World History Module 12

Newton

Calculus and Gravity

Which Enlightenment thinker influenced the public election of our president and Congress members?

Rousseau

Bacon

scientific method

mary wollstonecraft

women's rights and education

In what century did most of these events occur?

1600s

montesquieu

3 branch government

What percentage of eligible voters actually voted?

58%

Which concept developed by Beccaria is reflected in the U.S. Bill of Rights?

Abolition of torture

Which words and phrases in the Declaration of Independence show the influence of Enlightenment thinking?

All men are created equal and independent, liberty, pursuit of happiness, powers from the consent of the governed; right of the people

What contrasts does Astell draw between Enlightenment ideals and the conditions women face?

Astell asserts that married women are subjected to limits to their rights and freedom that are deemed unacceptable for men under Enlightenment beliefs.

How did baroque and neoclassical architecture differ?

Baroque architecture was characterized by a grand, ornate design. Neoclassical architecture used a simple and elegant style that borrowed ideas and themes from classical Greece and Rome.

Why did the Catholic Church seek to censor the writings of Enlightenment thinkers?

Church leaders felt that Enlightenment ideas caused people to doubt religious teachings and possibly to lose faith in God.

How did Descartes's approach to science differ from Bacon's?

Descartes emphasized mathematical reasoning while Bacon emphasized experimentation.

Why do you think the issue of education was important to both Astell and Wollstonecraft?

Education was closed to women; the two women believed education could help women improve themselves and was key to exercising the same rights as men.

Why did the ideas of the Enlightenment not have much impact on the lives of poorer Europeans?

Enlightenment ideas spread mostly through reading and intellectual discussions, and most poorer Europeans could not read and did not have time to spend in intellectual discussions.

What were the opposing views regarding ratification of the Constitution?

Federalists believed the Constitution reflected a good balance between federal and state powers. Anti Federalists thought the federal government established by the Constitution was too powerful; they wanted bill of rights to protect individual freedoms.

What is the difference between how the Senate of Venice and the Church treated Galileo?

From a military perspective, the Senate was grateful to Galileo and increased his salary because his spyglass invention could see ships far out at sea. However, the Church threatened to torture Galileo if he didn't renounce his astronomical findings because they contradicted Church teachings.

How accurately does the term enlightened despot describe Catherine the Great? Explain.

It accurately describes two sides of her rule—she tried to make reforms, but she also ruled with absolute authority; it's not very accurate, since she was ultimately more despotic than enlightened.

Why was the law of gravitation important?

It explained motion both on earth and in the heavens, and helped prove that the same physical laws govern both.

In what two ways does Galileo seek to appease the Church in his confession?

He forcefully denounces his previous belief in the heliocentric theory, and he swears to never again say anything that goes against Church teachings.

Why were Galen's descriptions of human anatomy inaccurate?

He never dissected a human body and drew his conclusions based on studying animal anatomy.

How does Locke's view of human nature differ from that of Hobbes?

Hobbes believed that humans were naturally selfish and wicked; Locke's view was more positive—humans were reasonable, could learn and grow, and had natural rights.

What feature formed the western border of the United States in 1783?

Mississippi River

What do Rousseau and Montesquieu each think about laws?

Rousseau thinks people ought to write the laws; Montesquieu thinks people should have liberty (the right to do what laws allow), but not independence to do anything they want.

Are there similar political corruption issues in modern times as those illustrated in Hogarth's painting? Are some different?

Similar: Hogarth's painting requires knowledge of the unfamiliar elements in the scene that most modern audiences will lack. However, once the elements are understood, observers can more easily empathize with Hogarth's message about political corruption. Different: Voters today have privacy when voting.

Why did the American colonists feel they were justified in rebelling against England?

The Americans felt that their human rights, as described by Locke, had been violated by the actions of King George and other English leaders.

What opinion does this cartoon express about the effect of the Stamp Act on the American economy?

The cartoon indicates that the Stamp Act will kill the American economy.

In what ways did the American colonies help Britain's economy?

The colonies provided raw materials for British industries and a market for British goods.

How was the American Revolution different from other revolutions?

The revolution was successful, and the new independent government was sustained. The new government was not taken over by the military or a dictator, as in many other revolutions.

What did all of the philosophes see as the purpose and value of reason?

They all believed that humans could use reason to find ways to control and improve their lives.

How did Kepler's findings support the heliocentric theory?

They supported the theory mathematically.

What impact did travel by Europeans have on the Scientific Revolution?

Through travel, Europeans came in contact with people and discoveries in other parts of the world. They also developed new scientific tools for exploration.

social contract

all men are equal

Frederick the Great

allowed freedom of religion laws were simplified torture abolished

Vesalius

father of anatomy and physiology would pay off the morgue guy to allow him to dissect bodies after hours

Harvey

father of body systems (ambulance chaser)

adam smith

free market economies

voltaire

freedom of religion and expression

philosophes

french officers

jean jacques rousseau

makes a contract with the government that we give them power and they protect our rights

Kepler

mathematical models used to prove the heliocentric theory

salon

meeting organized by elite women

john locke

natural rights

tories

people who are loyal to the king

Galileo

proves heliocentric theory by using keplers models and also built the telescope

Causes of the revolution were

stamp act tea act the cost of the french and indian war and enlightenment ideas spreading

Copernicus

sun centered universe theory (heliocentric)

Deism

theory that god created the universe and it was controlled by natural rights