World History Semester A Exam Review

Isaac Newton

(1642-1727) was one of the most important figures of the Scientific Revolution. An English mathematician and physicist, Newton's three laws of motion form the basic principles of modern physics and led to the formulation of the universal law of gravity. His 1687 book, Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, is considered one of the most important works in the history of modern science.

Qianlong

(1711-1799) was a Chinese emperor who expanded the size of China's empire to include Tibet and much of central Asia, creating a multiethnic state that included Han Chinese, Mongols, Tibetans, and Manchus. Qianlong saw himself as a "Universal Monarch" both within and beyond the Chinese empire. He patronized the arts, commissioned great literary works, and formed China's national palace museum with art collections that remain important today.

Lord Macartney

(1737-1806) was born to a Scots-Irish family in Ireland. He served as a member of the British Parliament, chief secretary for Ireland, and governor of several British colonies. King George III sent him on an unsuccessful mission to persuade Emperor Qianlong of China to allow British traders into northern port cities. He later became governor of the colony at the Cape of Good Hope.

Shang Dynasty

(478 B.C. - 1122 B.C.) They established a system of cooperative government that produced enough stability to support artisans.

Abu Bakr

(573-634) served as a close friend and advisor to the prophet Muhammad. As Muhammad's son-in-law, he was appointed by Muhammad to succeed him as the leader of the Islamic community from 632-634, making him the first caliph.

Battle of Tours

(732) A battle in France between Charles Martel and his Frank army and a Muslim invaders. Muslims ruled in Spain, but did not advance farther into Western Europe. Also known as the Battle of Poitiers.

Piankhi

(c. 800 B.C.-c. 719 B.C.) ruled as the king of Kush in what is now Sudan from about 740 B.C.-719 B.C.

Ibn Sina

(980-1037) was a Persian physician who wrote the Canon on Medicine, which focused on past medical practices throughout the known world as well as his own procedures. This work features descriptions of anatomy, symptoms of diseases, and medicines and cures. Ibn Sina wrote on a variety of other topics as well, including philosophy, mathematics, and astronomy.

Shi Huangdi

(about 259 B.C. -210 B.C. ) He considered strength a leader's greatest virtue. He abolished feudalism and replaced feudal states with military districts run by loyal government officials. He gave the nobles' lands to peasants and forced noble families to move to the capital so he could monitor them.

John Cabot

(c. 1450-c. 1499) had his early roots in Venice, Italy, working in a mercantile firm. He became a navigator and explorer who, during 1497-1498, claimed parts of Canada for Britain.

Which of the following was the effect of Paul's work?

He spread Christianity.

What is one way that Darius united the Persian empire?

He standardized coinage and other aspects of the Persian economy.

Why did Cortés want to conquer the Aztecs?

He wanted Aztec land and riches.

A historical photograph shows a Native American woman standing in front of a teepee holding a bag with the image of a deer on it. Next to her sits a boy holding the reins of a horse. Behind the teepee is another horse with a large pack on its back. Use the image to answer the question: Which important result of the Columbian Exchange does this image illustrate?

It depicts Spanish horses adapted for use by Native Americans.

How did the manor system serve the needs of the early Middle Ages?

It provided safety and security for peasants and wealth and prestige for their lords.

Why might a lord require serfs to use his mill and winepress?

It was a convenient way to collect a portion of the serfs' harvest

Which of the following is a result of the Jews' period of captivity and the Diaspora?

Jewish ideas and values were widely spread.

Why is Spain a good example of how most conquered peoples of other faiths were treated under the Umayyad caliphate?

Jews and Christians there coexisted peacefully with Muslims, and were allowed to practice their own religions.

How did the social structure develop in settled farming villages during the Neolithic Revolution?

Men began to dominate social, political, and economic life.

What impact did geography play on the colonization of the Americas?

The Amazon rain forest made European colonization of the interior difficult for the Spanish and the Portuguese?

In a textbook, under which heading would you most likely find a discussion of the Ten Commandments?

The Development of the Rule of Law

Which popular ancient Egyptian folktale recounts the wanderings of its hero?

The Tale of Sinuhe

Which new language developed in India during the Delhi sultanate?

Urdu

plantation

a large area of land, especially in a hot part of the world, where crops (such as cotton) are grown

In what capacity could Incan women serve?

as attendants to the sun god

Erasmus

(c. 1466-1536) was a Dutch priest, writer, and scholar who promoted humanism. He wrote texts on various subjects and produced a new Greek edition of the Christian Bible. He also called for a translation of the Bible into the vernacular, or everyday language, to help spread learning, ideas, and education. He also wanted to reform Church corruption.

Bartolomé de Las Casas

(c. 1474-July 17, 1566) was a Dominican priest and historian famed as an early advocate for human rights in the Americas. Knowing the evils suffered by Native Americans under the encomienda system, his vivid reports of abuses helped the passage of laws prohibiting enslavement and abuse in 1542. He spent the rest of his life fighting for the rights of peoples in the Americas.

Hernán Cortés

(c. 1485-1547) was a Spanish landowner in Cuba and conquistador who in 1518 led an expedition to Mexico. Allied with some Native American groups, he conquered the Aztec empire, including its capital Tenochtitlán in 1521. The Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1522 appointed him governor of New Spain, but Cortés was eventually removed from power and retired to Spain in 1540.

Constantine

He ended the persecution of Christians when he issued the Edict of Milan, which granted freedom of worship to all citizens of the Roman empire.

Malacca

city located on the Malay Peninsula near the strategic Straits of Malacca

Which of the following best describes the social characteristics of ancient Israel after the fall of Judah in 586 B.C.E.?

conquered people with many of its citizens exiled to faraway captivity

How did Suleiman govern the Ottoman empire?

He was a strong ruler who governed with a grand vizier and a council.

Mansa Musa

(died c. 1337) was a devoted Islamic ruler of Mali who came to the throne in 1312 and expanded Mali's borders to the Atlantic Ocean. He was one of the richest men of his era. His famous journey to Mecca was lavish and awakened the world to the riches of Mali.

Which effect did the Reconquista have?

expulsion of non-Christians from Spain

Describe two examples of migration in Africa?

• The desertification of the Sahara caused migration around 2500 BC. • Between 100 BC and AD 1000, the Bantu or West African peoples like farmers and herders migrated to the south and the east.

Ivan the Great

(1462-1505) was one of the most powerful Russian rulers. He consolidated his power by winning the voluntary allegiance of Russian princes and preventing further Mongol invasions.

Elizabeth Tudor

(1533-1603) became Queen Elizabeth I of England upon the death of Queen Mary. Shifting politics made her early years quite hazardous. Elizabeth used her experiences to become a shrewd and powerful monarch. Under her reign, England became an important European power. England prospered both economically and culturally. Her balanced handling of the English religious conflicts earned her the nickname Good Queen Bess.

What steps did Justinian take to revive the past glory of Rome in his growing Byzantine empire?

His armies retook many former Roman territories, and He rebuilt Constantinople into a magnificent capital.

Which of these statements best describes Solomon's rule as king of Israel?

His diplomacy aimed to increase Israel's regional influence.

How did the unification of Muslims help Islam spread?

It gave people a common goal and motivation to come together to fight for making Islam stronger

Why did conquering Constantinople strengthen the Ottoman empire?

It gave the Ottomans a trading center and a governmental and cultural capital.

What was a political impact of Machiavelli's book The Prince?

It made people reconsider views of government and political power.

How has the "Out of Africa" theory influenced views about early humans?

It suggests Homo sapiens' geographic origins.

Which statement best describes the period known as the Old Kingdom?

It was a time of development.

Under a blue sky with wisps of clouds, a long-shot view of the Sphinx between two massive pyramids, one close and one farther away. (Location: Giza, Egypt) Use the image to answer the question. What do the structures in this photograph suggest about ancient Egypt?

It was complex and capable of highly organized efforts.

Under a blue sky with wisps of clouds, a long-shot view of the Sphinx between two massive pyramids, one close and one farther away. (Location: Giza, Egypt). Use the image to answer the question: What do the structures in this photograph suggest about ancient Egypt?

It was complex and capable of highly organized efforts.

Which of the following was the main reason that Constantinople was a good location for the capital of the Byzantine empire?

It was located at a crossroads for trade between Asia and Europe.

Roman Senate

It was the most powerful government body in the early republic, made up of 300 patricians.

How did Eastern Europe become home to so many ethnic groups?

Its geography and location facilitated migration.

How did the geography of the East African coast give rise to prosperous city-states?

Its location gave it access to important trade routes.

Which leader introduced tsarist absolute rule in Moscow?

Ivan the Great

Ibn Rushd

(1128-1198) was a philosopher and scientist who lived in Córdoba and influenced European thought. As a philosopher, he placed a variety of subject matter under the scrutiny of reason and analysis and argued that humans were partially, but not completely, controlled by fate. In the field of science, Ibn Rushdi contributed to the study of diseases.

Dante Alighieri

(1265-1321) was a philosopher, writer, and poet who was deeply involved in Italian politics, including the battles between the popes and monarchs of his time. He held political offices at different times throughout his life. Although he wrote many poems and other works, he is known best for Divine Comedy.

Petrarch

(1304-1374) lived in Florence and was an early Renaissance humanist, poet, and scholar. He assembled a library of Greek and Roman manuscripts gathered from monasteries and churches, helping to preserve these classic works for future generations.

Geoffrey Chaucer

(1343-1400) was the first important poet of his time to write in English. At various times during his life, he worked as a copywriter, member of Parliament, and justice of the peace. His keen observations of many different types of people were reflected in his famous work, Canterbury Tales.

Christine de Pisan

(1364-c. 1430) was a French author who wrote a biography of Charles V of France, poems of courtly love, and other works.

Prince Henry

(1394-1460) was a Portuguese prince and patron of explorers who helped his father capture the Moroccan city of Ceuta, became its governor, and sponsored voyages to the Madeira Islands and the West African coast. He raised money for expeditions and established a base for explorers in Sagres, later adding an arsenal, an observatory, and a school for studying geography. His support of cartography, advances in navigation, and exploration provided a foundation for Portugal's rise to international dominance and acquisition of its colonial empire in the sixteenth century.

What roles did children play in noble and peasant households? Select all that apply.

1. Peasant children worked with their family in the fields. 2. Noble children went away to learn from relatives or friends.

Which issues of his society did Erasmus address?

1. foolish and wrong actions 2. corruption of the Church

Sir Thomas More

(1478-1535) was born in London. He became a lawyer, scholar, writer, and member of British Parliament during the reign of Henry VIII. He wrote Utopia, a book describing an ideal society. The word "utopian" came to mean "idealistic or visionary." In 1521, he was knighted.

Raphael

(1483-1520) was a Renaissance painter who blended Christian and classical styles. His famous paintings include one of the Madonna, the mother of Jesus, and School of Athens, showing an imaginary gathering of great thinkers, scientists, and artists, including Michelangelo, Leonardo, and himself.

Thomas Cranmer

(1489-1556) was a Catholic theologian who strongly supported reform. When Henry VIII broke with the Roman Catholic Church, Cranmer became England's first Protestant archbishop of Canterbury. He distributed English language Bibles to parish churches and, later, developed the Book of Common Prayer. Cranmer also acted as an adviser to both Henry VIII and his son, Edward VI.

Henry VIII

(1491-1547) was the second Tudor king of England. Well-educated and athletic, he was initially a favorite of the English people. He lost much of that popularity with his constant involvement in wars. Henry's desire for a male heir was the catalyst for his eventual break with the Roman Catholic Church and the formation of the Church of England.

How did the Hohokam adapt to their environment to be able to farm?

They designed irrigation systems.

Jacques Cartier

(1491-1557) is credited with naming Canada. He is also recognized for his limited exploration of the St. Lawrence River, stopped short by severe weather and hostile Iroquois Indians.

Suleiman

(1494-1566) was a sultan of the Ottoman empire who ruled from 1520-1566. During this time, he brought bureaucracy and stability to the empire and advanced the arts, law, and architecture. His military campaigns greatly expanded the scope of the empire.

How did the fall of Rome impact Western Europe?

Trade slowed greatly, and Western Europe became politically divided.

How did the Hun invasion weaken the Roman empire?

The Huns pushed Germanic peoples into Roman territory.

John Calvin

(1509-1564) was a French theologian and lawyer. Influenced by the humanist philosophy of Erasmus, Calvin became involved with the Protestant movement while a student at the University of Paris. He later moved to Geneva, Switzerland, where he set up a theocracy and wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion. Calvin's interpretation of Christian doctrine is called Calvinism.

Mary Tudor

(1516-1558) was the first queen to rule England in her own right. The daughter of Henry VIII and his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, Mary was a staunch Catholic who failed to turn back the tide of the Protestant Reformation in England. Her vigorous persecution of Protestants earned her the nickname "Bloody Mary."

Tycho Brahe

(1546-1601) was a Danish astronomer who produced the most accurate measurements and locations of the stars before the use of the telescope. His observation that a new star had appeared in an existing constellation challenged the belief that the stars were fixed and forever unchanging.

What is the main difference between the Aztec and Maya regarding the governing of their societies?

The Maya lived in individual city-states, while the Aztec were unified under one leader

How did change over time to the Sahara affect human migration and settlement?

The Sahara's increasing dryness and spreading desert made relocation necessary.

Veto

The ability to block laws.

Which aspect of Roman culture originated with the Etruscan civilization?

The arch and other engineering techniques

Shah Abbas the Great

(1571-1629) was the shah of the Safavid dynasty from 1588 until his death. He drove Ottoman and Uzbek troops from Persia and sponsored a golden age of Persian arts and achievement.

Johannes Kepler

(1571-1630) was a German astronomer whose discoveries expanded on Copernicus's heliocentric universe. Kepler's research showed that the planets move in a particular orbit around the sun. His achievements included a correct description of how vision occurs, as well as how a telescope uses light.

René Descartes

(1596-1650) was a French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist. Descartes was one of the first to abandon traditional methods of thought based on Aristotle's teachings. Instead, he promoted a new science based on observation and experiments. For this, he has been called the father of modern philosophy.

Isfahan

city in western Iran that served as an important urban center for the Seljuk Turk and Safavid dynasties

What did classical Greece inherit from Mycenaean civilization?

city-state structure

An aqueduct is shown. Three tiers of stone arches make up the bridge between two forested hills. Use the image to answer the question: Which essential urban need was met by this structure, made possible by Roman engineering?

clean water

How did the development of the caste system affect society in India? Select all that apply.

connected people through shared identities, ensured job specialization among people, provided a stable social structure

Which order of contacts most likely traces the spread of the bubonic plague to medieval Europe?

conquering Mongol armies in Asia, rats in Chinese cities, fleas with travelers to the Middle East and Europe

In what ways did the Olmec most clearly influence both the Maya and the Aztecs?

construction of pyramid-shaped temples and inclusion of ball courts in ceremonial centers

What were early civilizations more likely to fight over?

control of resources

Which phenomenon contributed to the renewal of interest in classical philosophy and arts?

trade with Muslim lands

How did Germanic tribes carve Europe into small kingdoms?

1. Because Germanic tribes they had no written laws, they were mostly farmers and were governed by kings elected by tribal council. 2. A king for each tribe made it more difficult to unify the tribes.

Which artists produced work during the Italian Renaissance? Select all that apply.

1. Botticelli 2. Leonardo da Vinci 3. Raphael

Geography made Southeast Asian civilizations subject to the powerful influence of which cultures? Select all that apply.

1. China 2. India

A thesis statement about the causes and effects of the Catholic Counter-Reformation would link which phrases? Select all that apply.

1. Church reform 2. the Protestant threat 3. the Council of Trent

Which of the following are the most likely reasons a colony's forested lands were attractive to Europeans? Select all that apply.

1. Farmers could use the timber to build houses or sell. 2. Shipbuilders could use forest wood to repair and construct merchant ships.

If you mapped the spread of Renaissance culture, which urban centers would appear in the region shaded as the origin of the Renaissance?

1. Florence 2. Milan

Which scientists threatened Church doctrine by challenging traditional views of the universe? Select all that apply.

1. Galileo Galilei 2. Nicolaus Copernicus 3. Tycho Brahe

If you plotted on a map how Renaissance culture spread through cities on major sea routes, which of these cities would you include? Select all that apply.

1. Genoa 2. Naples 3. Venice

Which of these aspects of the early life of Jesus suggest his future importance? Select all that apply.

1. He was descended from King David of Israel. 2. An angel spoke to his mother before his birth.

How did cooperation within early civilizations most likely impact the use of resources? Select all that apply.

1. Shared information increased resource use. 2. Organized government limited resource use.

How did Khadija respond to Muhammad's spiritual mission?

1. She told him to follow his calling 2. she became the first convert to Islam.

Which roles were brothers and sons expected to play in Africa's matrilineal cultures? Select all that apply.

1. Sons helped their mother's brothers as needed. 2. Brothers protected their sisters.

Which conditions were true of women in the early Roman republic? Select all that apply.

1. They raised their children. 2. They were expected to obey male heads of the household. 3. They worked at home.

How could shifts in the physical environment have caused major changes in early civilizations? Select all that apply.

1. Too much or too little rain may have ruined crops, creating food shortages. 2. Earthquakes or erupting volcanoes may have destroyed communities.

Carthage

A city-state on the coast of North Africa settled by Phoenician traders and people from North Africa. They held a vast trading empire that stretched across North Africa and the western Mediterranean, including parts of Spain.

