World History Midterm Exam

Chinese technology

paper, plow, collar harness, wheel barrow, water mill to grind wheat. The creation of paper allowed for books to be made cheaply, it was much better than the previous method of using silk.

Ivan III (the Great)

the Grand Duke of Moscow, ended Mongol domination of his dukedom, extended territories, subdued nobles, and attained absolute power; made Moscow the center of a new Russian state with a central government

Mongol women

had high degree of influence, rough social equality with men, sometimes rode and fought alongside their men, mental fidelity rules enforced equality for male and female

Yuan Dynasty

(1279-1368 CE) The dynasty with Mongol rule in China; centralized with bureaucracy but structure is different: Mongols on top->Persian bureaucrats->Chinese bureuacrats.

Zheng He

(1371-1433?) Chinese naval explorer who sailed along most of the coast of Asia, Japan, and half way down the east coast of Africa before his death. The Seven Voyages

Zimbabwe

the involvement of this state in trade, especially gold, which helped make it rich and powerful. Europeans long assumed that the impressive architecture left by the people of the Great Zimbabwe was the work of Arabs or of earlier trades, perhaps even Phoenicians. This was due to the prejudices of Europeans, who believed Africans would not have been able to build such remarkable structures.

Genghis Khan

A Mongolian general and emperor of the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries, known for his military leadership and great cruelty. He conquered vast portions of northern China and southwestern Asia.

Humanism

A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements

Indian Ocean Trade

connected to Europe, Africa, and China.; worlds richest maritime trading network and an area of rapid Muslim expansion.

Secularism

evident in the work of Baldassare Castiglione. Castiglione was a nobleman and a diplomat, so he often found himself in the courts of the great rulers of Italy and Europe.

Safi al-Din

founder of the Safavid Empire- which were originally members of an Islamic religious brotherhood which was named after their founder

Closing of Japan

-Invasion of British fleets (Phaeton Worship) barging into Nagasaki -Shougunate gave orders to keep out any foreign invaders (except dutch) without hesitation -Closed Japan to the West -1824, Whaling ships raided villages in Edo, and South Kyushu -Worried because of the Introduction of Christianity

Collapse of Mali and Songhai empires

-both great trading kingdoms famous for gold -Mali- after death of Mansa Musa- smaller states it had collected break off -Songhai- internal political struggle, invaders (Morroccan army)

Ottoman Government

1. Led by sultan 2. Centralized administrative system 3. Imperial court met to control bureaucracy 4. Grand Vizier in charge of bureaucracy 5. Divided into provinces and districts governed by pashas developed a kind of separation of powers with most higher executive functions carried out by the military authorities and judicial and basic administration carried out by civil authorities.

Erasmus

A dutch man of great intellect who rose from meager beginnings to become one of Europe's greatest thinkers, he defined the humanist movement in Northern Europe. His translation to Greek of the New Testament brought on a theological revolution, and his views on the Reformation tempered its more radical elements.

Constantinople

A large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine empire and later the Ottoman empire, now known as Istanbul

Mediterranean

A large sea between two continents, southern Europe and northern Africa

Ming Dynasty

A major dynasty that ruled China from the mid-fourteenth to the mid-seventeenth century. It was marked by a great expansion of Chinese commerce into East Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia

tribute system

A system in which defeated peoples were forced to pay a tax in the form of goods and labor. This forced transfer of food, cloth, and other goods subsidized the development of large cities. An important component of the Aztec and Inca economies.

Secularism

An indifference to religion and a belief that religion should be excluded from civic affairs and public education.

Huitzilopochtli

Aztec tribal patron god; central figure of cult of human sacrifice and warfare; identified with old sun god

Reconquista

Beginning in the eleventh century, military campaigns by various Iberian Christian states to recapture territory taken by Muslims. In 1492 the last Muslim ruler was defeated, and Spain and Portugal emerged as united kingdoms.

Kongo

Central African state that began trading with the Portuguese around 1500; although their kings, such as King Affonso I (r. 1506-1543), converted to Christianity, they nevertheless suffered from the slave trade. Slavery in either society was, however, far different than the racialized chattel slavery described in later units. Slavery was a status. It was not inherited.

roads

Classical Rome and China both had new foreign religions that spread widely in their empires due to the fact that both had built networks of these.

