World Literature Final Exam

The story "punishment" can be seen as a criticism of which of the following?

Systems that favor the wealthy and the educated, British Colonial system of justice, lack of the power of the lower classes, lack of women's rights in Bengal. (All of the answers are correct)

Rabindranath Tagore Vol E 863-66

Tagore was the first Asian to win this prize, primarily for his poetry: Cokher Bali (A Speck of Sand in the Eye, 1903) and a book of poems, Gitanjali (An Offering of Songs, 1910). 2. "Between 1891 and 1895 [Tagore] wrote short stories, single-handedly establishing this modern genre in India, besides inventing what we now recognize as Indian realism and aesthetic modernism" (864). 3. In the latter years of his life, Tagore "visited some thirty countries," where he lectured on the most pressing issues of his time, speaking out in Nationalism (1917), a pioneering early-twentieth-century critique for this phenomenon, and he became a moral and political authority in the international arena. In 1919 he rejected the British knighthood bestowed on him a few years earlier, in protest against the British massacre of Indians at a peaceful rally in Jallianwall Bagh, Amritsar" (864). 4, In addition to numerous short stories and poems, Tagore "wrote more than 2,200 songs and set them to music . . . . In 1928 he took up drawing and painting, and produced a large number of artworks in the last dozen years of his life . . . . he wrote or composed more than sixty five works for the stage, including short and long plays as well as operatic works and dance-dramas . . . " (864). 5. In his own time, [Tagore] became a notable representative of universal humanism, especially of a "spiritual" version of it (864). 6. Although fluent in English, Tagore wrote almost all of his ilterary works originally in what language? Bengali 7. "The hallmark of [Tagore's] prose style was its poetic and musical quality: it was infused with the rhythms and melodic sounds of Bengali, as well as with the figures of speech and thought that we normally associate with poetry" (865). 8. "'Punishment' (1892) is set in the Bengal countryside . . . in the late nineteenth century. It is told crisply from the perspective of a narrator whose omniscience and veracity play crucial roles in the story, and its theme is the administration of justice, in this case in the British colonial justice system. 'Punishment,' in fact, is the first modern short story in world literature about the legal phenomenon that lawyers and judges call 'the Rashomon effect.' Named after the famous Japanese art film Rashomon (1950), directed by Akira Kurosawa, this is a universal phenomenon: whenever there are two or more eyewitnesses to an event or a crime, even their most truthful accounts of what happened differ fundamentally from each other. When a judge or a jury has to decide a case solely on the basis of eyewitness accounts, without material evidence to clinch the matter, there is no purely rational way to choose between equally reliable but conflicting eyewitness testimonies given under oath. . . . The narrative combines social realism with psychological realism to confront the troubling questions of what constitutes justice under such circumstances and how we might solve this most intractable of problems" (865). 9. "'Kabuliwala' (1894) seeks to dismantle the social distinction between biological and surrogate parenthood, and it represents love--rather than biology--as the only validation of fatherhood" (866). 10. "Because of the "strictures in conventional Hindu society against widows, the alternative [to older brother becoming surrogate father and husband] would have been to segregate the girl's mother, deprive her of the normal comforts of home and family life, and leave her to raise the child in stigmatizing conditions" (866). 11. "The story famously extends this validation of surrogate parenthood, paternal love, and the rehabilitation of widows within the framework of the extended family by bringing in a second, symbolic father figure: Rahmat. . . . A Pathan by ethnicity and a Muslim by religion, Rahmat leaves behind a young family in Kabul during his wanderings; he intensely misses his own daughters and cultivates a deeply affectionate relationship—based predominantly on wonderful storytelling skills—with Mini" (866). 12. "Like 'Punishment,' ['Kabuliwala'] mixes psychological realism with social realism but does so in order to explore the treatment of women in the Hindu society of colonial Bengal, as well as the related phenomena of fatherhood, paternal love, and surrogate parenthood" (866). "Punishment" Vol. E, 867-873 1. What did the wives of the brothers Dukhiram and Chidam do as soon as their husbands went out to work the fields? They would quarrel and shout 2. How did the neighbors react to this? "They're at it again", it was full expected and was not a violation of Nature's rules. 3. How did the brothers regard their wives' behavior? They did not count it a major nuisance, the quieter days were scarier than the loud ones. 4. On the day of the story, what are the conditions of the house when the brothers come home from work? They found the house eerily quiet. 5. What 2 jobs did the landlord force the brothers to do that day? They harvested paddy and then they had to fix the leaky office roof. 6. What did he pay them for their labor? They were paid mainly in insults and sneers. 7. Why has the elder wife, Radha, not cooked supper? "Where is there food? Did you give me anything to cook? Must I earn money myself to buy it?" 8. What does Dukhiram do to his wife when she explains the reason there is no supper? Stabs her in the head, kills her within minutes. 9. Why does Ramlochan Chakravarti (the landlord) go to the brothers' house? Dukhiram was late on his rent, and he told him he would pay him some of it that day. 10. Who does Chidam accuse of killing Radha? His own wife, he claims the younger daughter in law killed the elder. 11. What does Ramlochan advise Chidam to tell the police so he can save his wife? Ironically, to claim that her own husband stabbed her because dinner wasn't ready, the landlord thinks this is a lie but, it is what transpired. 12. What is Chidam's reasoning for not blaming the murder on his brother? Chidam can replace his wife, but he cannot replace his brother. 13 - 14. Compare and contrast Chandara (younger wife) to Radha (murdered wife) based on physical appearance and characteristics: Chandara: seventeen/eighteen years old. Well rounded, compact, sturdy, very trim in her movements, she didn't move awkwardly, neat, shapely, black eyes, bright, restless, loved to gossip. Rahda: Unkempt, sloppy, slovenly, disorganized in everything, raged, stamped, unhinged. 15-16. Compare and contrast Dukhiram and Chidam physically and intellectually: Dukhiram is massive, powerful yet helpless. Chidam is lean and finesse, very observant. 17. Explain the "further reason why the bond between [Chidam and his wife Chandara] was firm" (870): Chidam fel that a wife as nimble and sharp as Chandara could not be wholly trusted and Chandara could not be wholly trusted, and Chandara felt that all eyes were on her husband, that if she didn't bind him tightly to her she might one day lose him. 18. Briefly explain the reason for the quarrel that chidam and Chandara had a few days before the story begins: He was spending days away at work with no extra earnings, she went to the ghat and was trying to stir/look at her own suspicion, 19. What "invention" (or lie, or alibi) does Ramlochan (the landlord) provide to prove that Chandara acted in self-defense? "The elder wife was about to attack me with the vegetable slicer. I picked up a fam-knife to stop her, and it somehow cut into her." 20. When questioned by the police, what reason does Chandara offer for killing Radha? That she "couldn't stand her anymore". 21. Why does Chandara do this? Chandara would not accept that she had been attacked by her sister-in-law...Such fierce, passionate, pride." 22. When Chidam is questioned by the magistrate, who does he say killed his sister-in-law? The chief witness was the landlord, and he was actually telling the "truth"...or at least what he had thought to be true. 23. Why does the magistate trust Ramlochan's testimony more than he trusts Chidam's testimony? In theory, he was telling the truth that he thought to be true. 24. During the trial, who does Chidam say killed Radha and why? "I wanted my food, and my sister-in-law didn't give it to me." 25. During the trial, who does Dukhiram say killed Radha and why? "I wanted a meal, and she didn't give it to me" 26. Who does Chandera want to see before she is hanged? She wants to see her mother, and NOT her husband. "Kabuliwala" Vol. E, 873-878 1. How old is Mini? Five years old 2. What is the cultural significance of Mini's confusion over the words "kauwa" and Kak? Kauwa is the Hindi word for "crow", whereas kak is the word for it in Bengali. Mini, whose mother tongue is Bengali, is too young at this moment in the story to know that the doorman, Ramdayal, is a Hindi speaker, not a Bengali. 3. What language does Mini speak? (see footnote) Mini speaks Bengali 4. What is Mini's mother's ("Ma)) relationship to the narrator? His sister-in-law. 5. Who is Kabuliwala? A fruit salesman type, but it alludes that he could also motive for coming there outside of selling fruit. 6. What does Mini think Kabuliwala carries in his sack? "A few humanlings like her concealed in it." 7. What is Mini's reaction to the raisins and apricots Kabuliwala offers from his pack? She shies a way from them and refuses to touch them. 8. What does Kabuliwala do with the money the narrator pays him for Mini's raisins and nuts? He gives it back to Mini, bribing her with little goodies. 9. How often had Kabuliwalla come to see Mini since the 1st day when she had been afraid of him? He had been coming almost every day. 10. What religion is Kabuliwala (whose name is Rahamat)? What religion is Mini and her father? (see footnote) Rahamat is Muslim, Mini and her father are Hindu. 11. How much experience has the narrator had with travel outside Calcutta? "I myself have never been anywhere outside Calcutta..." his travels are more imagination based than they are put into practice... 12. Why does the narrator like talking with Kabuliwala (Rahamat)? He liked to talk to him about his troubles, which allowed him to talk to go on a journey and the travels himself. 13. Why does Mini's mother not trust Rahamat? She doesn't trust him, and she thinks he is setting up a plan to possibly steal the child away, and even put her in the slave trade...a very concerned mother...which the narrator understands. 14. What does Rahamat have to do before he can return to Afghanistan? He was a money lender and the very busy task of collecting his dues before he could return to his homeland. 15. Why is Rahamat arrested? He stabbed a man who owed him money, because the man denied he was ever lend the money in the first place. 16. What is Rahamat's punishment? He was sentenced several years in prison. 17. Who does Mini befriend following Rahamat's imprisonment, at first, and then later? Nabi, the groom, and then later girlfriends took the place of men. 18. How does the narrator's relationship with Mini change as she grows older? They grow distant, they were practically not on speaking terms anymore. 19. What is happening on the day Rahamat reappears? It was Mini's wedding. 20. What does Rahamat ask to do before he leaves the house? To see Mini, he had brought grapes, nuts and gifts with him like he had before. 21. What is Rahamat's reason for not accepting payment for the nuts and fruits he gives to Mini? Rahamat doesn't come there to trade, Mini reminds him of his own daughter. 22. What memento of his daughter does Rahamat carry with him? A piece of paper with a charcoal imprint of a small hand, his daughter's hand. 23. What does the narrator realize regarding his connection (or similarity to) Rahamat? Despite their many differences, they were both fathers. 24. After seeing Mini, what does Rahamat realize about his own daughter? His daughter was now as old as Mini, she was not going to be the same girl he had left. 25. How does the narrator justify the cuts to the frills for the wedding after he gives Rahamat money to travel home? The ceremony was the brighter for being bathed in a great beneficent light.