Justinian's Code

A collection of Roman laws organized by the Byzantine emperor Justinian and later serving as a model for the Catholic Church and medieval monarchs

"You shall be the father of a multitude of nations. . . . I will make nations of you, and kings shall come forth from you. And I will establish my covenant between me and you and your descendants after you throughout their generations for an everlasting covenant, to be God to you and to your descendants after you. And I will give to you, and to your descendants after you, the land of your sojournings [short stay], all the land of Canaan." Use the text to answer the question: According to the Hebrew Bible, who was the recipient of this promise?

Abraham

Which of the following circumstances led to Europe's Commercial Revolution?

An influx of gold and silver from the Americas increased the money supply.

What was the family role of a man during the Roman republic?

He held absolute authority and power over all members of the family. He required complete respect for his ruling position as head of the household.

How did Saul rule the people of ancient Israel?

He united twelve tribes under one king.

Which religion considers the epic poem about Krishna one of the most important texts?

Hinduism

Why was the work of Andreas Vesalius so important to medicine?

His book accurately describing human anatomy helped other medical scientists' research and discoveries.

Byzantine Empire

Historians' name for the eastern portion of the Roman Empire from the fourth century onward, taken from 'Byzantion,' an early name for Constantinople, the Byzantine capital city. The empire fell to the Ottomans in 1453.

What did Mary and Louis Leakey discover that affected our understanding of early hominids?

Hominids evolved in Africa, not Asia, as previously believed.

Which of the following would most likely have been left behind in the Olduvai Gorge?

Homo habilis

What have anthropologists learned about how Homo habilis used the tools they fashioned?

Homo habilis used stone tools for cutting, scraping, chopping and sawing plants, animals, and wood.

How do you think the domestication of wild animals and plants is tied to the development of human civilization?

Humans changed from a hunter-gatherer society to settling in farming villages.

What was one important effect of the development of monotheism?

It formed the basis of three major world religions.

How did the development of spoken language most likely influence Stone Age hunting groups? Select all that apply.

It helped them work together during the hunt, and It allowed them to develop future hunting plans.

How did the Delhi sultanate affect Hindu society?

It introduced Turkish, Persian, and Arab social and artistic influences to the area.

Why do Muslims consider the Quran sacred?

It is the word of God as revealed to Muhammad.

How did Justinian's Code have an impact beyond the Byzantine empire?

It later guided the development of present-day international law.

How did the Hundred Years' War contribute to the decline of the medieval era?

It led to the collapse of the feudal system.

What political precedent did the Magna Carta establish?

It limited the power of monarchs.

How did the message of Islam help Islam spread?

It made lower class non-muslims want to convert to Islam in hope for a better life, such as equality, one of the many messages Islam gives.

In what way was the Nile both a benefit and a disadvantage for Egypt?

It provided water and fertility, but also brought destruction through flooding.

Which of the following does the Taj Mahal signify about the Mughal empire?

It reflects Persian influences on Indian culture.

How did Byzantine Christianity influence Russian Orthodox Christianity?

It set the pattern for close ties between Church and state.

How did Donatello's life-size statue of a soldier on horseback reflect Renaissance culture?

It used an ancient Greek or Roman art form.

Which of the following best describes medicine of the Islamic caliphate?

It was highly innovative and professional.

How did geographical factors influence the success of Constantinople?

It was situated on a strait connecting two major waterways used for trade.

How did Portugal benefit from finding a sea route around Africa to India?

It was the basis for building a large trading empire.

Why might Korea's location be considered strategic by other countries?

Its location next to China gives access to that country.

Which statement describes how Spain's takeover of the Philippines affected Europeans trading with Japan?

Japan saw Spain as a threat after the Philippines were conquered, so the Tokugawa shoguns no longer permitted European traders in Japan.

Nagasaki

Japanese city; on an island in its harbor, the Tokugawa shoguns in the 1600s permitted one or two Dutch ships to trade with Japan each year.

Which pull factors attracted European Jews to Eastern Europe during the late Middle Ages?

Jews were attracted to Eastern Europe because they could practice Judaism there without persecution.

Which of these statements characterizes the first leg of the triangular trade?

Merchants transported goods made in Europe to trade in Africa.

Declaration of Faith

Pray five times daily/Charity to the poor /Fast during Ramadan /Hajj, or pilgrimage to Mecca Use the chart to answer the question: Which answer best categorizes the importance of the items listed in the chart? the fundamental duties comprising the Pillars of Islam

Which northern European humanist wrote a book that imagined a peaceful society without private property?

Sir Thomas More

Patricians

The 300 members of the senate during the early republic of Rome. They made the laws and controlled the government. Two members were elected consuls.

Why did the Romans fight the Punic Wars?

The Carthaginians were the major rival to Rome's territorial expansion.

How did the Church respond to John Wycliffe's call for reforms, such as translating the Bible into English?

The Church labeled Wycliffe a heretic after his death.

Which compromise between the Church and the Holy Roman Empire resulted from the Concordat of Worms?

The Church was granted the power to elect and invest bishops, but the emperor could invest them with fiefs.

Which statement describes trade in the Inca empire?

The Incas conducted little trade, as the emperor owned all property.

How did the Qing emperor respond to Britain's diplomatic mission?

The Qing emperor received Lord Macartney but rejected Britain's requests for trade.

Compare the leadership of the Roman Catholic and the Eastern Orthodox Churches.

The Roman Catholic Church centralized authority in the pope, while the Eastern Orthodox Church shared power between the emperor and the patriarch.

"Summa Theologica"

The best-known work of Thomas Aquinas. Although unfinished, it was a compendium of all of the main theological teachings of the Catholic Church.

Which statement summarizes advantages that Dutch East India Company traders had over Portuguese and Spanish traders?

The company could wage war and govern overseas territories.

How did the Roman empire support its expansion and integrate culture on three continents?

The construction of roads and bridges facilitated trade and communication.

How did the Ottomans most benefit from the expelled Spanish Jews in their empire?

These Jews knew about valuable technology and had widespread financial connections.

How did mountain passes influence the rise and decline of ancient Indian empires?

They allowed invading foreign armies access to northern India.

How did Romans use science and mathematics to improve the lives of the Roman people?

They built roads, aqueducts, and harbors and improved public health.

How did camels help increase trade across geographic barriers of northern Africa?

They carried heavier loads and traveled far without water.

What impact did Lutheranism have on men in the clergy?

They could marry.

In which way could Christian men in the Ottoman empire advance through social and political ranks?

They could serve as janizaries.

Which of the following limited the power of consuls in the early Roman republic?

They could serve only one term. They were expected to approve one another's decisions.

How do historians use evidence to learn about the past? Select all that apply.

They propose the meaning of evidence, and They assess the reliability of evidence.

How did the Portuguese use geographic factors to help them control the spice trade?

They used force and diplomacy to set up coastal trading posts and seize key ports around the Indian Ocean.

Why did the writings of the poet Virgil and the historian Livy focus on the rise and fall of Roman power?

They wanted to arouse patriotism and restore traditional Roman virtues.

Which of the following was a medieval Christian scholar who believed that reason and faith could reinforce each other?

Thomas Aquinas

How were the experiences of enslaved Africans taken to Brazil, the Caribbean islands, and North America similar?

Throughout the colonies, most were made to work on large plantations.

Which rights did Roman women gain over time?

To own property and run their own businesses.

How did Mongol rule impact China?

Trade with Europe flourished.

How did the beliefs and culture of Islam spread through the islands of Southeast Asia?

Traders from northern India shared Islam throughout Indonesia.

How did the development of universities in medieval Europe strengthen the Church and unify society?

Universities grew up around cathedrals, and courses of study helped educate clergy.

kiva

a Pueblo Indian ceremonial structure that is usually round and partly underground

calculus

a branch of mathematics in which calculations are made using special symbolic notations, developed by Isaac Newton

mosque

a building that is used for Muslim religious services

Golden Bull of 1222

a charter King Andrew II of Hungary and his lords set forth, containing reforms to better protect individuals' civil liberties, and strictly limited royal power.

Wittenberg

a city in northern Germany, where Luther drew up his 95 Theses

Florence

a city in the Tuscany region of northern Italy that was the center of the Italian Renaissance

Mecca

a city in western Saudi Arabia; birthplace of Muhammad, viewed by Muslims as the prophet of Islam, and the most holy city for Islamic people

As populations changed during the Neolithic Revolution, which became the earliest form of government at Catalhüyük?

a council of male elders

Triumvirate

a group of three men holding power, in particular (the First Triumvirate ) the unofficial coalition of Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus in 60 BC and (the Second Triumvirate ) a coalition formed by Antony, Lepidus, and Octavian in 43 BC.

cataract

a large waterfall

Sufi

a member of a Muslim group of people who tries to experience God directly, especially by praying and meditating

Ottoman

a member of a Turkish-speaking nomadic people who migrated from Central Asia into northwestern Asia Minor

Macao

a peninsula off China that became the official point of trade with China and Japan for foreign nations

Philippines

an island chain off the coast of Southeast Asia comprising more than 7,000 islands in the western Pacific Ocean

What is the Old Stone Age belief that spirits and forces reside in animals, objects, or dreams?

animism

engraving

art form in which an artist etches a design on a metal plate with acid and then uses the plate to make multiple prints

How did Persian rulers oversee such a vast empire?

by organizing the empire into provinces administered by satraps

How did the joint family enrich connections between its members across generations?

by performing the rituals that honor the family's ancestors

How did the Byzantines most directly impact later civilizations?

by preserving ancient sources of knowledge and information

How did river valleys most help farming impact the lives of Neolithic peoples?

by providing fertile soil

Which actions did French kings take to increase royal power?

granted town charters, introduced national tax, extended royal lands

Which role did women play in both African settled farming societies and in herding societies?

grew food in fields and gardens

What was one contributing factor to the growth of medieval towns and cities?

growth of trade fairs

secular

having to do with worldly, rather than religious, matters; nonreligious

What purposes and themes were common to the writers Erasmus, More, and Rabelais?

humanism, education, and social reforms

Describe the role of the Inca "Chosen Women"

made the garments worn by the Sapa Inca and the Coya, and devoted years to the study of Inca religion

Frederick Barbarossa (1123-1190)

ruled as Holy Roman emperor from 1152-1190. He was excommunicated by Pope Alexander III in 1160 for rejecting papal supremacy. He later led forces in the Third Crusade to the Holy Land.

Louis IX (1214-1270)

ruled as the king of France from 1226-1270. From 1248-1250, he led the Seventh Crusade to the Holy Land.

Which of the following correctly ranks social classes in early civilizations from most to least valuable?

rulers and priests, merchants, artisans, farmers and peasants

Which best describes the three levels of Sumerian society?

rulers, officials, and priests; lesser priests, scribes, merchants, and artisans; peasant farmers

The term Diaspora is most directly linked to what aspect of Judaism?

the spread of Judaism

What types of literature did Sophocles write?

tragedies that focused on recounting historic events

Which need did the first universities in medieval Europe seek to meet?

training for members of the clergy

Treaty of Paris

treaty of 1763 that ended the Seven Years' War and resulted in British dominance of the Americas

Moscow

under the Mongols this place became Russia's political and spiritual center. In 1380, the princes led other Russians in defeating the Golden Horde at the battle of Kulikovo.

Which manner of writing enabled a great deal of literature to reach a wider audience in the late Middle Ages?

vernacular language

How did interactions between Muslims and Europeans affect European financial practices?

Using credit instead of cash became more common in business.

Goa

a coastal city seized in 1510 that became the commercial and military base of Portugal's India trade

Why did Ming China demand that Europeans pay for goods with gold or silver?

No European trade items interested them.

conquistador

a leader in the Spanish conquests of America, Mexico, and Peru in the sixteenth century

Viking

a member of a group of Scandinavian people who attacked the coasts of Europe in the eighth to tenth centuries A.D.

friar

a member of a men's Roman Catholic group who is poor and studies or teaches about Christianity

Olmec

a member of a prehistoric people inhabiting the coast of Veracruz and western Tabasco on the Gulf of Mexico ( c. 1200-400 BC), who established what was probably the first Meso-American civilization.

Taíno

a member of an aboriginal Arawakan people of the Greater Antilles and the Bahamas

Protestant

a member of one of the Christian churches that separated from the Roman Catholic Church in the sixteenth century

Sunni

a member of one of the largest Muslim sects; believes that inspiration came from the example of Muhammad as recorded by his early followers

Shiite

a member of one of the two major Muslim sects; believe that the descendants of Muhammad's daughter and son-in-law, Ali, are the true Muslim leaders

Magyar

a member of the dominant people of Hungary

adobe

a mixture of clay and plant fibers that becomes hard as it dries in the sun and that can be used for building

Guangzhou

port city formerly known as Canton and site of the first Portuguese embassy to China

Which of Calvin's beliefs set him apart from Catholics?

predestination

serf

a peasant bound to the lord's land

Formariage or merchet is the practice of

a peasant paying a fee to a lord before receiving permission to marry outside the lord's land

Which of the following was the Pax Mongolica?

a period of stability established by the Mongols

Scientific Revolution

a period of time beginning in the 1500s in which new understanding of science and the physical world emerged

cartographer

a person who creates maps

patron

a person who gives money or support to an artist or arts group

missionary

a person who is sent to a foreign country to do religious work (such as to convince people to join a religion or to help people who are sick, poor, etc.)

Flanders

a region that included parts of present-day northern France, Belgium, and the Netherlands; an important industrial and financial center of northern Europe during the Middle Ages and Renaissance

Mesoamerica

a region that runs through Mexico and much of Central America

alliance

a relationship in which people agree to work together

Buddhism

a religion originating in Ancient India sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE, from where it spread through much of Asia

Which of the following did the Italian Renaissance and the northern Renaissance have in common?

a renewed interest in nonreligious themes

Crusades

a series of wars from the 1000s through 1200s in which European Christians tried to win control of the Holy Land from Muslims

Reformation

a sixteenth-century religious movement marked ultimately by rejection or modification of some Roman Catholic doctrine and practice and establishment of the Protestant churches

Peasant is a term describing

a small-scale farmer

Dutch East India Company

a trading company established with full sovereign powers by the Netherlands in 1602 to protect and expand its trade in Asia

chinampa

a type of Mesoamerican agriculture which used small, rectangular areas of fertile arable land to grow crops on the shallow lake beds in the Valley of Mexico.

stela

a usually carved or inscribed stone slab or pillar used for commemorative purposes

commodity

a valuable product

civil war

a war fought between groups of people in the same nation

capitalism

a way of organizing an economy so that the things that are used to make and transport products (such as land, oil, factories, ships, etc.) are owned by individual people and companies rather than by the government

peon

a worker forced to labor for a landlord to pay off a debt that is impossible to pay off in his or her lifetime, which is incurred by food, tool, or seeds the landlord has advanced to him or her

journeyman

a worker who has learned a trade and works for another person, usually by the day

troubadour

a writer and performer of songs or poetry in the Middle Ages

charter

a written document that set out the rights and privileges of a town

What is Hammurabi's Code?

a written set of laws

apprentice

a young person learning a trade from a master

Moche

an early civilization in northern Peru that flourished from 100 to 700 C.E. known for adobe structures, roads, irrigation canals, or ceramics, textiles and gold work

Chavín

an early civilization in northern Peru that flourished from 900 to 200 B.C.E. known for temple complex and united the peoples of northern and central Peru. Arts and religion influenced the later peoples of Peru.

Nazca

an early civilization in southern Peru that flourished from about 200 to 600 C.E. known for animal geoglyphs in the desert

manor system

an economic system in which a lord owns a large estate, or manor, and directs the lives and resources of all tenants

free enterprise system

an economic system, also known as capitalism, in which private businesses are able to compete with each other with little control by government. Products, prices, and services are driven by free market laws of supply and demand rather than government regulations.

earthwork

an embankment or other construction made of earth

Holy Roman Empire

an empire of West-Central Europe from 962-1806, comprising present-day Germany and neighboring lands

What were specific characteristics of Gothic architecture?

flying buttresses, ribbed vaulting, thin walls, and high roofs

What evidence did Mary Leakey use to understand how early humans thought and felt?

footprints in volcanic ash

Why was Galileo Galilei brought before the Inquisition?

for putting forth evidence that Earth moves around the sun

What is one reason that the Middle Ages are sometimes referred to as the "dark ages"?

for the political disorder that resulted from waves of invasions

What benefit did conquest most likely offer the Aztecs?

gaining access to more resources

Who ruled ancient Egypt?

god-kings called pharaohs

Which trade goods helped give rise to the West African empires of Mali and Ghana? Select all that apply.

gold salt

A thesis statement about Asoka's rule would connect which phrases? Select all that apply.

governs by moral example, sends Buddhist missionaries

savanna

grassy plain with irregular pattern of rainfall

William the Conqueror (1028-1087)

became the Duke of Normandy at age 7 and was knighted at age 15. He pressured King Edward of England to name him heir to the throne. Upon Edward's death, William invaded England and won the throne after the Battle of Hastings in 1066.