Ottoman Empire

Despite its official claim to be an Islamic state, the sultan ruled over sizeable Christian and Jewish populations. They were compelled to pay special sets of taxes. Otherwise, no real effort was made by the state to convert them or prevent them from practicing their religion. Such policies stood in sharp contrast to the religious intolerance that was the norm in Christian Europe. In the Ottoman Empire, Jews and Christians were protected under Islamic law as "people of the book." Religious tolerance, however, had its limits. Polytheists received no protections. Christians in the Balkans were also viewed with special disdain because, according to Ottoman jurists, they converted after the revelation of Islam and, as such, were less protected.

Indian Ocean vs. Silk Road

Dominated by Muslim traders Rely on Chinese luxury goods The IO never united under large stability encouraging empires and maintain comparative commercial neutrality up to 1450 Rise of Islam Never controlled by a single empire and was more open then the Silk Road

Japan

During the 19th century, industrialization spread significantly to new places in Europe, the United States, to Russia, and also to this East Asian country.

Swahili Coast

East African shores of the Indian Ocean between the Horn of Africa and the Zambezi River; from the Arabic sawahil, meaning 'shores.'

Mali

Empire created by indigenous Muslims in western Sudan of West Africa from the thirteenth to fifteenth century. It was famous for its role in the trans-Saharan gold trade.

Mali

Islam was central to the operation of this Empire, as it was in much of medieval West Africa. The state actively supported the religious life of its people - building mosques, financially supporting the clergy and religious schools, and regularly attending prayer. Religious leaders, for their part, played a central role in the political life of the empire.

Ottoman Empire

Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, the Ottoman Empire was based at Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) from 1453-1922. It encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe.

Sola Fide

Justification by faith alone

Humanism

Key Focuses- Eloquence, Classical Scholarship, Classical Language, Education and History.

Swahili Coast Trade

Muslim traders from Arabia and Egypt began to permanently settle in towns and trading centres along the Swahili coast, especially on the safer coastal islands. In the 12th century CE settlers came from Persia, known as Shirazi people. The indigenous Bantu and all these foreigners mixed, as did their languages, with intermarrying being common and a consequent blending of cultural practices which led to the evolution of an entirely unique culture.

Shiites

Muslims belonging to the branch of Islam believing that God vests leadership of the community in a descendant of Muhammad's son-in-law Ali. Shi'ism is the state religion of Iran.

Mansa Musa

Ruler of Mali (r. 1312-1337). His extravagant pilgrimage through Egypt to Mecca in 1324-1325 established the empire's reputation for wealth in the Mediterranean world.

Tokugawa Japan

Shoguns retained power through a hostage system, the spouses and children of important families were kept at the capital, society was organized into four social classes, time known as great peace.

Francis Xavier

Spanish Jesuit missionary; worked in India in 1540s among the outcaste and lower caste groups; made little headway among elites

Indian Ocean vs. Silk Road Similarities

Spread Buddhism and Islam with Chinese merchants Continental/ regional commerce Luxury goods Spread ideas Spread disease( small pox MerchantsTrade increased when empires thrived (more security) Port of globalization Enables people to concentrate their efforts on economic activities best suited to their religions Dynamic zones of interaction between people Intercontinental connections Diffusion of cultures

Lion Prince

Sundiata Keita, a great warrior king who seized Ghana in 1240

Mali

The kingdom in West Africa that followed the Kingdom of Ghana; its wealth is also based on trans-Saharan trade; this kingdom encouraged the spread of Islam.

Akbar

The most famous Muslim ruler of India during the period of Mughal rule. Famous for his religious tolerance, his investment in rich cultural feats, and the creation of a centralized governmental administration, which was not typical of ancient and post-classical India.

Secularism

The pleasures of life were bought by the wealthy as they sought to have comfortable lives and to enjoy the good things, including the arts and other pleasures. No longer was mortal life considered painful and a period of suffering.

Mongol Territory

The steppes of Central Asia, China, Turkish land, and the Caucasus area between the Caspian and Black Sea

Black Death/Bubonic Plague

This killed between one-third and two-thirds of the population in less than five years. The epidemic spanned from China to England to North Africa, transmitted along the Silk Road and other trade routes.

Hundred Years War

War between France and Britain, lasted 116 years, mostly a time of peace, but it was punctuated by times of brutal violence (1337 to 1453)

Zimbabwe

a country of southern Africa. Various Bantu peoples migrated into the area during the first millennium, displacing the earlier San inhabitants

Mughal Empire

an Islamic imperial power that ruled a large portion of Indian subcontinent which began in 1526, invaded and ruled most of Hindustan (South Asia) by the late 17th and early 18th centuries, and ended in the mid-19th century.

Renaissance Art

art which shows figures both religious or non-religious, more realistic, emphasis on nature, three dimensional with perspective, people are active and show great emotion

Mbanza Kongo

capital city of Kongo