What is Okonkwo's greatest fear?

That he is weak

The title of Ichiyo's story "Separate Ways" has also been interpreted as ___________________________________.

The Parting of the Ways

Which event is the biggest influence on Modernism and Modernists?

WW I

The idea that it is the responsibility of Europeans and Westerners to civilize natives in other regions is referred to as

White man's burden

Which of following is not true about Ichiyo's writing?

Wrote about rich characters.

Marlow refers to the decision of whether to follow the path of the manager or the path of Kurtz as the

choice of nightmares

Conrad's technique of registering the way a scene appears to an individual before explaining the scene's contents has been described as

delayed decoding

Kichizo's nickname is

dwarf

In the story, the narrator physically desires Silva but doesn't want to return to her family.

false

The narrator of the story is named

false

What does Ichiyo promise to do for Kichizo once she is successful?

find him a new family

The flowering of Latin American Literature reflected writers ideas about South American ______________

politics

Which of the following is true of Mini and her father on her wedding day?

practically not on talking terms

What attracted Nwoye to Christianity?

the poetry

Technological innovations in what areas best mark the period of Modernism

transportation and communication

In the story, Coyote represents a ______________________.

trickster

In some versions of the Yellow Woman story, she is both victim and seductress.

true

The majority of the novel is presented through direct dialogue.

true

Study Guide: Modernity and Modernism, 1900-1945 Norton Vol. F, 3-13

1. "At the beginning of the twentieth Century, the world was interconnected as never before" (3). a. new means of transportation included: steamboats, the railroad, the automobile, and the airplane b. Instantaneous communication was accomplished through technologies such as: telegraph and the telephone c. "Remarkable growth in human health and material prosperity" were fostered by "improvements in agriculture, nutrition, public health, and medical care." d. "Infant mortality declined" e. "World population more than tripled from under two billion to around six billion." f. "In unprecedented numbers, people were living in large cities; correspondingly, the experience of urban life is one of the major themes of 20th Century literature." g. All of the above "vast transformations in human experience" can be characterized as modernization" (3). 2. The technical revolution of the 20th century also gave rise to the "production of weapons that were increasingly effective and . . . destructive." Conflicts arose as the world grew smaller through "trade, immigration, and communications" resulting in "as many as 200 million dy[ing] in wars, revolutions, genocides, and related famines" (3-4). 3. Europe and North America dominated the globe, and "By 1900 . . . there were no longer, in the words of Joseph Conrad . . . 'any blanks spaces on the map' . . . . The British Empire . . . was known as 'the empire on which the sun never sets'" (4). 4. What 5 "massive crises" did the "world system that the European powers dominated" experience in the first half of the 20th Century? (Note that these "upheavals became central concerns for the literature of the period and contributed to a rethinking of traditional literary forms and techniques" (4). a. World War I b. World War II c. Russian Revolution d. The Great Depression e. The Holocaust 5. How many people died in WWI? 15 million people 6. Germany and Austria's advance into Russia during WWI "contributed to the revolution of 1917" which led to the establishment of a Communist Dictator and the spread of Communism (5). 7. "The Communist movement, initially supportive of some literary experiments, increasingly restricted the scope of acceptable artistic expression in the countries where it gained control. In response, a dissident literature developed, published abroad or in informal, private editions that could ciculate without being censored." (5). 8. "Writers around the world responded to these cataclysmic events with an unprecedented wave of literary experimentation, known collectively as modernism, which linked the political crises with a crisis of representation- a sense that the old ways of portraying the human experience was no longer adequate. The modernists therefore broke away from such conventions as standard plots, verse forms, narrative techniques, and the boundaries of genre. (9). 9. Modernism reflected "a broader 'crisis of reason' begun in late 19th century Europe, as "radical thinkers challenged the ability of human reason to understand the world." (9). 10. "The great modern novelists [Proust, Joyce, Woolf, etc.] all started out by writing realistic works in the manner of . . . Tolstoy. The great difference . . . was that the realists tended to balance their attention between the objective, outside world and the inside world of their characters, whereas the modernists shifted the balance toward interiority. Thus, rather than offer objective descriptions of the outside world, they increasingly focused on the more limited perspectives of an individual, often idiosyncratic, character." (10). 11. While the "omniscient narrator" didn't disappear with the modernists, "the authors counterbalanced such narrators with like Conrad's Marlow . . . who were . . . characters in the stories they related and whose reliability might therefore be in doubt." (10). 12. The technique of Stream of Consciousness was developed by writers like James Joyce and Virginia Woolf: A literary style in which a character's thoughts, feelings, and reactions are depicted in a continuous flow uninterrupted by objective description or conventional dialogue." Further, it "attempts to give the written equivalent of the character's thought processes, usually in a loose interior monologue"--Wikipedia). Virginia Woolf described it in the following way: "Let us record the atoms as they fall upon the mind in the order in which they fall, let us let us trace the pattern, however disconnected and incoherent in appearance, which each sight or incident scores upon the consciousness." (11). 13. Modernism also included "a change in the content of literature, specifically in the inclusion of previously taboo subject matter (especially sexuality), as well as greater attention to shifting social roles (often relating to the impact of feminism.)" (11). 14. Later in the Modern period, "nationalist movements against colonization were gathering force and would result in a wave of independence after the second World War. The African American writer and activist W.E.B DuBois . . . said early in the century that 'the problem of the twentieth century is the problem of the color line.' Literature played a major role both in the articulation of this challenge and in the attempts to solve it. During the 1920s . . . a group of African American intellectuals and writers enjoyed unprecedented success in what came to be known as the Harlem Renaissance. During the 1930s, a group of African and Caribbean intellectuals . . . formed the Negritude Movement. It would celebrate the culture of Africa and the African diaspora and provide intellectual support and political leadership for decolonization movements after the war." (12-13).