Roman legal reforms in the third century CE led to coloni status

becoming hereditary, passed from parent to child

Which idea differentiates the Protestant doctrines of Calvinism and Lutheranism?

belief in predestination

Which characteristic of the Mughal empire does the Taj Mahal reflect?

blending of Hindu and Muslim cultures

Which items would anthropologists study to learn about the past?

bones

How did the Protestant Reformation complement the growth of secular movements?

by causing more people to question Church doctrine

How did ancient Greek philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle contribute to the formation of modern democratic governments?

by contemplating the purpose and structure of government

As Rome's first emperor, how did Augustus build a stable government?

by creating a civil service to enforce Rome's laws

How did histories reflect African civilization?

by describing the words and actions of African ancestors and past events

How did Protestantism promote individualism?

by encouraging people to read and interpret scripture themselves

How did Pope Gregory VII check the power of the Holy Roman emperor?

by excommunicating him from the Church

How did the Sapa Inca strengthen his rule?

by imposing one language and religion across the empire

How did Martin Luther's 95 Theses contribute to the start of the Protestant Reformation?

by rejecting papal authority over the community of believers

How did Martin Luther and his reforms encourage the growth of individualism and secularism?

by rejecting the idea that the Church hierarchy had special powers

How did the Church try to protect medieval women?

by setting a minimum age for marriage

How would an organized government most likely prepare for famines and droughts?

by stockpiling supplies of food and water

How did Petrarch's work reflect the spirit of the Renaissance?

by valuing classical learning

The Muslim taboo against idolatry encouraged the mastery of which art form in Islamic culture?

calligraphy

Tehran

capital city of Iran, first established as the capital of the Qajar dynasty

Tenochtitlán

capital city of the Aztec empire, on which modern-day Mexico City was built

Cuzco

capital city of the Inca empire located in southern Peru

Kiev

capital of medieval Russia and of present-day Ukraine

scientific method

careful, step-by-step process used to confirm findings and to prove or disprove a hypothesis

What was a goal that the writers Erasmus, More, and Rabelais all had in common?

changing and reforming society

Huari

city in central Peru that was once a seat of an early civilization from 600 to 1000 C.E.

What practice among the Moche did the Inca adapt to unify their empire?

construction of roads

maize

corn

Ghana

early West African trading kingdom located in parts of present-day Mauritania and Mali

Shakespeare's genius was in expressing universal themes in everyday, realistic settings. His work explores Renaissance ideals such as the complexity of the individual and the importance of the classics. At the same time, his characters speak in language that common people can understand and appreciate. Shakespeare's love of words also vastly enriched the English language. More than 1,700 words appeared for the first time in his works. Use the passage to answer the question: What core Renaissance themes best summarize and express the characteristics of Shakespeare's work explained in the passage?

humanism and secularism

utopian

idealistic or visionary, usually used to describe a perfect society

Which adjective best describes the Islamic caliphate under the Abbasids compared to the caliphate under the Umayyads?

inclusive

Which condition made the western Roman empire vulnerable to attack?

internal strife

How did Germanic peoples organize Europe politically after the end of the western Roman empire?

into many kingdoms

Which event most directly contributed to the spread of Protestant ideas during the Reformation?

invention of the printing press

Which authority did religious and secular leaders in the Middle Ages contest?

investing bishops

Meroë's economic and political strength were based on access to which natural resources?

iron and timber

Clovis (c. 688-741)

king of the Franks, conquered Gaul in 486.

medieval

of or relating to the Middle Ages, the period of European history from about A.D. 500 to about 1500

Inca unity

one religion, one language, and one major highway system

How did the invention of the printing press encourage secularism?

people could more easily share ideas that challenged Church teachings

Which correctly compares the social status of women in ancient Egypt with women in ancient Babylonian society? Select all that apply.

1. Women's work was not confined to the home in ancient Egypt, unlike in Babylonian society. 2. Women were allowed to own property in ancient Egypt, like in Babylonian society.

Which examples of Gothic architecture survive today? Select all that apply.

1. abbeys 2. cathedrals 3. universities

Which items do historians study to learn about the past? Select all that apply.

1. clothing 2. artwork

The collapse of the Carolingian empire in the late 9th century CE led to

A fracturing of Western Europe into many kingdoms and duchies.

An example of how cooperation within the empire enabled the Inca to better control resources

All Inca people worked and shared supplies from storehouses when needed

Which physician introduced artificial limbs and made other significant medical advances?

Ambroise Paré

Which statement describes the third and final leg of the triangular trade?

American goods were sold in Europe.

In which ways did the Roman empire differ from the Roman republic?

Centralized absolute power in one ruler, and instituted a census for taxation purposes

Which of the following correctly pairs the continent with its associated trade goods during the height of the triangular trade system?

Europe: guns, cloth, cash; Africa: slaves; Americas: sugar, furs, molasses

Which impact did European exploration have on civilization in the Americas?

European conquest decimated the Native American population.

Which geographic factor most helped Ming China strictly limit trade with Europeans?

Europeans in China were far from their countries' support.

What was one main reason why slave trading greatly expanded beginning around the 1500s?

Europeans started depending on slaves for free labor in new colonies.

Which element of African culture did the crafting of masks reflect?

religion

Which two beliefs did the various Anabaptist sects have in common?

religious toleration and separation of Church and state

Which precedent did institutions of the Roman republic set?

representative government

Which geographical factors helped Viking attackers gain access to European settlements?

rivers and coasts

tariff

tax on imported goods

Which of the following was the geographic center of the system of triangular trade?

the Atlantic Ocean

South Slavs, Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes all helped settle which region?

the Balkans

What are two factors that probably helped isolate Russia from Western Europe?

the Cyrillic alphabet and Olga's selection of the Byzantine Church

Which term best describes the spread of Judaism beyond Southwest Asia?

the Diaspora

The demesne of a manorial estate is

the farmland of the lord, worked by serf and later hired labor

Who was Abraham?

the father of Judaism

Which circumstance most directly resulted from the fall of the western Roman empire?

the formation of feudal kingdoms

Colombian Exchange

the global exchange of goods, ideas, plants and animals, and disease that began with Columbus's journey to the Americas

Quran

the holy book of Islam

canon law

the laws of a religion

Sapa Inca

the title of the Inca emperor who claimed to be a descendant of the sun god, and held absolute power; He imposed the language and religion of the Inca on all parts of the empire. He owned all land, herds, mines, and people, so it would have been nearly impossible for any rivals to acquire the means to challenge him. An elaborate road system helped link the empire. Messengers quickly carried news of revolts, and armies could travel swiftly to put down any uprisings.

Which condition helped the Umayyads build a large Arab empire?

the unifying force of Islam

Which of the following was the main method by which Islam spread to North Africa?

through Arab conquest

How did Charlemagne most effectively convert many pagans to Christianity?

through missionaries

What was one purpose of the masks people wore during religious ceremonies of African cultures?

to connect with the spiritual forces of the ancestors

For which main purpose did Europeans bring enslaved Africans to the Americas?

to work on plantations

Pope Urban II (1035-1099)

was a French clergyman who rose to become pope of the Roman Catholic Church from 1088-1099. He is known for instituting Church reforms and for calling on Europeans to launch the Crusades to the Holy Land.

Henry IV (1050-1106)

was a German king who became Holy Roman emperor in 1084. His efforts to increase the power of the monarchy led him into conflict with Pope Gregory VIII over lay investiture. Gregory excommunicated Henry but later reinstated him in the Church after Henry did penance.

Robert Boyle

(1627-1691) was one of the leading minds of the late 1600s. An English-Irish philosopher and writer, Boyle focused on chemistry, physics, and natural history. His work with pressurized air led to the development of Boyle's Law, which describes the relationship between pressure and the volume of gas. Boyle was one of the founders of the Royal Society of London.

Which two individuals inherited an interest in learning from Plato and Socrates? Select all that apply.

1. Alexander the Great 2. Aristotle

Which of the following demonstrate Kublai Khan's openness to various cultural influences? Select all that apply.

1. choosing Yuan as the name for his dynasty 2. transforming Khanbaliq into a walled city 3. selecting non-Mongol architects for his palace

Which characteristics describe ancient Sumerian civilization? Select all that apply.

1. city-states ruled by kings 2. job specialization 3. social hierarchies

A thesis statement regarding the effects of the Neolithic Revolution would most likely connect which two words? Select all that apply.

1. civilization 2. farming

Which of the following were typical of society under John Calvin's leadership in Geneva? Select all that apply.

1. emphasis on hard work 2. penalties for fighting

Which Hindu practices conflicted with the beliefs of eighth-century Muslim conquerors? Select all that apply.

1. the use of the caste system 2. the worship of multiple gods

How did Islam spread across North Africa? Select all that apply.

1. through conquest 2. via merchants

Why did early civilizations develop writing? Select all that apply.

1. to keep track of goods 2. to worship gods and goddesses

In Brazil, the Caribbean islands, and North America, enslaved Africans worked under similar brutal conditions in the fields to raise which crops?

1. tobacco 2. sugar cane

Which characteristics describe the ancient Assyrian civilization? Select all that apply.

1. warriors who acquired iron technology 2. nomads who settled on the upper Tigris

Hippocrates (400 B.C.)

A Greek physician who studied the causes of illnesses and looked for cures. He set ethical standards for doctors. Greek physicians swore to "help the sick according to my ability and judgment but never with a view to injury and wrong." Doctors today still take a similar oath.

Jesus

A Jew who proclaimed it was his mission to bring spiritual salvation and eternal life to anyone who believed in him. His teachings are the foundation of Christianity.

Horace

A Roman poet who noted, "Greece has conquered her rude conqueror."

Alexander the Great

A strong Greek ruler who assumed the throne at 20 years old, after the assassination of his father, Philip II. He conquered much of Persia before he died an early death at the age of 32.

Which of the following achievements occurred during the Tang and Song periods?

A technique for making porcelain was perfected.

Pericles (460 B.C.-429 B.C.)

A wise and skillful leader who implemented a direct democracy, or a system of government in which citizens take part directly in the day-to-day affairs of government.

"You shall be the father of a multitude of nations. . . . I will make nations of you, and kings shall come forth from you. And I will establish my covenant between me and you and your descendants after you throughout their generations for an everlasting covenant, to be God to you and to your descendants after you. And I will give to you, and to your descendants after you, the land of your sojournings [short stay], all the land of Canaan." Use the text to answer the question. According to the Hebrew Bible, who was the recipient of this promise?

Abraham

Which of the following statements is true of Mycenaean civilization but not of Minoan civilization?

It dominated the Aegean world through warfare.

Christianity

It emerged from Judaism and was based on the teachings of Jesus.

How did the Catholic Church respond to the Protestant Reformation?

It enacted its own reforms, attempting to end corruption with a renewed emphasis on morality and discipline.

How did Balboa's discovery affect European exploration?

It encouraged explorers to seek a direct sea route to the Pacific and the East Indies.

Why is Hammurabi's Code a great Babylonian achievement?

It established laws that created peace and stability.

A painting shows farmers working in and resting alongside a wheat field. A group of people sit at the base of a tree. Use the image to answer the question : What aspect of this painting by northern European artist Pieter Bruegel differs from the work of Italian Renaissance painters?

It focuses on the realities of peasant life.

What did the poet Horace mean by these words: "Greece has conquered her rude conqueror."

Although Rome conquered Greece, Greece conquered Rome culturally.

How did the caste system provide a sense of order in Indian society?

Although it was unequal, the caste system gave each person a specific place and role in society. It gave people a sense of identity and interdependence. Each caste had its own occupation, its own leaders, and its own special role in Indian society.

Herodotus

An early historian often called the "Father of History." He wrote "The Persian Wars" and was concerned with detail and accuracy of the things he documented.

Plato

An early philosopher who studied under Socrates. He was distrustful of democracy, started a school called the Academy, and wrote a book called "The Republic." He divided his ideal society into three classes: workers to produce the necessities of life, soldiers to defend the state, and philosophers to rule. He thought talented women should be educated to serve the state.

Athens/Athenians (700 B.C.)

Located in Attica. Government began as aristocracy, and became a democracy over time. Women were not allowed to participate in politics. The Parthenon honored the goddess Athena.

Which of the following was a problem that limited the growth of New France?

Long, harsh Canadian winters made farming difficult.

What advantage did the Zhou Empire's feudal system offer for the nobles?

Lords profited from peasants working their lands.

Which of the following locations would offer the best archaeological evidence in support of a thesis statement regarding the effects of the Neolithic Revolution?

Mesopotamia

Gutenburg Invents Printing Press in 1455. Around 1455 there were a few hundred books. In the year 1500 there were 15-20 million books. What valid conclusion can be drawn from this information?

An unprecedented spread of information helped the Reformation grow.

What characteristics of Rome helped lead to the rise of the Roman Empire?

Controlling vast lands throughout the Mediterranean.

How did silt influence the development of civilizations in the Fertile Crescent?

Floodwaters from melting mountain snow left silt that improved the soil.

Which news headline best reflects a cause of the innovations that made up the Scientific Revolution?

Scientists Apply Reason to Solve Mysteries of Life

What was one of the effects of Mansa Musa's pilgrimage to Mecca?

He forged new diplomatic and economic ties with other Muslim states.

What can you infer from this passage about Shah Abbas's rule of the Safavid empire?

He helped restore a cultural golden age similar to the ancient Persian empire through enlightened rule.

What role did the god Osiris play in Egyptian religious belief?

He judged the souls of the dead.

How did Louis IX of France strengthen royal power?

He prohibited wars among lords, and He sent officials to monitor local government.

Which was one of the policies Akbar enacted that helped strengthen his empire?

He promoted diversity within his government and court.

How did the conversion of King Clovis encourage the spread of Christianity in medieval Europe?

He provided an example for other Germanic leaders.

How did a lord most benefit from granting a fief to his vassal?

He received loyalty and military service

Which is a likely reason why a minor pharaoh like Tutankhamen was buried in such a magnificent tomb?

He returned Egyptian religion to its familiar gods after the failed experiment of Akhenaton.

What was one of the impacts of Spanish colonization on Native Americans?

Tens of thousands of Native Americans died from disease, war, and forced labor.

What did the priest Johann Tetzel do that prompted Martin Luther to take action?

Tetzel sold indulgences, promising buyers an assured entry into heaven.

What was one important result of the Catholic Reformation?

The Council of Trent reaffirmed traditional doctrine, tried to end abuses, and established new schools.

What geographic barriers hindered movement in Africa?

The deserts and the tropical rain, the lack of good natural harbors, the high plateaus, rivers containing lots of rapids and cataracts all hindered movement in Africa.

Which important new idea did Ptolemy put forward?

The earth is the center of the universe.

How did Spanish colonies differ from French and English colonies?

The encomienda system subjected native peoples to forced labor.

Plebians

The farmers, merchants, and artisans who made up most of the population. They were citizens but had little influence. Their demands for power shaped politics in the early republic.

Minoans (1,600 B.C.-1,500 B.C. )

The first European civilization residing in Crete. They developed several systems of writing including hieroglyphs. Their economy was based on trade. Religion was polytheistic, worshiped gods thought to control the forces of nature. Built a vast palace at Knossos that was covered with colorful frescoes, paintings in watercolor done on wet plaster. Women perhaps enjoyed more rights than in most other ancient civilizations. Disappeared around 1,400 B.C.

Chandragupta Maurya

The first ruler of the Mauryan Empire. He ruled from 322-298 BCE. Grandfather of Emperor Ashoka. He united rival kingdoms under one rule. He also used a well-organized bureaucracy to maintain order, build roads and harbors, and manage state-owned factories and shipyards.

How did the spread of Christianity affect village life in medieval Europe?

The important rituals of people's lives happened in a Christian church, and the events on the religious calendar structured people's lives.

How do you know the Sumerian government was both a monarchy and a theocracy?

The king was an absolute ruler as well as a leading religious official.

Why is Mesopotamia known as the Fertile Crescent?

The land has rich soil for farming.

Which criticism would Jesus most likely have made against Roman law?

The law did not treat all people equally.

What general conclusion did Isaac Newton's observation of gravity have on the way we understand the universe?

The law of gravity is one of several natural forces that explains and governs the motion of the planets and stars.

Which of the following statements best describes the Israelites?

Their kingdom was divided into two, Israel and Judah, after Solomon's death.

Which statement best describes the way Gothic cathedrals reflected the culture of the Middle Ages?

Their light-filled interiors reflected the longing for religious knowledge and purity.

Which statement summarizes an important effect of northern Renaissance writers writing in vernacular?

Their works could now be read in towns and cities by members of the new middle class.

What are important factors that led to the fall of the Han Dynasty?

Invasions from nomadic tribes, rulers were unable to keep control, demanded high taxes, the canals and road systems were not maintained, empires split, population decreased.

Which geographical feature most impacted the formation of the kingdom of Pagan?

Irrawaddy River Valley

Which statement describes the expansion of Islam under the Umayyads?

Islam expanded west through North Africa as far as Spain.

How did the harshness of the Byzantine and Persian Empires help Islam spread?

Islam was welcomed into areas under these empire's because people didn't like the oppressive rule

Which of the following conclusions about the slave trade is most valid based on the historical record?

It affected millions of Africans.

How did Rome motivate conquered peoples to pay taxes, supply soldiers, and stay loyal to the government?

It allowed them to keep their own customs and self-government.

What purpose does Sharia serve?

It applies tenets of Islamic faith to law.

How did Henry II's belief that his royal courts had the right to try clergymen accused of crimes affect his relationship with the Church?

It caused conflict because both the Church and monarch claimed the same powers.

How did the second Great Schism help lead to the end of medieval Europe?

It caused people to question the authority of the Church.

How was the Church an obstacle to monarchs who wanted more power?

It challenged monarchs' attempts to control the clergy.

How did the Nubian kingdom of Meroë become a dominant economic center?

It controlled the major trade routes through North Africa.

How did the advent of farming affect life among Neolithic peoples?

They could live in more permanent villages.

How did the English colonies differ from Spanish and French colonies?

They elected their own representative assemblies.

How did the Song dynasty survive despite military setbacks?

They encouraged innovation in technology and agriculture and supported an extensive trading system.

How did the Portuguese establish footholds and trade on Africa's coasts?

They established forts and trading posts on the coast and seized key ports around the Indian Ocean.

Which of the following is true of the Umayyads?

They expanded into Spain.

Why did Korea and Japan choose a policy of isolationism?

They felt that foreigners threatened their independence.

How did the position of women change in early Muslim society?

They gained the ability to inherit property.

How did geography shape civilizations in ancient India and China?

They grew along rivers and other bodies of water.

