Chapter 7: Social and Personality Development in Infancy

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infant interactions

- research shows that infants may develop multiple attachment relationships - variations in attachment show that developing relationships is an ongoing process throughout our lifetimes - every person has equal opportunity to develop attachment with baby

the development of self

- self awareness: knowledge of oneself, begins as early as 12 mo - at around 17-24 mo, children begin to show awareness of their own capabilities - childrens cultural upbringing also impacts the development of self recognition

stranger anxiety and separation anxiety

- stranger anxiety and separation anxiety represent important social progress

does temperament matter

- temperament and attachment to adult caregivers - certain temperaments may be more adaptive than others - influence on consequences of a particular temperament and cultural differences

stranger anxiety

- the caution and wariness displayed by infants when encountering and unfamiliar person - common after 6 mo

separation anxiety

- the distress displayed by infants when a customary care giver departs - 7-8 mo, peak at 14 mo

social referencing

- the intentional search for information about others feelings to help explain the meaning of uncertain circumstances and events; feeling what others feel - first occurs 8-9mo - parental attitudes may have lasting consequences - whats the implications

mom vs dad attachment

- the nature of attachment between infants and mothers on the one hand and infants and fathers on the other hand is not identical - one reason for qualitative differences in attachment involves the differences in what fathers and mothers do w/ their children - cultural influences too

attachment

- the positive emoitional bond that develops between a child and a particular individual - 6 mo - children feel pleasure and comfort from significant adults - with independence children roam progressively from their secure base

the characteristics that make infants unique

- the theory suggests that developmental change occurs throughout ppl lives in eight distinct stages - the first stages occur in infancy: a. trust vs mistrust b. autonomy vs shame and doubt - according to erikson, children from 18 mo to 3 yrs develop independence and autonomy if parents encourage exploration and freedom, within safe boundaries

smiling

- w/ age, infant social smiles become directed toward particular individuals - by the age of 18 mo, social smiling becomes more frequent than smiling directed toward non-human objects

autonomy vs shame and doubt

-about child sense of independence - occurs when child is able to act independently - shame and doubt results when parents are overprotective

family life in 21st century

increasing number of single parent families in last 3 decades - avg family size is shrinking - 57% of moms w/ infants work outside the home - 45% of children under 18, lived in low income households, up from 2006

mutual regulation model

infants and parents learn to communicate emotional states to one another and to respond appropriately

irritability

irritable infants - fuss a great deal - are easily upset and difficult to soothe when they cry - show relatively stable irritability throughout their early lives

family life and stress

many infants are being raised in environment in which substantial stressors are present - usually difficult to raise children - society is adapting to the new realities of family life - new institutions are evolving to help with child care

activity level

proportion of active time periods to inactive time periods

producing attachment

signals an infant send may inpart determine how successful the mother will be in responding - sensitivity to infants needs and desires is the hallmark of moms with securely attached kids - similar attachment patterns from on generation to the next (mom learns from their mom)

social smiling

smiling in response to other individuals

attention span and persistence

the amount of time a child devotes to an activity and the effect of distraction on that activity

quality of mood

the contrast of the amount of friendly, joyful and pleasant behavior with unpleasant, unfriendly behavior

distractibility

the degree to which stimuli in the environment alter behavior

intensity of reaction

the energy level or reaction of the childs response

threshold of responsiveness

the intensity of stimulation need to elect a response

goodness of fit

the notion that development is dependent on the degree of match between children temperament and the nature and demands of the environment in which they are being raised

regularity

the regularity of basic functions such as hunger, excretion, sleep, and wakefulness

approach withdrawal

the response to a new person or object, based on whether the child accepts the new situation or withdraws from it

personality

the sum of the enduring characteristics that differential one individual from another

moms sensitivity

- overly responsive and under-responseive moms may have insecurely attached kids - communicative interactional synchrony: caregivers respond to infants appropriately and both caregiver and child match emotional states

the consequences of temperament

- parents who display more warmth and consistency in their response are more likely to have children who avoid later problems - goodness of fit

temperament

- patterns of arousal and emotionality that represents consistent and enduring characteristics in an individual - temperament refers to how children behave, as opposed to what they do or why they do it

personality development

- personality - eriksons theory of psychosocial development

ambivalent

- positive and negative reactions to mother - child shows great distress when the mother leaves, but simultaneously seek close contact, hit and kick her

early attachment researcher: harry harlow

- preference for warm cloth monkey for contact comfort

secure

- mother is home base - children use mother as a home base and are at ease when she is present - when mother leaves, they become upset and go to her as soon as she returns