At the beginning of The Heart of Darkness, how many characters are aboard the Nellie?

5

Which of the following is an example of Conrad's sense of irony?

Calling the passengers on the boat pilgrims

Heart of Darkness is based on Conrad's journey up the _______________ River

Congo

Why do the natives attack the boat?

Don't want Kurtz taken away

Silko grew up on the edge of the ______________________

Laguna Pueblo

Marlow points to the example of the ________________ to characterize the Thames river as having once been one of the dark places of the earth

Romans

The process of dividing African territory between European countries has been called the

Scramble for Africa

Many of the writers who are now characterized as Modernists have been called _________________.

The progressives

Who does Okonkwo not want to be like?

Unoka

Because Okyo's makes the decision to become the mistress of a rich man, the story can arguably be interpreted as

a feminist text

The fact that the narrator is a novelist suggests

a humanistic view of people

Tagore is notable for winning

winning the Nobel Peace Prize

Study Guide for Ichiyo and "Separate Ways" Vol. E, pgs. 879-887 Ichio 879-81

"The first major Japanese major writer in six centuries, the poverty-stricken, barely educated Higuchi Ichiyo seemed to emerge out of nowhere. She crafted brief, sensitive stories that borrowed from the luxuriant language of classical Japanese literature while representing a stark and sordid modern world: bedraggled orphans in the streets, mistreated prostitutes, and the urban working class . . . . Knowing nothing about European literary movements, she developed a realism all her own, focusing on the lives of poor and insignificant city dwellers" (879). How old was Ichiyo when she died? 24 years old 3. After her father died when she was only 17, Ichiyo moved her mother and sister to the edge of the bureaucrat district of Tokyo (area noted of prostitution). There she worked at "taking in sewing and laundry while struggling to make literary connections" (879). 4. Ichiyo was helped to get a start in publishing by an older man, who she fell in love with, but had to break with him to preserve her reputation. She published under the pen name Ichiyo, which means sing leaf in Japanese. 5. The cause of her death was tuberculosis 6. Ichiyo grew up in a rapidly modernizing Japan (moving from agriculture to manufacturing, growing in military strength, adopting new communication technologies and architectures, wearing Western clothes, moving about freely in search of jobs, etc.). Male Japanese writers studied and were influenced by European writers and began to "write fiction that examined the subtlest feelings of ordinary, middle-class people and explored the contemporary social world" (880). 7. Ichiyo was "isolated from the male writers who were . . . inspired by European literature to reinvent the Japanese novel as serious social and psychological fiction . . . . Drawing on the materials of her lived experience--her own marginal social status, her struggles with money, and her squalid surroundings--she began to paint a rich picture of the alleyways and brothels in Tokyo's poorest neighborhoods, where [various residents] catered to the rough and colorful 'pleasure quarter.' She had a predilection for adolescent characters, and some of her readers saw these figures as metaphors for the new Japan, on the brink of full mautrity and feeling all of the excitement--the pain and the disappointment--of growing up. Indeed, unlike many writers in the West, Ichiyo tended to cast the experience of coming of age as a loss and a threat rather than a fulfilling promise" (880). 8. "'Separate Ways,' Ichiyo's final short story, captures the world of poor struggling poor almost entirely in a compact dialogue between it two main characters" (881). 9. What are the "two kinds of life" that the woman is able to choose between? A. respectable independence and poverty B. sexual dependence and luxury 10. In what ways does the "narrator" of the story "remain very much in the background"? Offering very little explicit description and no judgement of her characters or their feelings; we learn almost everything we know about them through what they say and what it is said about them. 11. How is the dialogue of the story described (4 adjectives)? Colloquial, spirited, disapproving, even aggressive. 12. Because the reader is "immersed in a contentious social world," like the characters in the story, what is our task in reading? We must find our way to our own judgements about how best to live in that world. "Separate Ways" How is Okyo described? Pugnacious little one, he was sixteen even though he looked eleven or twelve, scrawny and appeared underdeveloped 2. What is the boy's nickname? Dwarf 3. Why is he given this nickname? He is short. 4. What had Okyo promised to do for the boy when her "luck changes"? You'd make me a good kimono 5. What is the boy's real name? Kichizo 6.What does Kichizo seem to long for? (See top of page 883) To have a sister, to have any family, to have come from something. 7. What did Kichizo do before he worked at the umbrella shop? He used to wear a lion's mask and do acrobatics in the street. 8. How long had Kichizo worked at the umbrella shop? Six years 9. When Omatsu brought Kichizo in to work at the umbrella shop, what did she tell him that he had to make up his mind about and to do? This was his home now and that he was going to have to work at it. 10. Why can't Kichizo honor his parents' death in the proper manner? He did not know the date of his parents' deaths. 11. What would Kichizo do if "anyone were to show [him] a moment's kindness"? He knew that he would cling to them and find it hard to ever let go. 12. What does Okyo tell Kichizo to do the next time he loses his temper? Don't hit the little white dog at the rice shop, come over to her house and take his anger out on the fulling block with a mallet. 13. What does Kichizo brag to the other workmen about regarding his relationship to Okyo? That he is bold and brave enough to interact and be with her, all of the men are "in love with her" and he knows more than they'll ever know about her. 14. How does Okyo surprise Kichizo on the night of December 30? She is going to be moving away to a relative she barely knows but she knows that she is going to be in a better place. 15. Where does Okyo tell Kichizo she is moving to? To live with a relative, but it doesn't quite add up and Kichizo knows it. 16. What rumor regarding Okyo's move had Kichizo heard from Hanji? That she is going to go become someone's mistress. 17. How does Okyo reply to Kichizo's accusation that she's going to become someone's mistress? She acknowledges that he is right and that she doesn't want to, but she also doesn't have a choice in the matter. 18. How does Okyo justify her decision? What is she "tired" of? Washing and sewing. Anything would be better; she wants a better life of luxury and comfort even if it is tainted. 19. What seems to happen to the people who Kichizo likes and are friendly to him? They all disappear, and he feels as though he should no longer be surprised by this.