Why did the Portuguese think that they could find an easier way to reach Asia?

They had expert knowledge and advanced navigational technology.

Greece/Greeks

They had polytheistic beliefs based on myths. Maintained separate city-states, and often battled with each other, but the Olympic games were a unifying force. They believed people different from themselves were barbarians. Formed the Delian League to become allies against Persia, which led to a golden age.

What did the ancient Egyptians have to learn to do to make possible the growth of their civilization?

They had to build dikes, reservoirs, and irrigation ditches to control river flooding.

What understanding have archaeologists gained about the Adena and Hopewell peoples from objects found in the earthworks they left behind?

They participated in distant trade networks.

Which characteristic of the people in Africa did Prince Henry of Portugal see as an opportunity for Christianity?

They practiced Islam and traditional native beliefs.

How did the Romans worship their gods?

They prayed to them at temples. They honored them at festivals.

How did local East African rulers deal with Arab and Persian merchants in the 600s?

They protected Muslim communities.

How did epic poems reflect the culture of medieval Europe?

They reflected themes of loyalty and heroism that were prized in Europe.

Why did the Protestant Reformation most likely encourage the persecution of Jews?

They represented another challenge to Christian teachings.

Which was one cause of the rise of the Persian empire?

They respected the customs and religious beliefs of the people they conquered.

How did the Muslim caliphates affect early North African civilizations?

They set up an effective trade network linked to India and China.

Which important legacy did the Roman republic's tribunes provide for future civilizations?

They showed that the common people could elect their own representatives to protect their interests.

How did martyrs help spread Christianity?

They showed the strength of Christian beliefs.

What was the effect of stained-glass windows in Gothic churches?

They supplied observers with information about European Christian beliefs.

What did Sargon II, Darius I, Chandragupta Maurya, and Shi Huangdi have in common?

They united lands under one rule.

Which of the following is an achievement of the ancient Egyptians?

They used hieroglyphs writing to communicate.

How did Renaissance humanists differ from medieval thinkers?

They were interested in inquiry and exploration, as well as the idea that humans could perfect themselves.

Why were military leaders able to institute the Roman empire?

They were more popular than the senate.

Which statement best describes the role of the popes in the Middle Ages?

They were spiritual leaders who also exercised secular power.

Which could most likely have caused peasants on medieval manors to die so young?

They worked hard and had poor diets, so were vulnerable to disease.

How did the "Black Land" impact ancient Egyptian civilization?

This irrigated farmland located by the Nile provided fertile soil to grow wheat and flax crops.

What characteristic was shared by all the important scientists of the Scientific Revolution?

Truth is only achievable through a process of inquiry and observation.

Which reformer put forth ideas that led to the formation of a new Christian Church?

Ulrich Zwingli

A revolt is

an uprising or rebellion

In what field did Egyptian mummification practices help make advances?

anatomy

Yathrib

ancient city in western Saudi Arabia where Muhammad fled in 622, now modern Medina

Meroe

ancient city of the Kingdom of Kush

Nubia

ancient kingdom of northeastern Africa, also called Kush

The person in the image is most likely to be a(n)

anthropologist.

calligraphy

artistic, stylized, or elegant handwriting or lettering

According to Jewish scripture, monotheism resulted from what circumstance?

a covenant between Abraham and the god he worshipped

Which was a major cause of European exploration?

a desire for direct access to spices

outpost

a distant military station or a remote settlement

Which of the following did the Byzantines most contribute to the Renaissance?

a diverse body of knowledge

schism

a division among the members of a group that occurs because they disagree on something

What caused Jacob to take his family to Egypt?

a famine

tenant farmer

a farmer who raises crops on land that is rented from someone else

consensus

a general agreement about something

illumination

a gold or colored decoration in an old book

theocracy

a government run by religious power

lineage

a group claiming a common ancestor

Council of Trent

a group of Catholic leaders that met between 1545 and 1563 to respond to Protestant challenges and direct the future of the Catholic Church

Cahokia

a group of prehistoric Indian mounds in Illinois that was a major city of the Mississippian civilization from about 700 to 1350 C.E.

shah

a king of Iran in past times

Commercial Revolution

a period of European economic expansion, colonialism, and mercantilism that lasted from about the 1500s until the early 1700s; It included the growth of capitalism, banking, and investing.

janizary

a soldier of an elite corps of Turkish troops organized in the fourteenth century and abolished in 1826

flying buttress

a structure that supports a wall or building from the outside

What was the encomienda system?

a system in which the Spanish monarchs granted the conquistadors the right to demand labor from Native Americans

minaret

a tall, thin tower of a mosque with a balcony from which the people are called to prayer

perspective

a technique that allows artists to portray a three-dimensional space on a flat surface

Which best describes the main source of success for the Minoan civilization?

abundant resources and trade with distant lands

Gregory VII (1025-1085)

achieved success in his battle with the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV on the matter of lay investiture. He greatly expanded papal power by claiming his supremacy over secular rulers.

In addition to family lineages, which other social system defined individuals' roles in many traditional African societies?

age grades

Muslim scholars launched the study of which field?

algebra

heliocentric

based on the belief that the sun is the center of the universe

Sharia

body of Islamic law that includes interpretation of the Quran and applies Islamic principles to everyday life

Which of these would be the best evidence to use to determine the age of an artifact found in a cave?

bones found near the artifact

Tiahuanaco

city along Lake Titicaca in Bolivia that was once the seat of an early civilization from about 200 B.C.E. to 1000 C.E.

To which of the following did the Protestant Reformation signify a response?

corruption in the Church

Which of the following from ancient civilizations in Mesopotamia had the most lasting impact on the world?

cuneiform

Medieval illuminated manuscripts provide insight into which of the following? Select all that apply.

daily medieval life and religious devotion

The plague impacted the economy of late medieval by

decreasing the population and making labor more expensive

Which approach did mercantilists encourage European rulers to take toward natural resources in the American colonies?

exploit them fully to achieve maximum profit for the parent country

Which core social factor gave people a sense of community and shared responsibility in medieval African culture?

extended lineages

Which of the following did Martin Luther believe that people needed in order to be saved?

faith alone

Which tradition, common among African peoples, primed them to accept Christianity and Islam?

faith in one supreme but unknowable god

A thesis statement about the impact of floodwaters on the growth of early river civilizations would most likely connect which three words?

fertile, renew, and silt

The shogun and samurai characterize which aspect of Japan?

feudal society

What is everyone's prime duty? (Confucianism)

filial piety, or respect for one's parents.

How did the writings of Erasmus encourage individualism?

he stated that people should be able to read and study the Bible on their own

Which of the following identifies important advances in learning made by the ancient Egyptians?

hieroglyphs, knowledge of the human body, and geometry

New France might have grown larger if which of the following occurred?

if they settled in a more moderate climate

caliph

important Muslim political and religious leader

peninsular

in Spanish colonial America, a person born in Spain

mulatto

in Spanish colonial America, a person of African and European descent

mestizo

in Spanish colonial America, a person of Native American and European descent

creole

in Spanish colonial America, an American-born descendant of Spanish settlers

Wage laws were passed after the plague to

keep laborers' wages at pre-plague levels

Asante kingdom

kingdom that emerged in the 1700s in present-day Ghana and was active in the slave trade

patrilineal

kinship ties that are passed on through the father's side of the family

matrilineal

kinship ties that are passed on through the mother's side of the family

quipu

knotted strings used by Inca officials for record-keeping

Sahara

largest desert in the world, covering almost all of North Africa

Which characteristic of the Avignon papacy drew harsh criticism?

lavish lifestyle

On which matter did Pope Gregory VII seek to limit the power of the Holy Roman emperor?

lay investiture

Which economic impact did the Crusades have on medieval Europe?

led to a money-based system of exchange

Andes Mountains

limited the eastward expansion of the Inca empire

Line of Demarcation

line set by the Treaty of Tordesillas dividing the non-European world into two zones, one controlled by Spain and the other by Portugal

Maya used their stone palaces

location for government events and homes for royal families

feudalism

loosely organized system of government in which local lords governed their own lands but owed military service and other support to a greater lord

Medieval feudalism hinged on which relationship?

lords and vassals

Pueblo Bonito

major archaeological site of the Chaco culture in northwestern New Mexico

Songhai

medieval West African kingdom located in present-day Mali, Niger, and Nigeria

Mali

medieval West African trading empire located in present-day Mali

Which listing correctly ranks the classes of Ottoman society from the top down?

men of the sword, men of the pen, men of negotiation, men of husbandry

As towns grew, which group was most likely to take responsibility for making improvements to the town?

merchant guilds

Blessed are the meek, for they shall inherit the earth./Blessed are those who hunger and thirst for righteousness, for they shall be satisfied./Blessed are the merciful, for they shall obtain mercy./Blessed are the pure of heart, for they shall see God./Blessed are the peacemakers, for they will be called sons of God. -Jesus Christ Use the passage to answer the question: Which message was Jesus trying to convey with these words?

mercy and sympathy for the poor and helpless

According to Islam, with which role did the angel Gabriel charge Muhammad?

messenger

tribute

money or goods that a ruler or country gives to another ruler or country especially for protection

capital

money or wealth used to invest in business or enterprise

revenue

money taken in through taxes

Which adjective best describes Islam?

monotheistic

Which was an important impact of the printing of the Gutenberg Bible in 1456?

more people could read and interpret the Bible for themselves

Which invention from Song China had the greatest influence on the spread of learning?

movable type

Which innovations developed in Tang and Song China? Select all that apply.

moveable type

Istanbul

name commonly used for the capital of the Ottoman empire; the city has also been called Constantinople (starting from when it was the center of the eastern Roman empire) and Byzantium (when it was the capital of the Byzantine empire)

What caused the conflict between Philip IV of France and Pope Boniface VIII?

new taxes placed on the clergy

Manchu

people originally from Manchuria, north of China, who conquered the Ming dynasty and ruled China as the Qing dynasty from the mid-1600s to the early 1900s

Which adjective best describes Ming China's position toward European trade?

restrictive

Which was a major effect of Pope Leo III crowning Charlemagne emperor of the Romans?

revival of the ideal of a unified Christian community

mutiny

revolt, especially of soldiers or sailors against their officers

What did ancient Mesopotamia offer early people that encouraged them to settle and build civilizations?

rivers and fertile land

On which point did some Protestant sects differ?

role of the sacraments

Bantu

root language of West Africa on which some early African migration patterns are based

Which political principle is supported by the Ten Commandments?

rule of law

King John (1167-1216)

ruled as the king of England from 1199-1216 following the rule of his elder brother, Richard the Lionheart. In 1215, rebellious barons compelled him to accept the Magna Carta.

Eleanor of Aquitaine

ruled first as the queen consort of French King Louis VII from 1137-1152, and then as queen consort to English King Henry II from 1152-1204. Her son, Richard the Lionheart, went on to rule England.

Five key relationships according to Confucius (Confucianism)

ruler to subject, parent to child, husband to wife, elder brother to younger brother, and friend to friend; Friend to friend is based on equality.

autocrat

ruler who has complete authority

Benedictine Rule

rules drawn up in 530 by Benedict, a monk, regulating monastic life. The Rule emphasizes obedience, poverty, and chastity, and divides the day into periods of worship, work, and study.

Which of the following drew Hernán Cortés to conquer the Aztecs of Mexico?

rumors about gold

sacrament

sacred ritual of the Roman Catholic Church

Which of the following influenced the development of Persian and Greek art and architecture in Delhi?

scholars who fled from Mongol raids on Baghdad during the 1200s

ghetto

separate section of a city where members of a minority group are forced to live

Which of the following are evidence that one civilization had a large influence on both the Maya and the Aztec? Select all that apply.

the construction of monumental pyramid-shaped temples, the existence of ball courts, the use of a calendar and a number system

Which circumstance caused the second Great Schism within the Roman Catholic Church?

the election of multiple popes by different factions

Which of the following did Spanish colonies have that French, British, and Portuguese colonies did not?

the encomienda system

What evidence best supports the influence of the Moche culture on the Inca empire?

the existence of road networks

Holy Land

the lands comprising ancient Palestine, including the Holy Land of the Jewish, Christian, and Islamic religions

Which of the following helped unify the provinces under the Roman empire?

the law of nations

Middle Passage

the leg of the triangular trade route on which slaves were transported from Africa to the Americas

Parliament

the legislature of England, and later of Great Britain

What best describes the interaction between serf and lord?

the lord did as much as he possibly could to keep the serf on his land

priests

the member of Aztec society most likely to record the text

Kaaba

the most sacred temple of Islam, located at Mecca

nuclear family

the part of a family that includes only the father, mother, and children

An Egyptian wall painting shows a man and a woman seated on a platform. They each hold scepters. Their heads are turned to the right, showing their face in profile, while their torsos face forward. Their legs also face to the side. Both are shown barefoot. Use the image to answer the question. This painting best illustrates what characteristic of Egyptian art?

the positioning of the heads and shoulders of the two figures

Gothic style

type of European architecture that developed in the Middle Ages, characterized by flying buttresses, ribbed vaulting, thin walls, and high roofs

In what key way did Confucianism shape the Han Dynasty?

use of a civil service system based on merit

Read the quotation and answer the question. "When you treat people well, those same people might not treat you the same way. But if you pay attention, you'll notice that Allah has sent OTHER people who treat you even better." -Suleiman the Magnificent Which characteristic of the Ottoman leader Suleiman may be attributed to the ideas in the quotation?

use of diplomacy

What did the British East India Company do to dominate most of India?

used alliances, armies, and its wealth to weaken the Mughal empire

French and Indian War

war between Britain and France in the Americas that happened from 1754-1763; part of a global war called the Seven Years' War

What outcome did the Peloponnesian War have on ancient Greece?

weakened the power of Athens

Which groups ranked as artisans in emerging social hierarchies in early river civilizations? Select all that apply.

weavers and metalworkers

Society achieves harmony (Confucianism)

when people accept their place and role in society.

Which of the following describe the roles of children in African civilizations? Select all that apply.

workers for the family and connections of past with future

What type of evidence would give a historian the best first-hand account of what occurred in the past?

written documents

Which of these correctly arranges the general hierarchy of the European feudal system?

1) monarch 2) lords 3) vassals 4) peasants

How did Islam affect the development of African civilization?

1. African leaders applied the zakat tax to their people. 2. Muslims chosen as advisors by West African rulers received an education.

Ptolemy

Proposed his theory that the Earth was the center of the universe.

feudal contract

exchange of pledges between lords and vassals

How did the Safavid government resemble that of the Ottomans?

1. centralized power 2. relied on a strong military

Which factor contributed to the decline of the Han empire?

Local military rulers amassed more power.

How did the arts grow under Suleiman?

Ottoman poets used Persian and Arab models to create Turkish poems.

Which people conquered the Byzantine empire and built a powerful Islamic empire in its place?

Ottomans

While a knight was away at war, which of his duties did his wife take on?

Oversaw vassals and Defended the state

Septimius Severus

(c. 145-211) ruled as Roman emperor from 193-211.

How did Renaissance Europe differ from medieval Europe?

Scholars focused more on secular humanities.

Acropolis

A high city that stood on a hilltop with its great marble temples dedicated to different gods and goddesses.

predestination

Calvinist belief that God long ago determined who would gain salvation

Which civilization owes its growth directly to the Nile River?

Egyptian

What was one economic effect of the Renaissance?

Increased trade led to thriving Italian banks.

Sophocles

One of the greatest Athenian playwrights known for writing tragedies.

Which of the following did Gothic architecture reflect about the late Middle Ages?

The Church had great wealth and authority.

Which cultural element did the Romans adapt from the Etruscans?

Their alphabet.

What was one key role of Iroquois women?

They farmed.

Why were Horace, Martial, and Juvenal popular poets?

They satirized Roman society.

Frank

a Germanic tribe that contributed to the division of Western Europe

Pacific Coast

location of most of the civilizations

excommunication

exclusion from the Roman Catholic Church as a penalty for refusing to obey Church law

Olaudah Equiano

(1745-1797) was captured in West Africa when he was a boy of 11, sold into slavery, and transported to the Americas. Later, he found paying work and earned enough money to buy his freedom. In 1789, he wrote his autobiography, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano. He died in London in 1797.

Which of the following are the two holiest cities in Islam?

1. Mecca 2. Medina

Why is Mecca significant to Islam?

1. Muhammad was born there 2. the Kaaba is located there.

Thucydides

A historian who lived in the Age of Pericles, and recorded a speech given by Pericles at the funeral of Athenians slain in battle. In this speech, Pericles described essential values and beliefs of the Athenians, including equality of citizens before the law, the responsibility of citizens, and service to the state.

Livy

A historian who sought to arouse patriotic feeling and restore traditional Roman virtues by recalling images of Rome's heroic past.

Julius Caesar

A military commander who forced the Roman senate to make him dictator. He launched a program of public works to employ the jobless and gave public land to the poor. He also reorganized the government of the provinces and granted Roman citizenship to more people. The calendar was named for him and is still used today.

Charles Martel

A military leader who ruled the Frankish kingdoms as mayor from 719-741. He defeated several rebellions and blocked a Muslim invasion.

What was the eventual result of the scientific contributions of René Descartes and Francis Bacon?

A new, step-by-step scientific method resulted, based on inquiry, experimentation, and observation.

Which leader of the Mughal empire in India made key reforms, such as paying government officials?

Akbar

Which individual would feature most prominently in a discussion of how Renaissance ideas spread to northern Europe?

Albrecht Dürer

Which answer most precisely describes the location of Mecca and Medina?

Arabian Peninsula

Describe the spread of Islam under the first four caliphs.

Arabs united under Islam and defeated nearby empires.

