

William the Conqueror took over England. By 1086 he had completed a census and property survey called the Domesday Book. It helped establish an effective taxation system and treasury. Henry's son, King John, abused power and was forced to sign the Magna Carta, or Great Charter. It required the king to obey the laws. It also establishes 2 important principles : due to process of law (protection from arrest without proper legal procedures), and habeas corpus (protection from imprisonment without being charged with a crime). He gained control of English lands in Normandy and expanded territories in southern France, adding vast areas to his domain, and becoming Europe's most powerful ruler.

Jaques Cartier

a French explorer of Breton origin who claimed what is now Canada for France.

Sharia

a body of laws that interpret the Quran and applies religious principles to legal situations.

Ivan the Great

a driving force behind Moscow's success , Ivan the III.

sect

a group of people with somewhat different religious beliefs from those of a larger group to which they belong.

steppe

a large area of flat unforested grassland in southeastern Europe or Siberia.

Balkan peninsula

a region included where Eastern Europe lies, between Central Europe to the west and Russia to the east.

Crusades

a series of wars in which Christians fought Muslims for control of Middle Eastern lands to free the Holy Land.

Flanders

a thriving center of trade.

King John

abused his power and was forced to sign the Magna Carta, or great charter.

privateers

an armed ship owned and officered by private individuals holding a government commission and authorized for use in war, especially in the capture of enemy merchant shipping.

King Louis IX

came to power in 1226, persecuted heretics and Jews amd led crusades against Muslims, he also outlawed private wars, ended serfdom, and expanded royal courts.

conquistadors

conquerors.

vernacular

everyday language of ordinary people.

patriarch

highest Church official in Constantinople.

rajahs

local Hindu rulers.

mercantilism

measured wealth by a nations' gold and silver.

epidemic

outbreak.

entrepreneurs

people who take financial risks for a profit.

Nicolaus Cooernicus

polish scholar.

Johann Gutenberg

printed the first complete edition of the Bible using the printing press.

Hernan Cortes

reached Mexico in 1519 and moved toward the Aztec capital.

Constantinople

rebuilt city of Byzantium renamed.

Reconquista

reconquest

viceroys

representatives who ruled in the Spanish monarchs name.

encomiendas

rights to demand work from Native Americans.

Suleiman

ruler in which the Ottoman empire enjoyed a golden age under.

Justinian

ruler that let Byzantine reach its peak.

Quran

sacred text of Islam.

minarets

slender towers.

caliph

successor to Muhammad.

Kiev

the city at the center of trade between the Vikings, Slavs, and Constantinople.

predestination

the idea that God has made your life plan.

scholasticism

to resolve conflicts using reason instead of faith.

Isaac Newton

used mathematics to show that a single force keeps the planets in their orbits around the sun.

Golden Horde

when Mongols advanced into Russia.

Middle passage

where slaves were brought to the americas.

lay investiture

where the emperor rather than the pope named and installed bishops.

Niccolo Machiavelli

wrote a guide for rulers.