The Russian claims that Kurtz

"expanded my mind"

Kurtz's final words are

"the horror, the horror"

The manager characterizes Kurtz's methods as

"unsound"

Study Guide Lessing—"Old Chief Mshlanga" From Doris Lessing (Vol F 716-718

1. "Conflicts between cultures, between values within a culture, and even between elements of a personality are fundamental themes in Doris Lessing's work. 2. The story is set in the British colony of Rhodesia, now Zimbabwe. 3. Lessing's parents farm was located on land that had once been the home of the Matabele tribe (who were evicted from the land). 4. (Social awareness is a defining theme of her early work . . ." (716). 5. Lessing's stories set in Africa "established Lessing as an important interpreter of the colonial experience in contemporary Africa. The long act of dispossession that underlies "The Old Chief Mshlanga" began with the economic infiltration of the country by white settlers, under the leadership of the Chartered Company, a private firm that . . . formalized segregation by dividing land into tracts categorized as 'alienated' (owned by white settlers) or 'unalienated' (occupied by natives)" (717). 6. Despite the title, "the Old Chief is not the protagonist here: significantly, his story comes into the foreground only some distance in, when it intrudes on the consciousness of a young white girl" (716). 7. Based on the final paragraphs of the introduction, what is the "vein of richness" that Mshlanga's tribe represents (in your own words)? The richness of looking at the beauty and significance of a culture outside of hers, even though its Prescence is gone. The Chief was a representation to her of the rich and incredible culture that had once occupied this specific area for centuries, and the ghost of it strikes her deeply. From "Old Chief Mshlanga" 718-26: 1. How does the author describe white farms in the first paragraph of the story? Largely unused, broken only occasionally by small patches of cultivation. 2. The small girls eyes were "sightless for anything but . . ."? "...but a pale willowed river, a pale gleaming castle, a small girl singing..." 3. What does the little girl see when she looks at the witchweed? It summoned a black forest, leaving her among the gnarled roots of an oak, snow falling thick the wood cutter's fire glowing red welcome through tree trunks. 4. What could the child "not see"? The msasa tree or the thorn for what it was, what it meant/represented. 5. How did the black people on the land appear to her? (719) They were an amorphous black mass, mingling, and thinning and massing like tadpoles, faceless, who existed merely to serve. 6. What did the black servants and children call her, and what did it mean? They called her Nksoikass, which means Chieftainess. 7. When she grew a bit older, how did she equip herself (protect herself) to go around the country? She carried a gun in the crook of her arm, with two dogs. 8. What usually happened when she spotted a native approaching on the Kaffir paths? The dogs would chase them up the tree. 9. How old is the narrator when most of the rest of the story takes place? (720) She was fourteen. 10. What is the term for an African who doesn't stand off the path for a white person? It is considered "cheek". 11. In her meeting with the chief, how does the Chief's behavior differ from the girl's? He showed courtesy and he did not. 12. How did the early explorers refer to the land? (721) Chief Mhlanga's country 13. She begins to carry the "gun in a different spirit." What is the difference (from the first reason mentioned for carrying the gun? Shooting for food and not to give her confidence. 14. What did the girl think she could share with Old Chief Mshlanga? One way to think about this is to answer the question, what did the girl think she and the chief had in common? This is her heritage too, she was bred here, this country as well as the black man's country. 15. What does the girl discover about the cook? (722) He is the chief's son. 16. How does the girl's mother react to this news? She became strict with him and would sometimes lose her temper. 17. When the girl tries to find the chief's village, she crosses government land. How does she describe this land? It was completely fresh type of landscape, wide green valley, vivid and lush nature. 18. How does the government land contrast to her farm? It is hardened and bleak in comparison, erosion and twisted crops, no lushness. 19. On the way to the chief's village, the girl feels a chill, and then explains the feeling on page 723. She says, "I had read of this feeling . . ." In your own words, what do you think it is about Africa that causes this feeling? The fear of the untouched, unknown. I think Africa does this because Africa before the white people came was like the government land, untouched and un-understood. We have a tendency as people to force our own beliefs and thoughts that we are filled with guilt in our lack of understanding/sympathy for those who lived differently. 20. What does this feeling cause the girl to do (or feel)? Fear possessed. She keeps turning around and around. She became lost, she felt herself panicking. 21. Why is the feeling and reaction "meaningless"? She was not ten miles from home, and better yet she knew exactly how to get back. 22. How does her first impression of the village compare to her farm's appearance? (724) It was nothing like the farm compound, which was dirty, neglected and temporary. 23. How does the chief react to the girl? How welcome is she made to feel? He was not pleased with her, he welcomes her, but she knows that she has crossed a line that she shouldn't have. 24. As she is walking home, what feeling replaces the fear she had felt earlier in the day? Loneliness 25. What is the occasion for the girl's final encounter with the Old Chief? (725) The girl's father wanted payment for the damages the Old Chief's 26. What is the outcome of the occasion (what does the girl's father decide to do)? They cannot come to an agreement, so he says he is going to keep the goats. 27. What are the old chief's final words? (726) "All this land, this land you call yours, is his land, and belongs to our people." 28. What news is learned about the chief's people? They were moved two hundred miles east, to a proper Native reserve. 29. How does the narrator describe the village site when she returns a year later? Nothing there, mounds of red mud, everything was rich and ready to be cultivated.

Study Guide Leslie Marmon Silko and "Yellow Woman" Norton Vol. F, 927-35

1. "Novelist, poet, memoirist, and writer of short fiction, Leslie Marmon Silko can comfortably alternate between prose and poetry within the confines of a single work, in a manner reminiscent of traditional Native American storytellers. For all its seriousness and lyricism, Silko's work is marked by a touch of irreverence. Well acquainted with the proverbial trickster Coyote, Silko has demonstrated her own wit and versatility as a narrator of Coyote tales. But storytelling is a game with serious ends. 'I will tell you something about stories,' warns an unnamed voice in one of her novels: 'They aren't just entertainment. Don't be fooled'" (927). 2. "Although much of Silko's work emphasizes the healing of conflicts—between white and Native Americans, between the human and the natural worlds, between warring aspects of the self—some of her novels also reveal a more aggressive and despairing tone" (928). 3. "In traditional Laguna Lore, Yellow Woman is either the heroine or a minor character in a wide range of tales. In her earliest incarnations, she might possibly have been a corn spirit . . . but in Laguna lore she eventually became a kind of Everywoman. A traditional prayer song, recited at the naming ceremony for a newborn daughter begins, 'Yellow Woman is born, Yellow woman is born.' In narrative lore, Yellow Woman most frequently appears in tales of abduction, where she is said to have been captured by a strange man at a stream while she is fetching water. Her captor, who carries her off to another world, is sometimes a kachina, or ancestral spirit; and when at last she returns to her home, she is imbued with power that proves of value for her people. In Silko's version of the tale, traditional elements remain constantly in the foreground. Yet whether the central figures in the story are human or supernatural remains unclear; the story's ambiguity is the source of its fascination" (928-29). 4. What time of day does the story appear to begin? Morning, the sun is rising, and she is waking up with a lover by the river. 5. What does the narrator do for the "last time" before returning to the horses? "I looked at him for the last time, sleeping on the white river sand." 6. Where does the male character say he is taking the narrator? "To my place" 7. What name does the male character call the narrator by? Yellow Woman 8. Does the narrator claim that she is really Yellow Woman? No, it was something she had said the night before. She called herself Yellow Woman and he Silva, as a reference to myths and the distance from reality that was taking place. She mentions that that she a name and a life outside of what was taking place. 9. What name does she call the male character? Silva. 10. How does Coyote get rid of Badger? He told the badger there was something in a prairie hole and sends him to investigate. Once the badger goes in the hole, Coyote covers it with a rock. 11. According to the narrator, what does Yellow Woman bring back from her time with the "spirit from the north . . . and his relatives"? Twin boys. 12. As the narrator is being led by the wrist by the male character (perhaps his name is Silva) what is she unsure about, or hope to find the answer about? "I will see someone, eventually I will see someone and then I will know he is only a man- some man from nearby- and I will know for certain I am not Yellow Woman." 13. What evidence does the narrator think about to support her assertion that she is not Yellow Woman? a. Yellow Woman lives out of time, she lives now. b. The narrator went to school. c. there are highways and pick up trucks that Yellow Woman had never seen before. 14. What does Silva (the male character) do constantly as the two ride north? He touched her hand and sang a mountain song softly while looking into her eyes. 15. What does the narrator think about her family as she rides north with the male character? She thinks about what they are doing in the moment, and then imagines that they are reporting her disappearance and recounts where she was last seen: the river. 16. What "tricks" does the narrator accuse the male character of using to get women to his cabin? The story of the Yellow Woman and the Ka'tsina. 17. What does Silva do regarding the "Mexicans"? He steals from them. 18. What tribe does the narrator decide Silva belongs to? Navajo 19. Why? (2 points) "I started wondering about this man who could speak the Pueblo language so well but who lived on mountain and rustled cattle...because Pueblo men don't act like.". Also it is mentioned later that he is tall, and so is that tribe traditionally. 20. Why does Silva laugh? (2 points) The narrator was breathing very hard, he knows the effect he is having on her. I think he knows that she is aware that there is more to him than he is leading on and it is making her nervous. 21. Besides Silva, what else is "gone" from the cabin when the narrator wakes up? Any evidence that he had been there and that he was coming back. 22. If the narrator's grandfather wasn't dead, how would he have explained her absence to the tribal police? "Stolen by a Ka'tsina, a mountain spirit. She'll come home- they usually do." 23. What does the narrator think her family will do if she doesn't return? There is enough of them to take care of things. Her grandmother and mother would raise the baby the way they raised her. Al would find someone else, and nothing would change except the story about her disappearance would be occasionally retold. 24. What is Silva working on when the narrator returns to the cabin? Killing and obtaining the beef off carcasses, which is he is going to sell. 25. Where does he want the narrator to go with him? "To sell the meat in Marquez." 26. Why does Silva bring the rifle? "Because we are going to Marquez where the Mexicans live." 27. What does Silva see before the narrator sees? A white man riding a big gray horse. 28. What does the white man accuse Silva of doing? Being the one who had been rustling cattle, they had been searching for that thief for a long time. 29. What makes the white man angry? That Silva speaks in a language to the narrator that he cannot understand. 30. What does the narrator see in Silva's eyes and feel in her stomach? Something ancient and dark. 31. After she gets back to the river, what does the narrator tell herself, and believe, about her future with Silva? "I saw the leaves and I wanted to go back to him-to kiss him and to touch him- but the mountains were too far away now. And I told myself, because I believe it, he will come back sometime and be waiting again by the river." 32. What story does the narrator decide to tell her family to explain her absence? "Some Navajo had kidnaped me, but I was sorry that old Grandpa wasn't alive to hear my story because it was the Yellow Woman stories, he liked to tell best." 33. What does she regret about her story? (2 points) I think she regrets that she chose the more reasonable decision, and part of her wanted to fulfill the role of the Yellow Woman. She even plans to refer to herself as the yellow woman to her family, she really wants that connection. I think that is also why she is regretful, because she never fully came to understand who Silva was.