How did the prosperity of West Africa's smaller societies compare with Africa's much larger kingdoms?

As in the larger kingdoms, farming and trading were key to prosperity.

In which capacity did women help spread Christianity?

As missionaries who traveled the empire.

What is one explanation for a transition to hired labor by the 14th century?

As populations recovered from wars, famines, and plagues, the cost of labor came down; lords could derive rent from their tenants and pay a low price for hired help.

What was one way that Athens was more democratic than Sparta?

Athens had a true legislature, while Sparta did not.

Which Roman leader achieved absolute power as the first emperor of Rome?

Augustus.

Which statement is true about the ancient capital city of Axum before A.D. 600?

Axum became a multicultural kingdom, with both Christian and Jewish populations.

How did Balboa's search for a direct route to Asia differ from Magellan's voyage?

Balboa crossed Panama; Magellan sailed around the world.

Which of the following was a difference between capitalist entrepreneurs and guild masters?

Capitalists let supply and demand set prices; guild masters regulated prices.

In what epic poem does the god Krishna teach a prince about duty?

Bhagavad-Gita

Bubonic Plague

Black Death that ravaged Europe in the 1300s

In which ways were the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches alike?

Both celebrated the sacraments, and both recognized Easter as the most important holy day.

How did interactions between Muslim and Hindu communities in India change over time?

Both communities endured violent conflict until shared cultural experiences encouraged tolerance.

Which of the following was one way the histories of medieval Poland and Hungary were similar?

Both had been powerful Roman Catholic kingdoms that were conquered by different ethnic groups.

What is one major similarity between Judaism and Zoroastrianism?

Both state that each individual has free will to do good or evil.

How did families in Sparta differ from those in Athens?

Boys were taken from their families to be raised in barracks.

How were the Aztec and Inca empires impacted by Spanish conquistadors and European colonization?

Conquistadors destroyed the empires, and then Europeans built new settlements.

Which statement accurately describes the Duomo in Florence?

Built by Brunelleschi, it was inspired by the Pantheon in Rome.

How did the Pax Romana enable the integration of multiple cultures across three continents?

By encouraging travel and trade within the empire.

How did Rome successfully protect its conquests?

By posting a well-trained army throughout the empire

Which most directly contributed to the rise of the Russian Orthodox Church?

Byzantine empire

A flowchart with six boxes is shown. The first five boxes are filled out, and the last box is blank. The boxes are filled out as follows: Roman Catholic Church sells indulgences, spends lavishly/Martin Luther protests, publishes, and distributes 95 Theses/Pope Leo X excommunicates Luther/Protestantism takes hold across northern Europe, dividing Christianity/John Calvin forms offshoot of Protestant Lutheranism/A blank box is shown. Use the flowchart to answer the question: Which statement belongs in the final box?

Christian unity collapses, bringing a new political order that is divided between East and West.

Inquisition

Church court set up to try people accused of heresy

Which of the following was an effect of Spain's regulation of trade in its American colonies?

Colonists could export raw materials only to Spain.

Which city became known as "New Rome" and served as the capital of the eastern Roman empire?

Constantinople

What belief system did Han emperors adopt as the official system of the state?

Confucianism

Which philosophy did Tang rulers apply to govern their empire?

Confucianism

Pythagoras

Derived a formula to calculate the relationship between the sides of a right triangle.

Why did Bantu-speakers migrate south instead of north?

Desertification created a barrier to the North.

According to the text, who would most have welcomed the impact of the printing press for making the Bible more accessible to ordinary people?

Desiderius Erasmus

Which northern Renaissance author challenged the Church with In Praise of Folly?

Desiderius Erasmus

Which statement best summarizes the effect of geography on Eastern Europe?

Different parts of the region were most influenced by cultures that had easiest access to them.

Which conditions made possible the rise of the Roman empire?

Disparity among classes, and traditional Roman values.

Which aspect of domesticating animals likely made the most important change in how early humans lived during the Neolithic Revolution?

Domesticated animals could be herded, enclosed, and used as needed.

Sparta/Spartans (530 B.C.)

Dorian invaders from the north who conquered Laconia, and built a military state. Government included two kings and a council of elders who advised the monarchs. Children trained to be soldiers from a young age. Women were required to exercise and strengthen their bodies—something no other Greek women did.

How did England's political traditions affect the types of government established in England's American colonies?

English colonists had some limited representative self-government.

What was significant about the Magna Carta?

English monarchs were required to obey the law.

What do Jesus and the Christian God value?

Equality.

What was a major impact of the Neolithic Revolution?

Food surpluses led to population growth.

What was an effect of the movement of foods like corn and potatoes from the Western Hemisphere to the Eastern Hemisphere?

Foods from the Americas contributed to population growth around the world.

Zeno

Founded a new philosophy called Stoicism, which urged people to avoid desires and disappointments by accepting calmly whatever life brought. They taught that all people, including women and slaves, though unequal in society, were morally equal because all had the power of reason.

Maurya Empire

Founded by Chandragupta Maurya in 321 B.C. by uniting competing lands in northern India; lasted until 185 B.C., then declined mysteriously. It was the capital at Pataliputra, with schools, library, palaces, and temples.

Roman Empire

Founded in 753 b.c. by two brothers, Romulus and Remus. It was at first ruled by kings. The empire centered at the city of Rome, in what is now Italy.

What did the document called "The Edict of Milan" proclaim in the Roman empire?

Freedom of worship to all citizens of the Roman empire.

New France

French possessions in present-day Canada from the 1500s to 1763

How did the fall of Rome affect trade in Western Europe?

Frequent wars and invasions caused trade in Western Europe to decline severely.

According to Jewish tradition, which of the following beliefs stemmed from Abraham's covenant with God?

God would have a special relationship with Abraham and his people.

Which group brought Mongol rule to Russia and Eastern Europe?

Golden Horde

In which Christian text are the teachings of Jesus recorded?

Gospels

Which mathematical innovation did the early Muslim caliphates achieve?

Hindu-Arabic numerals

Which aspect of Jesus's teachings would influence Roman and other legal systems?

Ideas about justice.

How did construction of aqueducts most impact Roman life?

Improved public sanitation and access to fresh water.

Charlemagne

In 768, Charles Martel's grandson, Charles the Great, became king of the Franks, the Lombards, and emperor of the Romans. He built an empire covering what are now France, Germany, and part of Italy. Later, the pope crowned him the new emperor of the Romans. He strove to unite and govern an increasingly diverse collection of conquered peoples as well as cope with threats from new invaders. He conducted a long series of successful military campaigns, made efforts to spread Christianity and implement religious reform, sought to make more effective inherited political institutions and procedures, and supported cultural renewal through a revival of learning.

A map shows a lord's house at the center of a large medieval estate. Several other buildings, including a bake house, a mill, a barn, and a blacksmith, surround the lord's house. The manor lands also include a village with a church and priest's house, orchards, forest, fields for planting, a common pasture, meadows, roads, and a river. Use the map to answer the question: How does this illustration of a manor illustrate that the manor was at the heart of the feudal economy?

It shows that the manor was a self-sufficient community that could grow its own food and attend to its religious needs.

Why was the victory of the Franks at the battle of Tours in 732 important?

It stopped Muslim armies from advancing farther into Western Europe.

Which legal principle did the teachings of Jesus promote?

Just and equal treatment for all people.

Qin Dynasty

Key contributions were the Great Wall, standardized weights, measures, and coins, uniform system of writing, extended roads and canals.

Which religion did Chinese missionaries spread in Korea's three early kingdoms?

Mahayana Buddhism

Why is the Neolithic period called a "revolution"?

Major changes occurred in social, political, and economic life.

Who united Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt?

Menes

According to Islamic belief, who is the most recent prophet and the founder of Islam?

Muhammad

Which list places events in the correct sequence?

Muhammad dies, Abu Bakr unifies followers, Arab Muslims defeat Byzantines and Persians, Umayyad caliphate established, Abbasid caliphate established

Muslims fast in memory of which event during the holy month of Ramadan?

Muhammad's first revelations from God

hijra

Muhammad's journey from Mecca to Medina in 622

Mughal empire

Muslim empire that ruled most of northern India from the mid-1500s to the mid-1700s; also known as the Mogul empire

Which statement best describes the overall impact of Muslim merchants on the city of Kumbi Saleh?

Muslim merchants and traders made the city a bustling center for commerce.

sultan

Muslim ruler

What was one of the significant aspects of Muslim domination of North Africa's cities in the 690s?

Muslims made Arabic the region's dominant language.

What was one of the significant aspects of Muslim domination of North African cities in the 690s?

Muslims made Arabic the region's dominant language.

pueblo

Native American village of the North American Southwest who built their homes into rocky cliffsides to defend against attack. Their communities were large.

How did the Atlantic slave trade benefit the economy of Britain's New England colonies?

New England's shipbuilders earned profits by providing ships for the triangular trade.

What geographic feature made possible the union of Upper and Lower Egypt?

Nile River

Which river shaped ancient Egyptian civilization?

Nile River

How did people react at first to Muhammad's efforts to spread Islam?

Not many people listened, and his opposition to Arab gods greatly angered some.

How did Nubia prosper?

Nubia had iron ore, Nubia conquered Egypt, and Nubia had wide trade network- gold, ivory, animal skins, perfumes, slaves- which all contributed to make Nubia prosper.

What influence did Egypt have on Nubian society?

Nubian society absorbed some aspects of Egyptian culture.

Which statement correctly summarizes an economic development that was part of the Commercial Revolution in the 1500s?

Prices rose as more money, silver, and gold became available.

Which group most directly influenced both the Maya and the Aztec?

Olmec

We see death coming into our midst like black smoke, a plague which cuts off the young, a rootless phantom which has no mercy or fair countenance. Woe is me. . . . It is an ugly eruption that comes with unseemly haste. It is a grievous ornament that breaks out in a rash. The early ornaments of black death. -Jevan Gethin Use the excerpt to answer the question: Which of the following was the impact on Europe of the disease described?

One-third of the population of Europe died, production declined, and the cost of labor soared.

Consul

Part of the Roman republic that were among the highest officials. They were annually elected, and held equal power. They commanded the armies and supervised the business of government.

Dictator

Part of the Roman republic that were among the highest officials. They were appointed in times of emergency, and held office for six months only.

What did the social class with the largest number of people contribute to early civilizations?

Peasant farmers grew food that fed the city.

What did the Maya and the Aztec civilizations have in common?

Peasant farmers made up the largest social class.

Which Roman principles of law are now part of the American legal system?

People are innocent until proven guilty; the accused are allowed to face their accusers; guilt has to be established using solid evidence.

How did the creation of a reliable food supply lead to political changes during the Neolithic Revolution?

People could settle together in permanent villages that, as they grew, organized governments.

Which basic principle of today's laws was unfamiliar to citizens of ancient Rome?

People of all social classes receive equal treatment.

How did the treatment of conquered people help Islam spread?

People wanted to always be treated nicely, like Islam offered, so they welcomed Islam and converted rather than fighting against it

Which of the following best describes the emergence of social classes in early civilizations?

People were ranked according to their jobs and economic standing.

How did Judaism differ from earlier religions in Southwest Asia?

People worshipped one god.

Aristotle

Plato's most famous student., and a great philosopher. He favored rule by a single strong and virtuous leader. Good conduct meant pursuing the "golden mean." He promoted reason as the guiding force for learning.

Which is the best example of the way medieval literature reflects its culture?

Poem of the Cid is a thrilling war tale that reflects the Christian values shared by most Europeans of many cultures.

Copernicus

Polish astronomer in the 1500's who was influenced by Aristarchus, who formed the theory of a heliocentric, or sun-centered, solar system.

Which of the following most directly resulted from the Neolithic Revolution?

Populations increased.

Which European nation first established a trading empire in the Indian Ocean?

Portugal

Which dynasty began construction on a vast defensive feature that remains a symbol of Chinese civilization today?

Qin

Identify the person responsible for bringing stability after the religious turmoil that resulted in the formation of the Anglican Church of England.

Queen Elizabeth

Why did Reformation ideas most likely produce so many Protestant sects in Europe?

Questioning by reformers inspired more reformers.

How did geography influence the development of civilizations in the Fertile Crescent?

Rich soil and the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers created fertile land for farming.

Eightfold Path

Right View, Right Thought, Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, Right Contemplation.

Describe one way the growth of the Roman empire influenced North Africa?

Roman's built roads, dams, aqueducts, and cities across North Africa. Rome took soldiers from North Africa as well. Rome spread Christianity in North Africa

Han Dynasty

Ruled by Wudi (141 B.C. - 87 B.C.). Considered a Golden Age of Chinese civilization. Tried to unify China by lowering taxes and rolling back Legalist policies as well as by hiring Confucian scholars as royal advisors. Confucian scholars were held in high esteem. Invented the basic method of paper-making, metal riding stirrups, wheelbarrows, steering rudders for ships, acupuncture, suspension bridges. The Silk Road was established, and canals and roads improved.

Etruscan

Ruled much of central Italy, including Rome. The Romans adapted their alphabet, to use the arch in construction, and they adapted their engineering techniques to drain the marshy lands along the Tiber. Over time, the Romans adopted some of their gods and goddesses who became merged with Roman deities.

Which geographic feature limited expansion of civilization in North Africa?

Sahara Desert

Which geographic feature limited the expansion of West African civilization?

Sahara Desert

Mycenaean (1,400 B.C.-1,200 B.C.)

Sea traders that absorbed ideas from Egypt, Mesopotamia; also reached Italy, Sicily; learned from Minoans (including writing). Lived in separate city-states on mainland; warrior kings rule surrounding villages from thick-walled fortresses. First Greek-speaking culture which left written records, spoke Indo-European language. Fine gold ornaments found in their tombs. Conquered Greek mainland, then Crete; took part in Trojan War, around 1,250 B.C.

Feudalism can best be said to have arisen out of which shared need of lords and peasants?

Security

Which institution from the Roman republic set a precedent for future representative democracies?

Senate.

Augustus

Served as the first emperor of the Roman empire. His reforms helped unify the empire and integrate cultures He allowed cities and provinces a great deal of self-government. He conducted a census to use as a basis for fairer taxation.

Theodora (497-548)

She was wife to Justinian I, was the Byzantine empress from 527 to her death in 548. Regarded as a powerful leader in her own right, she exercised a great deal of influence over her husband as his advisor, and is known for encouraging her husband to enact key social reforms.

Safavid

Shiite Muslim dynasty that ruled much of present-day Iran from the 1500s into the 1700s

Which religion emerged in Punjab and taught the equality of all people?

Sikhism

How did Judaism influence Ethiopia's culture?

Some Ethiopians observed some Jewish holidays and dietary laws.

Which early civilizations developed beside two large rivers?

Sumer and Shang China

Umayyad

Sunni dynasty of caliphs that ruled from 661-750

What makes the Swahili language a valid example supporting the conclusion that East Africa's geographic proximity to the coast affected its culture?

Swahili blends aspects of Bantu with Arabic.

Geneva

Swiss city-state that became a Calvinist theocracy in the 1500s; today a major city in Switzerland

Describe the impact of the Neolithic Revolution on civilization. Essay:

The Neolithic Revolution began with an idea about crops. The first civilizations most likely took plants, put them in an orderly fashion, and started having a surplus of food. The impact of this was that the civilizations began to focus less on food and started making permanent homes. They would typically set up near fresh water like rivers so they have a seemingly endless supply of water as well. After a descent majority of the civilizations were set up with food and water, they began trading with nearby civilizations. After trust between the trading neighbors was established, they could protect each other, hunt together and join forces to become one giant civilization.

How did the Ottoman and Safavid empires differ?

The Ottomans followed Sunni Islam, and the Safavids followed Shiite Islam.

Which of the following best characterizes European interest in Ming China's trade goods?

The Portuguese had a growing interest in Chinese silk.

How do the Quran and Sharia differ?

The Quran is the holy book of Islam; Sharia is a system of laws.

How did the Hundred Years' War affect medieval Europe?

The longbow and cannon made knights and castles less important.

Roman Republic

The name comes from res publica, or "that which belongs to the people." A form of government where the people choose their officials.

How did the Hundred Years' War affect the medieval structure of feudalism, in which vassals owed military service to the king?

The need for a larger, standing army with greater mobility made the vassal system obsolete.

Tribune

The officials elected by the plebians. They could veto, or block, laws that they felt were harmful to plebeians.

What main catalyst drove Henry VIII to establish the Church of England?

The pope would not grant Henry an annulment so he could remarry and produce a male heir.

Which was a common theme in Roman literature?

The rise and fall of Roman power.

Why did European exploration continue even after the accomplishment of Vasco da Gama?

The route he followed took an extraordinary amount of time.

Great Schism

The separation of the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church (1054 CE), A period of division in the Roman Catholic Church, 1378-1417, over papal succession, during which there were two, or sometimes three, claimants to the papal office

Harappa

The site of an ancient civilization in the Indus River Valley of modern Pakistan

How did both townspeople and monarchs benefit from their mutual support?

Townspeople achieved better business conditions, while monarchs widened their support in towns.

An advantage of cooperation between Maya cities

Trade allowed access to needed resources

How did the Aztecs use resources in the region?

Trade and tribute gave the Aztecs more resources than the Olmec and Maya.

How did trade affect the culture of East African city-states?

Trade attracted people from many regions to the city-states, bringing more cultural diffusion.

Homer (750 B.C.)

Traveled from village to village and told his stories. Known for 2 epic poems.The Iliad tells the story of the Trojan War, and The Odyssey tells a story of its aftermath.

Which of the following was one of the ways Christianity spread across Europe?

Traveling friars lived and preached among the common people.

Which position in Roman government made it possible for the lower classes to take part in governance?

Tribune.