parental interaction

- mutual regulation model - reciprocal socialization

forming relationships

- newborns bring dramatic change to family dynamics - the bonds established in early life provide a foundation for a lifetimes worth of social relationships

universals in facial expressions

across every culture, infants show similar facial expressions (nonverbal encoding) relating to basic emotions

early attachment research: John Bowlby

attachment based primarily on infants needs for safety and security; genetically determined motivation to avoid predators

biological basis of temperament

behavioral genetic perspective - temperamental characteristics viewed as inherited traits that are fairly stable during childhood and across the life span - traits views as making up core of personality and playing substantial role in future development

trust vs mistrust

consistent parenting -> trust -> good relationships in adulthood

adaptability

how easily the child is able to adapt to changes in his or her environment

fathers and attachment

- limited research on fathers related to Bowlbys early work and earlier traditional social views (mom-child relationship unique) - newer research demonstrates importance of fathers attachment role

dimensions of temperament

- activity level - approach withdrawal - adaptability - quality of mood - attention span and persistence - distractibility - regularity - intensity of reaction - threshold of responsiveness

empathy

- an emotional response that corresponds to the feelings another person; evidence of growing mental capacity (24mo) - demonstrated when kids are able to do role play

early attachment researcher: karl lorenz

- attachment based on biologically determined factors - imprinting: behavior that takes place during a critical period involves attachment to the first moving object that is observed

the Ainsworth strange situation

- avoidant - secure - ambivalent - disorganized disoriented

infant infant interaction

- babies react positively to the presence of peers from early in life and engage in rudimentary forms of social interaction - infants sociability is expressed in several ways and generally rises with age 9-12mo - as infants age, they begin to imitate each other; they play social games too - to some developmentalists, the capacity of young children to engage in imitation suggests that imitation may be inborn (mirror neurons)

Erik sons theory of psychosocial development

- considers how individuals come to understand themselves and the meaning of others and their own behavior - personality is dependent on social relationships

gender differences

- disagreement over extent and cause of gender differences - gender differences in boys vs girls worlds - some evidence that male newborns are more irritable, although the findings are inconsistent

avoidant

- does not seek proximity to mother - after mother leaves, child seems to avoid her when she returns its as if they are angered by her behavior

categorizing temperaments

- easy baby - difficult baby - slow to warm up baby

emerging emotions

- emotional expressions emerge at roughly these times. - expression in the first few weeks after birth do not necessarily reflect particular inner feelings - interest, distress, disgust: birth - social smile: 3mo - anger, surprise, sadness: 4 mo - fear: 5mo - shame, shyness: 5mo - contempt, guilt: 24mo

gender roles

- gender differences emerge more clearly as children age and become increasingly influences by their gender roles that society sets out for them - societal encouragement and reinforcement do not completely explain differences in behavior between boys and girls - differences in behavior between boys an girls begin in infancy, and continue throughout childhood

gender

- gender: the sense of being male or female, formed at age 2 - all cultures prescribe gender roles for males and females, but these roles differ greatly between cultures - parents play with boy and girl babies differently - the behavior exhibited by girls and boys is interpreted in different ways by adults

an illustration of the strange situation

- in this illustration of the strange situation, the infant explores the playroom on his own, as long as his mother is present - but when she leaves, baby begins to cry - on moms return, the baby is immediately comforted and stops crying - conclusion: baby is securely attached

differences among infants

- include overall personality and temperament and difference in the lives they lead - based on their gender, the nature of their families, and the ways in which they are cared for. - innate gender differences in the way adults interact with infants

disorganized disoriented

- inconsistent or contradictory behavior toward mother - child may be least securely attached

nonverbal expressions

- infant nonverbal emotional expressivity similar to adult expression but actual infant experience may differ - nonverbal infant expressions represent actual emotional experiences - infants are born with innate repertoire of emotional expressions (culturally influenced)

decoding others facial and vocal expressions

- infant vocal expressions of emotion discrimination precede the ability to interpret facial expressions - by 4mo, infants may already have begun to understand the emotions behind facial and vocal expressions - 5mo ability to discriminate between happy and sad vocal expressions

reciprocal socialization

- infants behaviors invite further responses from parents and other caregivers, which bring about further responses from infants

emotions in infancy

- infants display a fairly wide range of emotional expressions - sequence of infant emotional development - mothers preceptions of infant emotions - individual differences in emotional expressivity

theory of mind

- infants learn to see other ppl as compliant agents, beings similar to themselves, who behave under their own power and who have the capacity to respond to infants requests - theory of mind: knowledge and beliefs about how the mind works and how it affects behavior - empathy


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