Study Guide: Joseph Conrad and Heart of Darkness Part I

1. Conrad's work is "permeate[d]" by his "sense of separation and exile, his yearning for the kinship and solidarity of humanity," and the "despairing vision of a universe in which even the most ardent idealist finds no ultimate meaning or moral value" (14). 2. Conrad drew material for his fiction from his many voyages. "One stands out as the most emotional and intense: the trip up the Congo River that Conrad made in 1890, straight into the heart of King Leopold II's privately owned Congo Freed State. Like many 19th Century explorers, Conrad was fascinated by the mystery of this 'dark' (because uncharted by Europeans) continent. . . The boat traveled upstream to collect a seriously ill trader . . . (who died on the return trip), and Conrad, after speaking with Klein and observing the inhuman conditions imposed by slave labor and the ruthless search for ivory, returned seriously ill and traumatized by his journey. The experience marked Conrad both physically and mentally" (15). 3. One of the things that makes Heart of Darkness "important is Conrad's introduction of many literary techniques that would be central to modern fiction. . . . His technique of registering the way that a scene appears to an individual before explaining the scene's contents has been described as 'delayed decoding'; it is an element of his literary impressionism, his emphasis on how the mind processes the information that the senses provide. . . . Conrad also uses symbolism in a distinctly modern way. As he later wrote, "a work of art is very seldom limited to one exclusive meaning and not necessarily tending to a definite conclusion. And for this reason, that the nearer it approaches art, the more it acquires a symbolic character.' . . . Heart of Darkness does not reveal its meaning in digestible morsels, like the kernel of a nut. Rather, its meanings evade the interpreter; they are larger than the story itself" (16). 4. "Heart of Darkness became one of the most influential works of the 20th Century. . . . In the second half of the century, the novella was seen as so relevant to the aftermath of imperialism that the filmmaker [last name] Francis Ford Coppola used it as the basis of his film about the Vietnam War, Apocalypse Now. The 'darkness' of the title exemplifies this symbolism. Although it is both a conventional metaphor for obscurity and evil and a cliché referring to Africa and the 'unenlightened' state of its indigenous population, the story leaves it unclear where the heart of darkness is located: in the 'uncivilized' jungle or in the hearts of the European imperialists." (16). 5. "Throughout the novella, Conrad plays on images of darkness and savagery and complicates any simple opposition by associating moral darkness—the evil that lurks within humans and underlies their predatory idealism—with a white exterior, beginning with the town (Brussels) that serves as the Belgian firm's headquarters and that Marlowe describes as a 'whited sepulchre'" (17). 6. "Still, it is not surprising that later critics and writers, most notably the Nigerian novelist and essayist Chinua, would criticize Heart of Darkness for its racist portrayal of Africans. Marlowe's words and behavior—indeed the selectivity of his narrative—can be as distant and cruelly patronizing as those of any European colonialist. Yet he also recognizes his 'kinship' with the Africans and often sees them as morally superior to the Europeans; Marlowe's quiet critique of imperialism has inspired many postcolonial writers (17). 7. Conrad's central focus in the novel is "the strange figure of Kurtz, the charismatic, once idealistic, now totally corrupt trader who becomes the destination of Marlowe's journey." At first Marlowe is driven by the desire to meet "a man whom others have described to him as a universal genius—an 'emissary of pity, and science, and progress' and part of the 'gang of virtue.' In time, though, it becomes a horrified fascination with someone who has explored moral extremes to their furthest end. Kurtz's famous judgment on what he has lived and seen—'The horror! The horror!'—speaks as once to personal despir, to the political realities of imperialism, and to a broader sense of the human condition" (17). From Heart of Darkness Vol F, 17-41 1. What is the setting of the opening pages of the novel? (17) They are on a two masted ship called the Nellie, in a port on the Thames River. This port is located on the last major town in the estuary: Gravesend. 2. What bonds the five men on deck together? (18) "the bond of the sea", which is also talked about in his novel: "Youth". 3. Who are the five men? What are their titles given by the first person narrator? a. Narrator (1st person narrator, the "I" at the top of page 18, question 2). b. The Lawyer (the best of old fellows) c. The Accountant (already brought out a box of dominos) d. Marlow (his stance resembles that of an idol) e. The Director (made his way among them) 4. For men who have "followed the sea with reverence and affection," it is natural to "evoke the great spirit of the past upon the lower reaches of the Thames." What is the significance, in terms of Empire of the references to people and ships like Sir Francis Drake and the Golden Hind? They take pride and put emphasis on who has been aboard the ships and what they explored/discovered. The popularity of the individuals aboard the ships help to determine the value of certain ships, ports, and other similar places. A very strong nationalist lense. 5. What does Marlowe claim about the Thames, and of England in general? ("And this also . . . ) (19) "...has been one of the darkest places of the earth." 6. How is Marlowe different from the other seamen? "a follower of the sea", while most seaman lead, he was a wanderer too. 7. Marlowe characterizes England 1900 years before this story begins, when the Romans sailed the river? (19-20) Supply the details: a. What has come out of the "river since" that time? "light came out of this river since..." b. What "was here yesterday"? "But darkness was here yesterday..." c. England was "The very end of the world" with a "sea the colour of lead, a sky the colour of smoke, and a kind of ship about as rigid as a concertina" (20). d. he imagines a Roman commander "going up the river with stores, orders, what have you. . .. Here and there a military camp lost in a wilderness . . .. death skulking in the air, in the water, in the bush. They must have been dropping like flies" (20). e. "He did it. Did it very well, too, no doubt, and without thinking much about it either, except afterwards to brag of what he had gone through in his time . . . . They were men enough to face the darkness. And perhaps [the commander] was cheered by keeping his eye on a chance of promotion" (20). 8. How does the above passage foreshadow the journey Marlowe describes in the rest of the book? (you may need to come back to this after reading the book). Mr. Kurtz is a lot like this, and so are the men under him: doing horribly dark things with only a promotion to show for it/as the excuse for such horrid actions. Causing mass destruction of people's lives and culture for the mere sake of a title. 9. What is essential to be a conqueror? Brute force. 10. What does "conquest of the earth" mean? (21) "...which mostly means taking it away from those who have a different complexion or slightly flatter noses than ourselves, is not a pretty thing when you look to much into it." 11. What had happened to the "biggest, the most blank" part of the map since Marlowe's childhood? It had got filled with lakes and rivers and names. It was no longer a delightful mystery, it had become a place of darkness. 12. How is the "trading society" described in the footnote? (22) "The trading company-specifically, a Belgian company that operated ships on the Congo River in the protectorate of King Leopold II of Belgium. 13. What connection does Marlowe use to get a job with the Trading Company? He had a lot of relations living on the Continent, and his Aunt promised to help him as much as she could with her connections. 14. What happens to Fresleven when he whacks the chief with a stick over a questionable chicken trade? "...I was told the chief's son- in desperation at hearing the old chap yell, made a tentative jab with a spear at the white man- and of course it went quite easy between he shoulders blades..." 15. What is the attitude at the Company's offices? What were they going to "run" and what were they going to do as a result? (23) The offices were the biggest thing in town, and everybody was full of it. They were going to run an overseas empire and make no end of coin by trade. 