How would you best describe the factors contributing to the development of the political and social system of feudalism?

Vikings, Muslims, and Magyars invaded Europe at a time of political weakness.

How did food surpluses change the way of life in early human settlements?

Villages needed to organize governments.

Which geographic feature(s) supported productive trade for Russian civilization?

Volga and Dnieper Rivers

Peloponnesian War (431 B.C. )

Warfare that broke out between Athens and Sparta, and soon engulfed all of Greece. Athens was defeated by Sparta, and it marked the decline of the Athenian golden age. Sparta was later defeated by Thebes.

Sundiata

a West African ruler who was responsible for laying the groundwork for Mali to be a rich and powerful kingdom. He died in 1255.

Which of the following statements would likely have come from someone living on the west coast of medieval Europe?

We have to be prepared for raids from ferocious invaders from Scandinavia.

How did conflict and cooperation within early civilizations relate to the use of resources?Essay:

When cooperation within civilizations happens, goods are traded among the two so both get what they want. When conflict between two tribes arises, battles will usually take place and which ever side wins gets to take over the location and goods from the other tribe.

How did the Huang River's nickname, River of Sorrows, reflect its impact on early Chinese civilizations?

When it broke through its dikes, it ruined crops, which then caused terrible famines.

How did the growth of trade and manufacturing change women's lives in Europe?

Women were able to join and even run guilds.

Euclid

Wrote "The Elements," a textbook that became the basis for modern geometry.

Virgil

Wrote an epic poem called "Aeneid." He tried to show that Rome's past was as heroic as that of Greece. He linked his epic to Homer's work by telling how Aeneas escaped from Troy to found Rome.

Oyo empire

Yoruba people formed this state in present-day southwestern Nigeria in the 1600s. This empire used wealth from trade, including slave trading, to maintain a trained army and to eventually conquer the neighboring Dahomey kingdom. The Yoruba people then traded with European merchants from Dahomey's ports.

Which dynasty used the Mandate of Heaven to justify its replacement of the previous dynasty?

Zhou

Bhagavad-Gita

a 700 verse Hindu scripture in Sanskrit that is part of the Hindu epic Mahabharata

Swahili

a Bantu language widely used as a common language in East Africa and having official status in several countries.

potlatch

among Native American groups of the Northwest Coast, ceremonial gift-giving by people of high rank and wealth

Malindi

an East African port city

Ashoka

an Indian emperor of the Maurya Dynasty, who ruled almost all of the Indian subcontinent from c. 268 to 232 BCE. He fought a long, bloody war to conquer the Deccan region of Kalinga. He later converted to Buddhism, rejected violence, and resolved to rule by moral example.

compromise

an agreement in which each side makes concessions; an acceptable middle ground

compact

an agreement or covenant between two or more parties

surplus

an amount that is more than needed; excess

guild

an association of merchants or artisans who cooperated to uphold standards of their trade and to protect their economic interests

Black Death

an epidemic of the bubonic plague that ravaged Europe in the 1300s

fief

an estate granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for service and loyalty

humanism

an intellectual movement at the heart of the Renaissance that focused on education and the classics

Moluccas

an island chain in present-day Indonesia, which Europeans in the 1400s called the Spice Islands because it was the chief source of spices

Which standard guided the behavior of medieval knights?

code of chivalry

chivalry

code of conduct for knights during the Middle Ages

Which item is an example of an artifact?

coin

What increased the economic power of the medieval Church?

collection of tithes

triangular trade

colonial trade routes among Europe and its colonies, the West Indies, and Africa in which goods were exchanged for slaves

monopoly

complete control of a product or business by one person or a group

Inca

developed a highly organized government, which collected a labor tax to feed the population and to maintain public works/they worshiped many gods

Ancient Egyptians conducted land surveying and built monumental pyramids. What did later civilizations inherit from their innovations?

developments in mathematics

Caste System

divides Hindus into four main categories - Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and the Shudras. Many believe that the groups originated from Brahma, the Hindu God of creation.

Which geographic factor have scholars linked with the decline of the Akkadian empire?

drought in northern Mesopotamia

Reconquista

during the 1400s, the campaign by European Christians to drive the Muslims from present-day Spain

Qing

dynasty established in China by the Manchu from the mid-1600s to the early 1900s

Qajar

dynasty that ruled Iran from 1794-1925

Abbasid

dynasty that ruled in Baghdad from 750-1258

Read the text, then choose the best answer: "For the first time, individuals began to specialize in certain jobs. Some became artisans, or skilled craftspeople, and made pottery or finely carved or woven goods. Among the crafts developed in cities, metalworking was particularly important. People learned to make tools and weapons, first out of copper and later out of bronze, a more durable mixture of copper and tin." The specialization described in this text was characteristic of

early civilizations.

inflation

economic cycle that involves a rapid rise in prices linked to a sharp increase in the amount of money available

What had to happen in northern Europe before the Renaissance could spread there?

economic growth

vernacular

everyday language of ordinary people

Which innovation helped both the Ottoman and the Safavid empires rise to power?

gunpowder

Which invention most contributed to the spread of both the Ottoman and Safavid empires?

gunpowder

sovereign

having independent authority and the right to govern itself

hajj

one of the Five Pillars of Islam, the pilgrimage that all Muslims are expected to make at least once in their lifetime

Pilgrim

one of the people who traveled by boat from England and created the first permanent settlement in New England at Plymouth in 1620

What purpose did African griots serve?

orally preserved history and folk tales

How did the Ottomans manage non-Muslim peoples that they conquered?

organized them into millets

epidemic

outbreak of a rapidly spreading disease

What role did the vizier play in ancient Egypt?

oversaw the government

If you wrote an essay about late medieval Europe, in a paragraph about which topic would you most likely refer to Avignon?

papal rivalry

What technological achievements occurred under the Han dynasty? Select all that apply.

paper made from wood pulp, seismographs, shipbuilding methods

Mercantilism depended on which key relationship?

parent countries and colonies

price revolution

period in European history when inflation rose rapidly

What is anti-Semitism?

persecution of Jewish people

entrepreneur

person who assumes financial risk in the hope of making a profit

The painting The Last Supper shows Jesus Christ seated at the center of a table with his disciples, painted to look like genuine people, without exaggerations or stylized lines. The lines of the room descend behind him toward a vanishing point beyond the windows. Use the image to answer the question: Which Renaissance artistic techniques are featured in this painting by Leonardo da Vinci?

perspective and realism

mercantilism

policy by which a nation sought to export more than it imported in order to build its supply of gold and silver

Iroquois League

political alliance of five Iroquois groups, known as the Five Nations, in the late 1500s

desertification

process by which fertile or semi-desert land becomes desert

geography of the Andes

ranges from dense tropical forests to barren deserts, high mountains to valleys and plateaus

What new Renaissance artistic technique, partly revived from classical times, did Leonardo da Vinci use?

realism, as in his painting of the Mona Lisa

canonize

recognize a person as a saint

Cyrillic

relating to the Slavic alphabet derived from the Greek and traditionally attributed to St. Cyril; in modified form, still used in modern Slavic languages

Which of the following terms is the process of creating a set of artifacts based on the idea that older artifacts are found deeper in the ground than newer artifacts?

relative dating

Which government precedent did the Roman republic pass on to future civilizations?

representation of citizens in a law-making body

viceroy

representative of the king of Spain who ruled colonies in his name

How did Roman authorities treat conquered peoples?

required them to pay taxes to Rome

Mesa Verde

reservation SW Colorado containing prehistoric cliff dwellings

A map shows Greece, Asia Minor, and Mycenaean territory. Sparta and Athens are located on opposite sides of Greece, separated by nearly 100 miles. Athens sits on the shore of the Aegean Sea while Sparta sits near the Mediterranean Sea. Marble and silver are located near the coasts of Greece. More resources are available in Asia Minor. Use the map to answer the question: Based on this map, what was true of the two city-states that came to dominate ancient Greece?

separated by more than 100 miles of rugged terrain

mounds

served as temples, burial grounds, and defensive structures, and were made of clay and dirt (Adena peoples)

Which of the following characterized life during the Neolithic Revolution?

settling together in villages

Tokugawa

shoguns descended from Tokugawa Ieyasu (1542-1616) who were supreme military leaders; ruled Japan from 1603 through 1869; reunified Japan and reestablished order following a century of civil war and disturbance

The Jacquerie in France

showed that the elites saw the lower classes as a singular group

What was the main concern of Confucianism?

social order and good government

Which aspect of West African culture did the colors and patterns of kente cloth signify?

social ranking

Which trade goods were brought along on the last leg of the triangular trade?

sugar and molasses

In what area of medicine did the Incas make the most notable advances?

surgical preparation

Which positive effect might the rules of chivalry have had on feudal society?

softened the daily brutality of a warlike society

A vassal is

someone who pledges allegiance to a superior feudal power, usually in exchange for land

To [man] it is granted to have whatever he chooses, to be whatever he wills. -Pico della Mirandola, 1486 Use the quotation to answer the question: What characteristic of the Renaissance does the quotation reflect?

spirit of adventure and curiosity

Which was the most significant social and political impact of Reformation ideas on Europe?

spread of conflict

Which medieval art forms served educational and decorative purposes? Select all that apply.

stained-glass windows and tapestries

humanities

study of subjects such as grammar, rhetoric, poetry, and history that were taught in ancient Greece and Rome

sect

subgroup of a major religious group

Daoism

taught people to focus on living in harmony with nature.

Which belief did John Calvin advance with the idea of predestination?

that God had already determined who was saved and who was not

Which idea did the late medieval Church label as heresy?

that the Bible, not the Church, was the source of truth

Which event most contributed to the decline of the Middle Ages?

the Hundred Years' War

Who is the "they" referred to in the following quotation: "They also established a number system based on six, dividing the hour into 60 minutes and the circle into 360 degrees, as we still do today."

the Sumerians

Which of the following describes the continuing relationship of the ancient Israelites with God?

the Torah

social mobility

the ability of individuals or groups to move up the social scale

Which power did farmers, merchants, and artisans eventually gain in the Roman republic?

the ability to elect officials who could veto laws harmful to plebeians

Which event triggered the civil wars that ended in Augustus's rise as emperor?

the assassination of Julius Caesar

papal supremacy

the authority claimed by the Roman Catholic pope over secular rulers

Augustine

the bishop of Hippo in North Africa. A noted Church scholar, he combined Christian doctrine with the philosophy of Plato. In "City of God," he defended Christianity against critics who claimed the sack of Rome in A.D.410 was a punishment for abandoning their traditional gods.

Constantinople

the capital of the eastern Roman empire; capital of the Byzantine and Ottoman empires; now called Istanbul.

An Egyptian wall painting shows a man and a woman seated on a platform. They each hold scepters. Their heads are turned to the right, showing their face in profile, while their torsos face forward. Their legs also face to the side. Both are shown barefoot. Use the image to answer the question: This painting best illustrates what characteristic of Egyptian art?

the positioning of the heads and shoulders of the two figures

immunity

the power to keep yourself from being affected by a disease

usury

the practice of lending money and requiring the borrower to pay a high amount of interest

Islam

the religion of the Muslims, a monotheistic faith regarded as revealed through Muhammad as the Prophet of Allah.

due process of law

the requirement that the government act fairly and in accordance with established rules in all that it does

encomienda

the right, granted by Spanish monarchs to conquistadors, to demand labor or tribute from Native Americans in a particular area

Medina

the second holiest city of Islam, after Mecca, on the site of ancient Yathrib, from which Muhammad spread Islam

What is technology?

the skills and tools people use to meet basic needs and wants

middle class

the social class that is between the upper class and the lower class, mainly including business and professional people, government officials, and skilled workers

Which of the following is an important theme in Tang and Song paintings?

the spiritual essence of nature

What was the Great Schism?

the split between the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches

Which precedent did Christian scholars set?

the use of reason to support belief

Treaty of Tordesillas

treaty signed between Spain and Portugal in 1494, which divided the non-European world between them

Thomas Aquinas

(1225-1274) was a philosopher, theologian, and monk who helped bridge the gap between medieval faith and the philosophy of reason promoted by Greek philosophy. He also explained the idea of natural law, that there are universal laws based on reason that are independent of laws passed by government.

Ibn Khaldun

(1332-1406) was an Arab thinker who helped establish the principles of many branches of knowledge, including history and economics. He is perhaps best known for the development of standards for studying and writing about history, which he explained in his landmark book, the Muqaddimah. He also introduced or refined many economic concepts relating to labor, profits, use of resources, production, and supply and demand.

Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui

(1438-1471) was a skilled warrior growing up. He expanded the Inca empire to what is now Peru and Ecuador. His capital was Cuzco, and he is credited with developing its city plan.

Leonardo da Vinci

(1452-1519) was an Italian artist considered the ideal Renaissance man due to his varied talents. His interests included botany, anatomy, optics, music, architecture, and engineering. His sketches for flying machines and undersea boats resembled the later inventions of airplanes and submarines. Leonardo's paintings, such as the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper, remain famous today.

Afonso de Albuquerque

(1453-1515) was a Portuguese admiral who helped found Portugal's trade empire in the East. He captured and built strategic forts at Goa, Calicut, Malacca, and Hormoz; reconstructed other forts; set up shipbuilding and other Portuguese industries in India; and built churches.

Afonso I

(1460-1542) was the ruler of Kongo, a historical kingdom in West-Central Africa, in the early sixteenth century. Afonso encouraged trade with Portugal, promoted European culture in his kingdom, and adopted Christianity as the state religion and as his own religion.

Moctezuma

(1466-c. June 30, 1520) was the last Aztec emperor, who mistakenly thought that the conquistador Cortés might be the god-king Quetzalcoatl. He was defeated by Cortés and forced to sign over his land and treasure. He was taken prisoner and killed as the Aztecs attempted to drive the Spanish from Tenochtitlán.

Niccolò Machiavelli

(1469-1527) was born in Florence. He was a Renaissance political philosopher, statesman, and writer. His most famous work was a guide for rulers on how to gain and keep power. The Prince was realistic about political power. Machiavelli argued that the end justified the means in politics. The term "Machiavellian" is still used today to describe deceitful politics.

Albrecht Dürer

(1471-1528) was born in Nuremberg, Germany. A painter, draftsman, and writer, his greatest artistic impact was in engraving. He traveled to Italy, studied the Italian masters, and helped spread Renaissance ideas to northern Europe. Many of his famous works, such as The Apocalypse and Adam and Eve, had religious themes.

Nicolas Copernicus

(1473-1543) was a Polish astronomer who concluded that the sun is the center of the universe around which Earth and the other planets revolve. This contradicted the religious and scientific belief that Earth was the center of the universe. Although he did not suffer immediate challenges from the Church, his most important work did not appear in print until after his death.

Michelangelo

(1475-1564) was an Italian painter also known for his sculpture, engineering, architecture, and poems. His famous marble statue, David, shows the influence of ancient Greek traditions on Renaissance artists. Michelangelo painted biblically themed ceiling murals for the Sistine Chapel in Rome. As an architect, he designed the dome of St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome, later a model for the U.S. Capitol in Washington, D.C.

Baldassare Castiglione

(1478-1529) was an Italian courtier, diplomat, and writer. His handbook, The Book of the Courtier, was widely read for its advice on the manners, skills, learning, and virtues that court members should display. He described an ideal courtier as well-mannered, well-educated, and multitalented.

Martin Luther

(1483-1546) was a German monk and theologian who was the catalyst of the Protestant Reformation. Trained to become a lawyer, he changed his path, joined a strict order of Roman Catholic monks, and studied theology. Seeking to reform abuses within the Church, Luther challenged Church teachings with his 95 Theses. This led to his excommunication and the development of Lutheranism, the first of several Protestant sects.

Sir Francis Bacon

(1561-1626) was a distinguished English philosopher, statesman, and lawyer. A man of many talents, he promoted rational thought. Bacon was held in high regard by philosophers and scientists in Europe as well as England.

Samuel de Champlain

(1567-1635) was a French navigator and explorer who established the colony of Quebéc in 1608. He became known as the "Father of New France" and was honored by the court of King Henry IV.

Muhammad al-Razi

(865-925) was a renowned Muslim physician who pioneered the study of many diseases. In addition to a well-received book on measles and smallpox, he also wrote texts about the history of medicine and ways to advance the field. Al-Razi held the position of chief physician, first in the city of Rayy and then in Baghdad. Also a philosopher, al-Razi analyzed the works of Plato while presenting his own ideas.

Gutenberg

(c. 1400-1468) was born in Germany. He became a goldsmith, printer, and publisher. His pioneering invention of a printing press with movable type changed the world. Around 1455, Gutenberg printed the first complete edition of the Christian Bible using his press.

Why was the open-border policy important for enabling China to prosper during the rule of the Song dynasty? Select all that apply.

1. Chinese merchants could import faster-growing rice from Southeast Asia. 2. Chinese farmers could produce two rice crops per year, selling one for cash.

Which Chinese influences did Korea adapt? Select all that apply.

1. Confucian ideas 2. civil service exams

How did the Jesuits help fight against the Protestant Reformation? Select all that apply.

1. Disguised Jesuits secretly traveled to Protestant lands to support Catholics. 2. Jesuits advised Catholic rulers about how they could prevent or fight heresy.

Which ancient Greeks most directly influenced modern engineering and architecture? Select all that apply.

1. Euclid 2. Pythagoras

The scientific method includes which steps? Select all that apply.

1. Experiment. 2. Form a hypothesis.

Which feudal monarchs took action to strengthen central rule? Select all that apply.

1. Hugh Capet 2. Philip Augustus 3. William the Conqueror

As Islam and Christianity spread through Africa, which of the following were examples of their impact? Select all that apply.

1. Islam played an significant part in government and business in many regions of Africa. 2. Muslim and Christian converts felt the one God was like their traditional supreme being.

"I have cast the die. . . . I will not reconcile myself to them [the Roman Catholic Church] for all eternity. . . . Let them condemn and burn all that belongs to me; in return I will do as much for them. . . . Now I no longer fear, and I am publishing a book in the German tongue about Christian reform, directed against the pope, in language as violent as if I were addressing the Antichrist." -Martin Luther, 1520. What prompted Martin Luther to take the actions described in the quotation?

1. Luther's rejection of papal authority 2. his refusal to recant

Which parts of a map of Africa would you shade to show the best farmland?

1. Nile River Valley 2. northern coast 3. southern tip

Which statement best describes the main reason behind the establishment of governments in early river valley civilizations?

1. People formed governments as a way to solve problems for the mutual benefit of a city or village. 2. People formed governments as a way to increase the amount of food grown by farmers.

Which changes occurred during the rule of Abbasids?

1. Persian traditions strongly affected the caliphate 2. Non-Arab Muslims were allowed to hold powerful positions.

Which statements are true of ancient Roman religion? Select all that apply.

1. Romans held public feasts and festivals to celebrate their deities. 2. Romans worshiped through rituals in front of city temples.

What innovations did ancient Mesopotamians pass on to later civilizations? Select all that apply.

1. calendar 2.legal code 3. number system 4. wheel 5. writing

Which obligations are among the Five Pillars of Islam?

1. declaration of faith 2. fasting during holy month 3. giving charity 4. Fast during the month of Ramadan 5. Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)

Which of the following actions by Darius strengthened the Persian empire by encouraging trade? Select all that apply.

1. encouraged the use of coins 2. set up common weights and measures

Which conditions characterized early medieval Europe? Select all that apply.

1. existence of a large rural serf population 2. interdependence of lords and vassals

In Tang and Song societies, women had the most say in which aspects of life? Select all that apply.

1. family finances 2. household affairs

A thesis statement about the impact of floodwaters on the growth of early river civilizations would most likely connect which three words? Select all that apply.

1. fertile 2. renew 3. silt

In which of the following did engineers make advances in Tang and Song China? Select all that apply.

1. flood control 2. irrigation

With which worldly activities had popes become more and more involved since the late Middle Ages? Select all that apply.

1. gaining political power 2. supporting the arts

Which of the following items did Nubia trade to the Mediterranean and Asia? Select all that apply.

1. gold 2. ivory 3. slaves

Which of these Chinese cultural elements influenced or were adapted by Vietnam? Select all that apply.

1. government bureaucracy 2. Confucian principles

Which of these are part of the legacy of ancient Egypt? Select all that apply.

1. medical knowledge 2. papyrus for writing

What were some themes explored by the artist Jan van Eyck?

1. religious themes 2. townspeople 3. peasant life

Which of these radical ideas did the Anabaptists assert? Select all that apply.

1. separation of Church and state 2. tolerance of other religions

Which factors helped the Umayyad empire grow?

1. weakened Persian and Byzantine rule 2. effective fighting methods.

Which African linguistic group migrated south and east from West Africa, giving rise to new civilizations?

Bantu

privateer

Dutch, English, and French pirates who preyed on treasure ships from the Americas in the 1500s, operating with the approval of European governments

Describe the overall teaching of Islam.

Each person is responsible for his or her own actions.

Mombasa

East African port city founded by Arab traders, now the capital of modern Kenya

Which statement best summarizes an important cause of the Hundred Years' War?

Economic rivalry led England and France to war.

Which of the following circumstances contributed to the fall of Rome?

Economic weakness, internal political unrest, invasions by foreign peoples.

Which of the following can you infer based on the system of European mercantilism?

Europe depleted many of its natural resources.

How did the culture of the Germanic tribes differ from that of the Romans?

Germanic peoples lived in small communities governed by unwritten customs.

Which type of architecture best characterizes the work of late medieval Europe?

Gothic cathedrals

Democracy

Government by the people.

Which reforms by Augustus helped unify the empire and integrate cultures?

He allowed cities and provinces a great deal of self-government. He conducted a census to use as a basis for fairer taxation.

What was Guru Gobind Singh's motivation behind giving all Sikh men the last name of Singh?

He believed that having a common name removed barriers of caste between people and promoted tolerance.

Justinian (483-565)

He was born of peasant stock and adopted by his uncle Justin (emperor from 518). As the Byzantine emperor from 527-565, he continued war with Persia and sought to win back former western Roman provinces from barbarian invaders. After riots and a major fire in 532, he rebuilt much of Constantinople in glorious style. He also instituted reforms to stop imperial corruption and promote justice for his subjects. His most influential achievement is Justinian's Code, a collection, organization, and revision of Roman laws.

According to Islamic faith, why is Muhammad known as "the prophet"?

He was called on by the angel Gabriel to share the teachings of God.

Which of the following triggered the formation of the Church of England?

Henry VIII's desire to end a marriage

How did Muslims first react to Hinduism when India was conquered and the Delhi sultanate was established?

Hindu temples were destroyed.

"Walk forwards in the radiance of the past." -Petrarch. Use the quotation to answer the question. How does the quotation connect to the Renaissance principle of humanism?

Humanity progresses by building upon past knowledge.

Where did Christianity emerge?

In Roman-controlled Judea.

Tsar

In medieval Russia this title referred to a supreme ruler, particularly the Byzantine emperor, who was considered the head of the Orthodox Christian world.

Which geographic feature marks the easternmost edge of Islam under the Umayyads?

Indus River Valley

How did the beliefs of the Anabaptists affect infants?

Infants were not baptized until they were adults.

How did the Ming dynasty change Chinese society?

It limited trade with Europeans.

Which of the following is an example of how the Delhi sultanate changed society in India?

Many lower-caste Hindus converted to Islam because the religion did not recognize a caste system.

Read the excerpt and answer the question. "Whoever does right, whether male or female, and is a believer, all such will enter the Garden." -Quran Which statement provides a valid generalization that can be inferred from the excerpt?

Men and women are equal spiritually under Islam.

What civilization predated classical Greece and developed on the island of Crete?

Minoan civilization

What would be different about modern society if the Neolithic Revolution had not occurred?

People would not live in large towns and cities.

Describe a typical peasant on an estate.

Rough and hardworking

How did the religious beliefs of the ancient Israelites differ from those of other nearby peoples?

The Israelites believed in only one God, while other peoples believed in many gods.

Which statement best summarizes the effects of Mongol rule on Russia?

The Mongols were lenient and tolerant rulers, but they isolated Russia from the advances taking place in Western Europe.

How did Mary Leakey's discovery change the modern understanding of prehistoric humans?

The bone she found provided evidence that early hominids made tools in East Africa almost 2 million years ago.

What important factor helped China reunite under a strong leader like Taizong?

The fragmented states had maintained growth, education, and advances in technology.

Which statement correctly describes a similarity between Plato and Socrates?

They both encouraged people to discover ethical values through reason.

How do anthropologists use the absolute dating technique to study prehistory?

They measure the decay of carbon-14 in bone to determine the age of ancient human remains.

How did knights demonstrate characteristics of the social hierarchy of feudalism?

They provided military service for their lord.

How did the economic system of manorialism most affect nobles?

They provided protection and gave peasants land to farm

How did the Ottomans interact with the Christian families that they conquered in the Balkans?

They trained sons as Muslim soldiers, and they took daughters as slaves.

How are Hindu beliefs related to the caste system in India?

To Hindus, all existence is ranked.

Where on a map of Saudi Arabia are Mecca and Medina?

To the West near the Red Sea

tournament

a contest of skill and courage between soldiers or knights in the Middle Ages

icon

a conventional religious image typically painted on a small wooden panel and used in the devotions of Eastern Christians

What radical new perspective did Copernicus's drawing of the universe reveal?

a heliocentric perspective

Valley of Mexico

a highlands plateau in central Mexico roughly coterminous with present-day Mexico City and the eastern half of the State of Mexico

longbow

a large wooden weapon (called a bow) that shoots arrows and was used for hunting and fighting in the past

partnership

a legal relation existing between two or more persons contractually associated as joint principals in a business

common law

a legal system based on custom and court rulings

knight

a mounted man-at-arms serving a feudal superior; especially a man ceremonially inducted into special military rank, usually after completing service as page and squire

sepoy

a native of India employed as a soldier by a European power

Bedouin

a nomadic Arab of the Arabian, Syrian, or northern African deserts

Confucianism

a philosophy concerned with personal growth, social order, good government.

Which could an anthropologist learn by studying an archaeological site where many animal bones were found?

a place where people ate together

A photograph shows a woman at work in a cave. She is brushing dirt from a skull that has been buried there. Pottery artifacts and another bone fragment sit nearby. The person in the image is most likely to be a(n)

anthropologist.

griot

any of a class of musician-entertainers of western Africa whose performances include tribal histories and genealogies

lay investiture

appointment of bishops by anyone who is not a member of the clergy

What was one of the basic features of early civilizations?

architecture

Who established the first medieval guilds?

artisans and merchants

diet

assembly or legislature

How did the Fertile Crescent's location help with the development of the Hebrew civilization?

became a meeting place for people and ideas

Which social policy directly reflected the excesses symbolized by chariot races?

bread and circuses

How did empire-building benefit farm production?

by providing more labor resources

How did Renaissance humanism promote secularism?

by pushing the study of philosophy, literature, and science

How did the Black Death contribute to the decline of medieval feudalism?

by reducing wealth of minor lords

St. Francis of Assisi (1181-1226)

came from a wealthy family and had been a fun-loving and worldly young man. He gave up his wealth to "walk in the footsteps" of Jesus. The first Franciscan friars were his followers, and together they lived a life of service to the poor and sick. Francis regarded all nature as the mirror of God, and called animals his brothers and sisters. Famous stories tell of him preaching to the birds and convincing a wolf to stop attacking townspeople, if they, in turn, would feed the wolf. The Church made him a saint in 1228.

Which innovation from the Song dynasty had the greatest impact on the expansion of global empires?

chemistry for explosives

What is an important theme in Arab poetry throughout the centuries?

chivalry and the romance of nomadic life

Rome was considered a republic because

citizens voted for some of their officials.

Baghdad

city in central Iraq that served as the capital of the Abbasid empire

What caused the West African kingdom of Ghana to grow powerful, wealthy, and to incorporate Islamic values and ideas in its society and government?

control of the gold-salt trade routes

Which two new foods from the Americas became important for feeding the Old World's rising population?

corn and potatoes

Mongol Empire

emerged from the unification of nomadic tribes in the Mongol homeland under the leadership of Genghis Khan. The empire grew rapidly under his rule and that of his descendants, who sent invasions in every direction

Which humanist ideals are most expressed in the sculpture David by Michelangelo?

emphasis on realistic anatomy and ancient Greek tradition

suzerainty

empire of west central Europe from 962 to 1806, comprising present-day Germany and neighboring lands

What did ancient Greeks inherit from Homer and then pass on to later civilizations?

epic poetry

Jesus's admonition to "love your neighbor as yourself" best reflects which legal principle rooted in both Judaism and Christianity?

equality before the law

Which powers did the pope hold over medieval monarchs?

excommunication and interdicts

gravity

force that pulls objects in Earth's sphere to the center of Earth

According to evidence found by scientists, where did Old Stone Age people travel across open ocean in rafts or canoes?

from Southeast Asia to Australia

How was the Mughal dynasty founded?

from conquest by Babur

How did military help Islam spread?

gained lots of land exposing non-Muslims to Islamic culture encouraging them to convert

Which characteristic helped make the Gupta Empire a golden age?

growth of religious schools

How did the first Caliph help Islam spread?

helped unify Islam and give people hope. This unification and motivation helped Muslims not get into civil war but instead come together

vassal

in medieval Europe, a lord who was granted land in exchange for service and loyalty to a greater lord

scholasticism

in medieval Europe, the school of thought that used logic and reason to support Christian belief

interdict

in the Roman Catholic Church, excommunication of an entire region, town, or kingdom

indulgence

in the Roman Catholic Church, pardon for sins committed during a person's lifetime

Where was the demand greatest for salt that North African traders supplied?

in tropical and savanna Africa

How does Shakespeare's play Julius Caesar reflect central literary themes common throughout the Renaissance?

it explores universal human themes and portrays classical figures and subjects

Jericho's status as the first city with a wall indicates that

it had a government that could organize construction projects.

What was a major effect of Pope Leo III crowning Charlemagne emperor of the Romans?

it joined germanic power with the church and the heritage of Rome.

What aspect of Roman civilization allowed Christianity to spread in North Africa?

its military prowess

Which two geographical elements have had the greatest effect on Korea's development?

its mountains and its seacoast

What did a medieval fief include?

land and peasants granted to a vassal

An organized government would most likely support the existence of food surpluses by

managing disputes over distribution.

anti-Semitism

prejudice against Jews

habeas corpus

principle that a person cannot be held in prison without first being charged with a specific crime

Which geographic feature encouraged expansion of civilization in North Africa?

rich land on the Mediterranean coast

Which geographic feature was most necessary to early civilizations?

rivers

What innovation enabled the Maya to adapt to their tropical environment and build a great civilization?

the construction of raised fields along rivers

Maya

the culture that first developed an understanding of the concept of zero, and shared the characteristics of the Olmec

Magna Carta

the great charter approved by King John of England in 1215; it limited royal power and established certain rights of English freemen

Avignon

the period from 1309 to 1376 during which seven successive popes resided in this French city rather than in Rome.

Which legal precedent did Hammurabi's Code establish?

the practice of writing down laws for all to know

Which innovation changed the distribution and consumption of written materials during the Renaissance?

the printing press

How did Arab Muslims primarily interact with East African city-states?

through trade

How did the bubonic plague spread to medieval Europe?

through trade ships

Responsibilities of superiors (Confucianism)

to care for and set a good example for their inferiors. Rulers should provide good government by being virtuous and leading by example. To this end, they should also be well educated.

What do scholars believe was the purpose of the geoglyphs created by the Nazca?

to convey spiritual meaning

Which describes the main reason why European powers expanded their presence in Africa?

to expand their trade in Africa, the Indian Ocean, and India

Which of the following might have been the main reason Neolithic farmers began domesticating plants and animals?

to keep a supply of food on hand for later use

According to mercantilists, what was the purpose of colonies?

to provide inexpensive resources and raw materials to parent countries

Which idea did Sikhism encourage in Indian society in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

tolerance among religious groups

Osei Tutu

was born around 1660 and died in the early 1700s. He was a founder and first ruler of the Asante empire in present-day Ghana. He started as the chief of the small state of Kumasi. But he realized that small separate Asante kingdoms needed to unite in order to protect themselves from powerful Denkyera neighbors.

Pope Innocent III (1160-1216)

was only 37 years old when he became pope and quickly extended the authority of the papacy over Rome and in Italy. When King John of England appointed the archbishop of Canterbury without Innocent's approval, the pope excommunicated John.

How did Justinian work to revive the glory of Rome?

•conquered former roman territories (from Germanic tribes) •created new law code based on Roman Law •expanded trade •he held absolute power over church and state

Which would early civilizations most likely have cooperated about? Select all that apply.

1. blending cultures 2. increasing trade

How did the Ten Commandments influence later political and legal ideas? Select all that apply.

1. by promoting social responsibility 2. by supporting the idea that laws should apply to everyone equally

Scientists classify artifacts made before the invention of writing into which time period?

prehistory

Which northern Renaissance novel comments about its times as it describes the comic adventures of two giants?

Gargantua and Pantagruel

Which of the following describes what happened during the European price revolution?

Inflation rose rapidly, and output increased.

How did cultural diffusion most likely affect the development of early civilizations

Interacting groups shared skills and ideas that improved farming practices.

How did the Empire of Caliphs help Islam spread?

Many different dynasties had different ideas and leaders of different fields which helped Islam conquer and advertise their religion easily and more efficiently

Pax Romana

Means "Roman Peace" and refers to the 200-year span that began with Augustus and ended with Marcus Aurelius. Roman rule brought peace, order, unity, and prosperity to lands stretching from the Euphrates River in the east to Britain in the west

Which enduring principle did Hammurabi's Code embody?

Rulers are responsible for maintaining justice and order.

How did the Renaissance curiosity of scholars encourage individualism?

Scholars looked for new ideas to apply in their everyday lives.

Which effect did the weakening of the Byzantine empire have on knowledge and learning in Western Europe?

Scholars who fled Constantinople took with them knowledge that helped spark the Renaissance.

How did commerce in Italy lead to the Renaissance?

Some merchants and bankers grew very rich. They could afford to help make their cities more beautiful. Many became patrons and provided new buildings and art; they helped found universities. This led many city-states to become a flourishing educational and cultural center.

Which describes a way in which Russia's geography influenced the development of its civilization?

South-flowing rivers connected it economically and culturally to the Byzantine empire.

How did Spain benefit from the Treaty of Tordesillas and the Line of Demarcation?

Spain won exploration and trading rights over half of the non-European world.

manor

a lord's estate that included one or more villages and the surrounding lands

In 1492, Christopher Columbus set sail westward across the Atlantic Ocean to solve a problem of geography. Which of the following was the purpose of his voyage?

to find a faster water route to the East Indies

Omar Khayyám

(1048-1131) is best known today as a poet who crafted many rubáiyáts, or quatrains. In his day, he was praised for his expertise in many areas. As a mathematician, he contributed to the development of algebra. As an astronomer, he carefully studied the sky to help improve the Muslim calendar. The Persian scholar also examined issues related to law, philosophy, and history.