16. What is symbolic about the two women knitting black wool? (see footnote) They allude to at least two sources: in Charles Dickens's Tale of Two Cities, the villainous Madame Defarge knits the names of those she condemns to die. In Greek mythology, the Fates were usually three women spinning, measuring, and cutting the thread of life. 17. Into what "colour" of the map was Marlowe headed? I was going into the yellow." 18. What does the color signify? "Dead in the center" ...the Congo Free State. 19. What unnerves Marlowe about the 2 women knitting? In particular, what does he think they're "guarding," metaphorically speaking. What do they seem to know about his fate and the fate of other men who she sees coming into the office to receive a position with the company? (24) "She seemed uncanny and fateful", he thinks they are guarding the "door of Darkness". It seemed she seemed to know that "Not many of those she looked at ever saw er again- not half, by a long way." 20. After the doctor measures Marlowe's skull, where does he say the "changes take place" for those going to Africa? (25) "...the changes take place inside, you know." 21. What had the aunt told the "wife of the high dignitary" about Marlowe? "as an exceptional and gifted creature- a piece of good fortune for the Company- a man you don't get hold of every day." 22. The aunt believes Marlowe is a "Worker." What is meant by this term? "Something like an emissary of light, something like a lower sort of an apostle." 23. Why did the French steamer land repeatedly as is sailed down the African coast? (26) "...the sole purpose of landing soldiers and custom-house officers." 24. According to Marlowe, "Watching a coast as it slips by the ship is like thinking about an enigma. . . insipid or savage, and always mute with an air of whispering, come and find out." 25. What do they find the Man of War (a ship) doing? (27) "It appears the French had one of their wars going on thereabouts...In the empty immensity of earth, sky, and water, there she was, incomprehensible, firing into a continent." 26. How does Marlowe characterize the land he sees? What lends the country an air of "impotent despair"? "...where the merry dance of death and trade goes on in a still and earth atmosphere as of an overhead catacomb; all along the formless cast bordered by dangerous surf, as if Nature herself had tried to ward off intruders; in and out of rivers, steams of death in life, whose banks were rotting mangroves, that seemed to writhe at us in the extremity of an important despair." "It was like a weary pilgrimage amongst hints for nightmares." 27. What happened to the "Swede" the captain had taken up river a few days before? He hung himself, "the sun too much for him, or the country perhaps." 28. What is the source of the clinking sound Marlowe hears? (28) "...each had an iron collar on his neck, and all were connected with a chain whose bights swung between them, rhythmically clinking." 29. Marlowe sees an African carrying a gun and wearing a uniform jacket. Why, according to Marlowe, does the African point the gun at Marlowe upon seeing him? "...white men being so much alike at a distance that he could not tell who I might be." 30. What is the condition of the Africans Marlowe finds lying about in the shade? (29) "...in all the attitudes of pain, abandonment, and despair...they were dying slowly it was very clear...black shadows of diseases and starvation, lying confusedly in the greenish gloom." 31. What caused the condition mentioned in #22? "Brought from all the recesses of the coast in all the legality of time contracts, lost in uncongenial surroundings, fed on unfamiliar good the sickened, became inefficient, and were the allowed to crawl away and rest. (The workers and porters who provided the infrastructure of the Congo Free State were often conscripts: overworked, underfed and beaten, they died in enormous numbers.)" 32. What does Marlowe offer the dying African? "...one of my good Swede's ship's biscuits I had in my pocket." 33. Why does Marlowe "respect" the chief accountant? (30) "...but in the great demoralization of the land he kept up his appearance. That's backbone...achievements of character." He later admits he does it because he is teaching one of the native women about the station. 34. What does the trading company trade for "a precious trickle of ivory"? "...a stream of manufactured goods, rubbishly cottons, beads, and brass wire sent into the depths of darkness, and in return came a precious trickle of ivory." 35. What is remarkable about Kurtz? (31) "...Mr. Kurtz was at present in charge of a trading-post, a very important one, in the true ivory-country, at 'the very bottom of there. Sends in as much ivory as all the others put together..." 36. According to the chief accountant, what plans do the Council in Europe have for Kurtz? "Oh, he will go far, very far,' he began again. 'He will be somebody in the Administration before long. They, above- the Council in Europe, you know- meant him to be." 37. Why does Marlowe think the "population had cleared out a long time ago"? That it was likely because mysterious natives with with fearful weapons suddenly took to travelling on the road, catching "yokels" right and left to carry heavy loads for them "I fancy every farm and cottage thereabouts would get empty very soon." 38. What is Marlowe's attitude about the "ruins of grass walls" (32) Note that this helps us understand the European imperialist's attitude toward African culture: He says there is something "childish" about them. This shows us how inferior he though the African culture was, and how inferior he saw Africans. This really convey some of the themes that White Man's Burden did. 39. Why did Marlowe's "white companion" who continually faints from the heat, come to Africa? "To make money, of course." 40. When Marlowe arrives at the Central Station, what does he discover about his steamer? The "...steamer was the bottom of the river." 41. What emotion, or response, did the station manager inspire? (33) Uneasiness, nothing more. 42. How did the station manager's position come to him, or where did he draw his "power" from? You couldn't tell what it controlled him or what gave him his power..."Where he sat was the first place- the rest were nowhere. One felt this to be his unalterable conviction. He was eighter civil or uncivil. He was quiet." 43. What is the station manager's explanation for starting upriver without Marlowe? (34) That they had already had a lot of delays, and the situation was very grave, but they knew little detail about any of it. There were rumors that an important station was in jeopardy and its chief, Mr. Kurtz, was ill. 44. What were the rumors about Kurtz? That Mr. Kurtz was ill. 45. What is the attitude of the "pilgrims" toward ivory, or the word ivory? "You would think they were praying to it." 46. What happened to the African who was accused of starting the fire at the station? (35) They beat him nearly to death and was left to basically go die in the wilderness. 47. What did the 16 or 20 "pilgrims," or agents, seem to spend most of their time doing at the station? "...They beguiled the time by backbiting and intriguing against each other in a foolish kind of way...slandered and hated each other..." 48. Who had painted the oil sketch in the "first class" agent's hut (the one who is there to make bricks)? (36) Mr. Kurtz. 49. What is Kurtz's title? The chief of the Inner Station. 50. How does the young agent describe Kurtz? "He is an emissary of pity, and science, and progress, and devil knows what else." 51. What position in the company does everyone assume Kurtz will eventually take? General Manager 52. According to the agent (the brickmaker of the Central Station), what do Kurtz and Marlowe have in common (apparently he learned this from intercepting and reading the Company's confidential correspondence? "You are the of the new gang- the gang of virtue. The same people his sent specially also recommended." 53. What had the brickmaker agent planned to become before the arrival of Kurtz? (37) "Assistant manager" 54. What does Marlowe need to fix his boat but can't seem to get sent to him? (38) Rivets, to stop up the hole. 55. What does Marlowe like about work? (39) "To find yourself. Your own reality for yourself. Not for others what no other man can ever know. They can only see the mere show, and never can tell what it really means." 56. What comes instead of the requested parts? (40) Tents, camp tools, tin boxes, white cases, brown bales... 57. What was the "desire" of the Eldorado Exploring Expedition (EEE)? "To tear the treasure out of the bowls of the land..." 58. What was Marlowe "curious to see"? (41) "I was curious to see whether this man, who had come out equipped with morals ideas of some sort, would climb to the top after all, and how he would set about his work when there."