Zhou Dynasty

(1122 B.C - 256 B.C.) They overthrew the Shang Dynasty. They promoted the idea of the Mandate of Heaven. China developed into a feudal state. They boosted the economy by developing new iron tools that helped produce more food. They grew new crops and organized large-scale irrigation works. They expanded commerce by using money. Economic expansion led to an increase in population which led to the settling and farming of new territories.

Golden Horde

(1251) The grandson of Genghis Khan, Batu Khan, advanced far into eastern Europe and established this rule in Russia. As a result, Russia experienced a cultural decay and isolation from Europe.

Christopher Columbus

(1451-1506) was an Italian explorer and navigator who went on Mediterranean and African expeditions, thought up a plan to sail west to reach India and China, and found support from the Spanish monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella. In 1492, he sailed west from Spain and reached the Caribbean Islands, which he mistakenly thought were the Indies of Asia. He made other voyages, but strained relations with the Spanish royal officials led to his arrest and dismissal as governor of the settlements on the island of Hispaniola.

Ignatius of Loyola

(1491-1556) went from an early career as a Spanish nobleman soldier to become a theologian and an influential participant in the Catholic Reformation. While recovering from leg surgery, Ignatius read a book on the lives of the saints and decided that serving God was holy chivalry. From that time until his death, Ignatius studied, preached, and did missionary work as founder of the Society of Jesus, an order of religious men who came to be known as Jesuits

Charles V

(1500-1558) was the Holy Roman emperor during the time of Martin Luther's Reformation efforts. His immense empire included large areas of Europe. A staunch Catholic, he rejected Luther's doctrines. The Protestant upheaval, along with political pressures, led Charles to voluntarily give up his throne. He divided the empire between his son and his brother. Charles entered a Catholic monastery, where he remained until his death.

St. Teresa of Avila

(1515-1582) gained renown as the author of several books on spiritual matters. She was a key influence during the Catholic Reformation. As a Carmelite nun, she dedicated herself to a simple religious life built on quiet reflection. Teresa dedicated most of her life to the reform of the Carmelite order, founding many convents throughout Spain.

Matteo Ricci

(1552-1610) was an Italian scholar and Jesuit priest who traveled to China. In 1589, Ricci began to teach Chinese scholars European mathematical ideas. Later he lived in Nanjing, where he worked on mathematics, astronomy, and geography. He became famous in China for his knowledge of astronomy, writing books in Chinese, and his talents as a painter.

William Shakespeare

(1564-1616), born in England, became a famous poet and playwright during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I. Between 1590 and 1613, he wrote 37 plays that are still performed around the world. He invented words and phrases still used today. Like other Renaissance writers, he took a humanist approach to his characters.

Galileo Galilei

(1564-1642) was an Italian astronomer and mathematician whose discoveries using a telescope supported the heliocentric universe theories of Copernicus. His discoveries challenged established scientific and religious thinking. Galileo was an important contributor to the development of the scientific method used by modern scientists.

Vasco de Gama

(c. 1460-1524) was a Portuguese explorer and navigator who in 1498 was the first person to directly reach India by sailing around Africa. He returned to India in 1502, fought Arab Muslim ships along the way, and established trading posts along the East African coast. After serving as an advisor to Portugal's king for 20 years, he returned to India in 1524 with the title of viceroy, but fell ill and died soon after arriving.

Francisco Pizarro

(c. 1476-June 26, 1541) was born into a very poor Spanish family and in 1513 joined Balboa's expedition to discover the "South Sea." In 1532, he arrived in Peru with his brothers, deposed the Incan ruler Atahualpa, conquered Peru, founded Lima in 1535, and was later assassinated by Spanish rivals.

al-Khwarizmi

(c. 780-c. 850) was a Muslim mathematician who developed groundbreaking concepts related to the study of algebra, and introduced the term "algebra," or "al-jabr." Through his writings, he introduced Europeans to the study of this branch of mathematics. Working in the field of geography as well, al-Khwarizmi also supervised the production of one of the earliest maps of the world.

Firdawsi

(c. 940-1020) was a Muslim poet most famous for the Shah Namah, or Book of Kings, which he wrote in Persian using Arabic script. Firdawsi wrote at a time when Persia, or Iran, was fairly free from the control of the Muslim empire and local leaders encouraged a flowering of Persian culture. The famed poet centered his writing on the stories of royalty and heroes, and many of the themes he introduced are still relevant today.

Malinche

(c.1501-1550) was a young Indian woman, called Doña Marina by the Spanish, who spoke Maya and Aztec languages, learned Spanish, and served as Cortés's translator and advisor during his conquest of Mexico. Malinche converted to Christianity, later married one of Cortés's soldiers, and visited Spain, where she enjoyed a friendly reception at the Spanish court.

How did Justinian unite the Byzantine empire? Select all that apply.

1. He adopted a uniform legal code for the empire. 2. He instituted a large bureaucracy to administer his commands.

Four Noble Truths

1. Suffering exists 2.Suffering arises from attachment to desires 3. Suffering ceases when attachment to desire ceases 4. Freedom from suffering is possible by practicing the Eightfold Path

Describe Otto I's relationship with the pope.

1. The pope crowned him as the Holy Roman emperor. 2. He increased royal power by ruling Italian cities the pope granted him.

How does the architecture of the ruins at Great Zimbabwe reflect characteristics of African civilization? Select all that apply.

1. The striking architecture of the ruins displays impressive creativity. 2. The great size of the ruins suggests a once strong, successful society.

What steps did the Incas take to unite their empire? Select all that apply.

1. They built a vast network of roads, bridges, and tunnels 2. They imposed their language and religion on conquered peoples.

Which characteristics did the Roman empire and the Roman republic share?

1. They expanded Roman territory through conquest. 2. They included the senate as a part of government.

What impact did the criminal laws in Hammurabi's Code have? Select all that apply.

1. They helped maintain order in society. 2. They restricted acts of personal vengeance.

Which of the following were characteristics of early humans during the Old Stone Age? Select all that apply.

1. They hunted and gathered their food. 2. They moved from place to place looking for food.

In which ways did foot binding affect the roles of women in late Song China? Select all that apply.

1. They often could walk only with assistance. 2. Their activity outside the home decreased.

Which of the following summarizes the cultural achievements of the Moche? Select all that apply.

1. They produced fine textiles, ceramics, and works in gold 2. They set up networks of relay runners to deliver messages.

What were the purposes of the earthworks built by cultures of eastern North America? Select all that apply.

1. burial mounds 2. defensive structures 3. temple platforms

Which statement describes a change under the Roman empire?

A civil service opened government jobs to men regardless of class.

Legalism

Believe that people are basically evil and must learn goodness. Rulers must show strength and achieve order through strict, harsh laws and punishments.

Hinduism

Believes in karma, all the actions that determine a person's fate in the next life. The goal of life is to achieve moksha, or union with Brahman.

How did the hijra influence the development of Islam?

During the hijra, Muhammad created rules that governed and united Muslims.

What fact about ancient Egypt is reflected in the following statement from the pharaoh Ramses II? "The foot of an Egyptian woman may walk where it pleases her and no one may deny her."

Egyptian women held higher status than women elsewhere in the ancient world.

How did mummification reflect Egyptian beliefs about the afterlife?

Egyptians believed in an afterlife in which people would need their bodies.

The following text refers to a book used by the ancient Egyptians. What does this book suggest about Egyptian beliefs? "To survive the dangerous journey through the underworld, Egyptians relied on the Book of the Dead. It contained spells, charms, and formulas for the dead to use in the afterlife."

Egyptians believed that charms could protect people in the afterlife.

What was one result of the period of expansion during the New Kingdom?

Egyptians came into greater contact with the Middle East and parts of Africa.

Gupta Empire

Experienced a golden age due to farm production and trade. Hindu and Buddhist schools flourished, and taught not only religion and philosophy but also mathematics, science, medicine, physics, literature and languages. They developed a system for writing numbers and the decimal-based number system.

Which of the following was a central idea in Thomas Aquinas's Summa Theologica?

Faith and reason do not contradict each other.

Which medieval author wrote an epic tale about Christian pilgrims that reflected many societal roles of the period?

Geoffrey Chaucer

A map shows that the city-states of ancient Greece were located on the European mainland; the Peloponnesian peninsula; the coast of what is now Turkey; and on islands scattered throughout the Aegean Sea, the Ionian Sea, and the Mediterranean Sea. Use the map to answer the question: What conclusion does the map most clearly support?

Geographic elements encouraged the development of independent city-states.

How did improved farming lead to the development of government?

Government developed to help manage the surplus of food, which occurred because of improved farming.

-excerpt of the epic story of Sundjata as told aloud by a modern traditional African griot. Use the excerpt to answer the question: Based on your reading and this excerpt, select the statement that best describes the role of the griot.

Griots were a combination of advisors, historians, and entertainers charged with preserving rich oral traditions for future generations.

Why did job specialization emerge in cities as civilizations developed?

Growing populations created new technologies requiring a variety of skills.

What event revolutionized the way people accessed and consumed ideas and information during the Renaissance?

Gutenberg invented a printing press with movable type.

How was Sonni Ali able to create such a wealthy kingdom?

He brought trade routes under Songhai's control, allowing the kingdom to flourish.

How did Isfahan become important under Shah Abbas?

He built it into a center for art and for the silk trade.

How did cultural diffusion most likely affect the development of early civilizations?

Interacting groups shared skills and ideas that improved farming practices.

How did the diffusion of Muslim ideas in medicine affect Europeans?

It introduced them to a wide body of medical knowledge and the idea of training physicians and creating hospitals.

Why did prejudice against Jews increase in the late 1000s?

Many medieval Christians were suspicious of Jewish culture and practices.

How did the splendors of Baghdad help the message of Islam spread?

Many people were attracted to Baghdad making the exchange of Islamic ideas rapid and more widespread

How did the belief in a connection between magic and heresy affect the roles of men and women during the Reformation?

Men and women accused of being witches were considered heretics and often killed.

Which of the following was an effect of the Columbian Exchange on population?

Millions of people moved to the Americas.

How did Christianity spread through Western and Central Europe during the early Middle Ages?

Missionaries traveled across the continent, preaching the Gospels.

Who ended the Song dynasty?

Mongol attackers from the North

How did the growth of towns affect the lives of children in the Middle Ages?

More children had access to education.

What was one impact of the printing revolution on European society?

More people had access to knowledge because books became less expensive.

[T]he third Rome . . . shines like the sun . . . throughout the whole universe. . . . [T]wo Romes have fallen, and the third one stands and a fourth one there shall not be. -Philotheos, quoted in Tsar and People (Cherniavsky) Use the excerpt to answer the question: Why did the speaker of the statement call Moscow the "third Rome"?

Moscow was the center of expanding political power.

Read the excerpt and answer the question. "Here gold is found in great abundance and huge elephants, and ebony, and all sorts of trees growing wild." -Greek Historian Herodotus writing about Nubia, 450 B.C. This historical description of Nubia provides evidence to support which claim?

Nubia was a strategically located center of wealth, trade, and commerce.

How did Portugal and other European nations challenge Spanish power?

Portugal colonized Brazil, and other nations backed privateers and explorers.

Which of the following became a significant threat to Church power as a result of the Great Western Schism?

Reformers began to challenge the traditional role of the Church.

In Hinduism, what is the role of reincarnation in achieving moksha?

Reincarnation allows one to work toward moksha through several lifetimes.

Which best summarizes what caused Renaissance ideas to spread to northern Europe?

Renaissance ideas spread through trade between Italy and cities in Flanders

Which political problems contributed to the fall of the western Roman empire?

Splitting the empire when it was under attack, and continual civil wars between generals over succession.

Which statement accurately summarizes the political and economic characteristics of the Srivijaya empire?

Srivijaya was a trading empire that controlled the Strait of Malacca.

Why did the Mughal emperor recognize the right of the British East India Company to collect taxes in northeast India?

The British East India Company forced the weak emperor to accept this right.

What inference can you draw from the social structure of Tang and Song society?

The Chinese placed a high value on maintaining a well-ordered social structure.

How did the Church gain secular power?

The Church's power to deny the sacraments gave the Church power over Christians.

According to Israelite belief, what was God's covenant with Abraham?

The covenant makes the Israelites the chosen people, expressing the belief that God has a plan for the people of Israel.

(20) For a trivial offence, a free man shall be fined only in proportion to the degree of his offence, and for a serious offence correspondingly, but not so heavily as to deprive him of his livelihood. . . . (21) Earls and barons shall be fined only by their equals, and in proportion to the gravity of their offence. -English translation of the Magna Carta, courtesy of the British Library Use the text to answer the question: How does this excerpt reflect the benefits and drawbacks of the Magna Carta?

The document provides protections for English citizens but does not provide equal protections.

Which characteristics describe Old Stone Age peoples? Select all that apply.

buried their dead with goods, made stone tools, and moved from place to place

What did the Leakeys discover in Olduvai Gorge?

prehistoric stone tools

Which of the following purposes did early medieval universities serve? Select all that apply.

prepared clergy and trained men to serve in bureaucracies

Which two classes of people would historians most likely thank for leaving written records of early civilizations? Select all that apply.

priests and scribes

Ferdinand and Isabella

the king of Aragon and the queen of Castille. Their marriage joined the two countries to become the country of Spain. Their military efforts were responsible for the final success of the Reconquista.

Why did European explorers want to find a sea route to the East Indies?

to gain direct access to spices

Why did global trade lead Portugal to establish coastal outposts around the Indian Ocean?

to give Portugal control of trade routes to East Indies spices

Why was it necessary for early humans to move from one location to another?

to hunt herds of migrating animals

Muhammad

(c.570-632) introduced the religion of Islam to southwestern Asia. According to Muslim belief, Muhammad heard the voice of the angel Gabriel instructing him to serve as a messenger for God. Muhammad spent the rest of his life spreading Islam. Muslims today honor Muhammad as God's final prophet.

Siddhartha Gautama

(circa 563 B.C. - 483 B.C. ) He left his palace and wandered for years, seeking answers from scholars and holy men about the "realm of life with no suffering or death." One day, he sat under a tree to meditate. Tempted by evil spirits throughout the night, when he rose he believed he understood the cause of and cure for suffering and sorrow. He became the Buddha, or "Enlightened One."

How did the Tang land reform policy strengthen the central government?

1. by breaking up the localized power of large landowners 2. by increasing revenue through more land taxes

How did feudal monarchs in the High Middle Ages centralize power? Select all that apply.

1. by setting up government bureaucracies 2. by using a money-driven economy 3. by instituting uniform laws and justice systems

Which features describe the religion handed down in Jewish scripture? Select all that apply.

1. guidance from the sacred text known as the Torah 2. obedience to the Ten Commandments 3. worship of one all-knowing god

Which roles could medieval noblewomen play in society? Select all that apply.

1. household manager 2. property owner 3. spinner and weaver

How did the Inuit adapt to their climate? Select all that apply.

1. hunted seals and other sea mammals 2. used kayaks and dog sleds for transport

On which items did the Roman Catholic Church and the Greek Orthodox Church disagree? Select all that apply.

1. icons 2. papal supremacy

Which items might appear in a section in a textbook about medieval church power? Select all that apply.

1. interdict 2. papal supremacy

Which of these activities would an archaeologist likely be found doing? Select all that apply.

1. measuring the walls in an ancient city 2. photographing ancient stone weapons 3. uncovering the buried remains of a mummy

Cultural diffusion among early civilizations occurred through which conditions? Select all that apply.

1. migration 2. trade 3. warfare

Why did many Chinese become disgusted with Mongol rule? Select all that apply.

1. ongoing corruption 2. excessive taxation

Which statement best describes the status of Egyptian women?

Egyptian women had a high level of independence.

How did Justinian work to revive the glory of Rome? Select all that apply.

He conquered Roman territories seized by invaders.

How did Charlemagne gather together many of the former Roman empire's European territories?

He conquered many European kingdoms and fought off invaders.

Which of the following did Caesar accomplish in his rise to power?

He created public works programs and jobs for the unemployed.

How did Diocletian try to end the Roman empire's economic decay?

He divided the empire and slowed inflation.

How did the desert impact ancient Egyptian civilization?

It prevented invaders from attacking Egypt.

Which of the following is significant about the law of nations?

It promoted the rule of law.

How did the development of universities affect members of the growing middle class?

It provided them an opportunity for advancement.

How did the Reformation most impact women?

It subjected women to a greater risk of persecution.

Which of the following was the significance of the emergence of a vernacular language in medieval Europe?

It suggested a new interest in ordinary people and the stories that entertained and educated them.

A sequence chart shows a blank block arrow leading to a second blank block arrow leading to a third block arrow with the text, "The medieval era gives way to the Renaissance and the Age of Exploration." Use the chart to answer the question: Which pair of answers best completes the top and middle arrows in the chart?

The bubonic plague severely reduced the population of Europe; Higher demand for labor increased wages and prices, leading to a market economy.

Diocletian

The emperor who divided the empire into two parts. He fixed the prices of many goods and services in order to control inflation. He forced farmers to remain on the land. In cities, sons were required to follow their fathers' occupations.

Why were Byzantine scholars so important to Western Europe?

They helped preserve ancient Greek and Roman ideas.

Which of the following was one way Ivan III and Ivan IV strengthened their authoritarian rule?

They limited the power of the boyars.

Describe how noblewomen contributed to the economic system of manorialism.

They managed the daily activities of their manor

Which of the following methods helped the Maya support their growing population?

burning down forests to clear land for planting crops

How did John Calvin's ideas and beliefs further the development of individualism?

by asserting people could learn the truth themselves by reading and interpreting the Bible

Teotihuaco

city in the Valley of Mexico once occupied by the Toltec civilization and later by the Aztec civilization that ruled the area that would later contain the Inca capital