Study Guide: Joseph Conrad and Heart of Darkness Part II

1. Marlowe overhears a conversation about Kurtz (between the station manager and his uncle, the head of the EEE). How had Kurtz sent his ivory to the Central Station? "...it had come with a fleet of canoes in charge of an English half-caste clerk Kurtz had with him; that Kurtz had apparently intended to return himself, the station being by that time bare of goods and stores, but after coming three hundred miles, had suddenly decided to go back, which he started to do alone in a small dugout with four paddlers, leaving the half caste to continue down the river with the ivory." 2. What had Kurtz apparently turned his back on by paddling back upriver? (42) "...the lone white man turning his back suddenly on the headquarters, on relief, on thoughts of home- perhaps; setting his face towards the depths of the wilderness, toward his empty and desolate station." 3. What does the Station manager think should be done to the "unfair competition" in Kurtz's district? "We will not be free from unfair competition till one of these fellows is hanged for an example." 4. How does the head of the EEE respond? "Why not? anything can be done in this country." 5. According to the overheard conversation, what is Kurtz's vision of a trading station? "Each station should be like a beacon on the road towards better things, a center for trade of course, but also for humanizing, improving, instructing." 6. How does Marlowe describe going up the river? (43) Perhaps refer back to the earlier passage about the Thames: "Going up that river was like travelling back to the earliest beginnings of the world, when vegetation rioted on the earth and the big trees were kings. An empty stream, a great silence, and impenetrable forest. The air was warm, thick, heavy, sluggish. There was no joy in the brilliance of sunshine..." dark, gloomy, ominous, and uneasy. At one point it is described as vengeful. 7. Who does Marlowe enlist for his crew? (44) "Fine fellows- cannibals- in their place. They were men one could work with, and I am grateful to them...the manager on board and three or four pilgrims with their staves- all complete." 8. What did the crew bring to eat? "...they did not eat each other before my face: they had brought along a provision of hippo-meet which went rotten..." 9. What did the sound of the drums at night mean? "Whether it meant war, peace, or prayer we could not tell." 10. What makes the "earth seem unearthly"? (45) "We are accustomed to look upon the shackled form of a conquered monster, but there-there you could look at a thing monstrous and free." 11. What "thrilled" Marlowe about his crew? "...the thought of their humanity-like yours-the thought of your remote kinship with this wild and passionate uproar. Ugly. Yes, it was ugly enough; but if you were man enough you would admit to yourself that there was in you just the faintest trace of a repose to the terrible frankness of that noise...could comprehend." 12. How does Marlowe describe his fireman? "...an improved specimen...a thrall to strange witchcraft...full of improving knowledge..." he seems to like him and have a strange respect for him in his strangeness. 13. What do they find 50 miles below the inner station (Kurtz's station)? (46) A pole that had the remains of a tattered flag, which was unrecognizable. Underneath it was a pile of wood. 14. What does the message accompanying the answer to #40 urge them to do? "Wood for you. Hurry up. Approach cautiously." 15. What sound is heard as the fog obscures the river and they drop the anchor? (48) "...a cry, a very loud cry, as of infinite desolation, soared slowly in the opaque air. It ceased." 16. What does the head of the cannibals want to do with whoever made the sound? "Eat'im" 17. What were the cannibals (the crew) paid per week? (49) Three pieces of brass wire, each nine inches long. 18. What amazes Marlowe about the cannibals? Their restraint, and what was fueling it. 19-20. How does Marlowe expect no attack? (50) a. The thick fog. b. impenetrable jungle 21. Which channel does Marlowe take? (51) "I naturally headed for the western passage" 22. How does Marlowe characterize his helmsman? (51-52) "He was the most unstable kind of fool I had ever seen. He steered with no end of a swagger while you were by but if he lost sight of you, he became instantly the prey of an abject funk, and would let that cripple of a steamboat get the upper hand of him in a minute." 23. How is the boat "attacked"? People in the jungle running along the river, shooting arrows at them. All he can really see is limbs and movement. 24. Why can't Marlowe see the ripple or the snag? The smoke from guns being constantly fire made it hard for him to see. 25. What finally happens to the helmsman? How? (53) He ends up getting speared in the side and killed, Marlowe watches as he dies and can't tear his gaze from his. 26. What disappoints Marlowe about the supposed death of Kurtz? (54) He never meets him, he never sees him, and most disappointingly: he never gets to hear him. 27. What details about Kurtz's audience—remember he is telling his story aboard a boat anchored in England—does he find absurd, meaning he doesn't think they can fully appreciate or understand his story? The passage begins "absurd." (54) "...here you all are moored with two good address, like a hulk with two anchors...excellent appetites, and temperature normal, you hear normal from year's end to year's end...my dear boys, what can you can expect from a man out of sheer nervousness had just flung overboard a pair of a brand new shoes..." 28. According to Marlowe, what is men's duty to women? (54-55) "We must help them to stay in that beautiful world of their own, lest ours gets worse." 29. Marlowe thinks ahead to finally meeting Kurtz (referring to his "disinterred body." What has the "wilderness" done to Kurtz's hair and body? Deteriorated him, made him bald, withered his body. 30. What belongs to Kurtz? "My ivory...my Intended, my ivory, my station, my river, my-' everything belonged to him." 31. For what Society had Kurtz written a report? (56) "International Society for the Suppression of Savage Customs." 32. What did Kurtz do once his "nerves went wrong"? "...and caused him to preside at certain midnight dances ending with unspeakable rites which... were offered up to him..." 33. How did Kurtz believe that whites should "appear" to Africans? "...appear to them in the nature of supernatural beings...as a deity..." 34. What note had Kurtz scrawled at the end of his report? "Exterminate all the brutes" 35. What does Marlowe do with the body of his helmsman? (57) Left it in the pilot house. He missed him. 36. What do you do with Kurtz, instead of "talk"? (59) You listen to him. 37. According to the Russian at Kurtz's station, why did the Africans attack the boat? They did not want Kurtz to leave: "They don't want him to go. Don't they?" 38. What did Kurtz seem to want from the Russian? (60) To have someone to look up and respect him in such a devoted way, to lecture, to make him almost like an apprentice. This was Kurtz's form of validation, and he has a huge ego to go with it. 39. After Kurtz ran out of trade goods, how did he get ivory? (61) "to speak plainly, he raided the country" 40. Why did Kurtz threaten to shoot the Russian? He wanted the Russian's small lot of ivory that he was gifted for shooting game. Kurtz said he would shoot him for it and would kill anyone he "jolly" well pleased. 41. What adorns the poles in front of Kurtz's house? (62) Shrunken human heads. 42. How does the Russian explain the adornments referred to in 98? Beyond the fact that the adornments belonged to rebels? (63) They were not enemies, criminals, or workers...they were just men who strictly didn't obey and follow Kurtz. It was the only crime one could commit in Kurtz eyes and the punishment was lethal. 43. What happens when the pilgrims take Kurtz away on a stretcher (bringing him to the boat)? (63-64) He sits up and then immediately falls back down. He is fighting very hard to preserve his image, his body has lost all its fire/and fight but its like he himself hasn't. They don't want him to leave. 44. What sight captures the boat members' attention as darkness falls? (64-65) The previous group clad in bronze, they look dressed for war. More specifically: a wild and gorgeous woman. 45. According to the manager, how did Kurtz's "unsound" methods affect the territory for the company? (65) He had done more harm than good. 46. How does Marlowe characterize Kurtz's "method"? (66) "No method at all" 47. Who ordered the attack on the steamer? Why? Kurtz had ordered the attack on the steamer; he hated the idea of being take away. 48. What happens to the Russian? (67) He vanishes off into the night, into the jungle. He goes out into the wilderness.. 49. Where does Kurtz go in the night? (68) He vanishes off into the night to avoid being forced to leave. 50. What does Marlowe threaten to do if Kurtz shouts? At first bash him with a no object...that he doesn't have. They he threatens just to beat him. 51. What does Marlowe think has drawn (or driven) Kurtz to the edge of the forest? (69) "...the awakening of forgotten passions. This alone, I was convinced, had driven him out to the edge of the forest to the bush, towards the glam of fires, the throb of drums, the drone of weird incarnations, this alone had beguiled his unlawful soul beyond the bounds of permitted aspirations." 52. How does Marlowe try to prevent the pilgrims from shooting the crowd of natives as the boat pulls away from the station? (70) "I pulled the string of the whistle..." 53. What are Kurtz's final words? (71) "The horror! The horror!" 54. What does the "clean-shaven" company man try to get from Marlowe? (73) "...he was pleased to denominate certain 'documents'. I was not surprised, because I had had two rows with the manager on the subject out there." 55. What does Marlowe give him instead? "I offered him the report on the 'Suppression of Savage Customs,' with the postscript torn off." 56. What is Marlowe left with? (74) "slim packet of letters and the girl's portrait." 57. How long had Kurtz's fiancé been in mourning when he went to visit her? (75) "it was more than a year since his death..." 58. What reason for Kurtz's going to Africa, did Marlowe infer? (76) "He had given me some reason to infer that it was his impatience of comparative poverty that drove him out there." 59. What does Marlowe tell the fiancé were Kurtz's last words? (77) That Kurtz said her name. He lied.

What does going "to your in-laws" imply?

A bride will become a member of the father-in-law's household. Getting married. A bride will no longer be under the authority or care of her father's household. (all answers are correct)

A) What is true of a person's Chi? B) What is not true of a person's Chi?

A) Chi is a personal deity, Chi dictates a person's destiny, Chi is an internal commitment. B) Chi is outgrown after becoming an adult.

Which of the following is not a theme of the story?

Addiction

"Punishment" is told from the following perspective or POV

An omniscient narrator -multiple points of view.

Which of the following is not true of Conrad?

Born in Africa

In what ways are the narrator and Rahamat parallel or similar?

Both have lost touched with their daughters.

The South American writers from this period incorporated traditional Indian (Mayan/Incan) mythology with ________________ influences.

Catholic

English 202: Things Fall Apart Study Guide Part One

Characters: Briefly identify each of the following characters. It might help to relate their relationship to Okonkwo, if applicable: 1. Unoka (2) Unoka, for that was his father's name, had died ten years ago. In his day he was lazy and improvident and was quite incapable of thinking about tomorrow...he spent all of his money on drink and was in debt to many. 2. Ikemefuna (6, 22) "...the doomed lad who was sacrificed to the village of Umuofia by their neighbors to avoid war and bloodshed. The ill-fated lad was called Ikemefuna." -Okonkwo was very much like a father figure to him and even though Okonkwo couldn't show it...he saw him as a son. 3. Agbala (9) Not a character, a term "agbala was not only another name for a woman, it could also mean a man who had taken no title" 4. Nwoye (9-10) "Okonkwo's first son, twelve years old but was already causing his father great anxiety for his incipient laziness. At any rate, that was how it looked to his father, and he sought to correct him by constant nagging and beating. And so Nwoye was developing into a sad-faced youth." 5. Ekwefi (29-30, ) She was Okonkwo's second wife Ekwefi, whom he nearly shot. There was no festival in all the seasons of the year which gave her as much pleasure as the wrestling match. Okonkwo had won her heart by throwing the Cat. She did not marry him then because he was too poor to pay her bride-price. But a few years later she ran away from her husband and came to live with Okonkwo. 6. Ezinma (30, 35) The only daughter of Ekwefi, who was only ten years old but was wise beyond her years. 7. Chielo (38) She was the priestess of Agbala, the Oracle of the Hills and the Caves. In ordinary life Chielo was a widow with two children. 8. Ezeudu (44) The oldest man in the village, lots of young men ask him questions and talk to him. 9. Obierka (50-51) Okonkwo's friend and confidant, to whom he expresses at one point concern for his son's lack of maturity and inability to grow into men. Chapter 1 10. Why was Okonkwo well known? He wins the most intense wrestling match that anyone can remember and the opponent he beat was up until that point undefeated. 11. Why did Okonkwo have no patience for his father? a. His father was extremely lazy. b. His father was a drunk and was in lots of debt, any money he'd come to possess went straight to drink. 12. What were Unoka's "happiest moments"? He was very good at the flute so "...the two or three moons after the harvest when the village musicians brought down their instruments, hung above the fireplace..." 13. What is the significance of the kola nut? "Thank you. He who brings kola brings life. But I think you ought to break it..." it is used in sacrifices or for prayers, seems very ceremonial. 14. What made Unoka "unhappy"? Wars. 15. Why did this make Unoka unhappy? He could not bear the sight of blood, very much a pacifist. 16. What do the marks on Unoka's wall signify? To whom and to how much he is debt to... 17. Why was Okonkwo "clearly cut out for great things"? (at least 3 reasons) a. He was still young, but he had won fame as the greatest wrestler in the nine villages. b. A wealthy farmer and had two barns full of yams, and had just married his third wife c. He had taken two titles and had shown incredible prowess in two inter-tribal wars. Chapter 2 18. Why was Okonkwo not afraid of war? He was a man of action, a man of war. Unlike his father he could stand the look of blood. He killed several and had their heads...which he occasionally drank wine from. 19. Why were the citizens of Umuofia angry at the people of Mbaino? The wife of Ogbuefi Udo was murdered at a market in Mbaino. 20. What ultimatum did the men of Umuofia offer? "...asking them to choose between war - on the one hand, and on the other the offer of a young man and a virgin as compensation..." 21. Who is the "Oracle" of Umuofia? A mysterious woman of medicine with one leg...who also has a shrine. 22. Who did Okonkwo bring back from Mbaino? A virgin, and a young fifteen year old boy named Ikemefuna. The girl married the man who lost his wife and the young boy lived with Okonkwo for three years. 23. What was Okonkwo afraid of? Fear of failure and weakness. 24. Why was Nwoye "developing into a sad-faced youth"? "...was already causing his father great anxiety for his incipient laziness. At any rate, that was how it looked to his father, and he sought to correct him by constant nagging and beating. And so Nwoye was developing into a sad-faced youth." 25. Where does Ikemefuna live while in Umuofia? With Okonkwo, under the care of his oldest wife, mother of Nwoye. 26. Who does Ikemefuna "belong" to? The clan. Chapter 3 27. What is the name of the Oracle of the Hills and the Caves? Agbala 28. Who is the only person to have ever seen the Oracle? No one had ever beheld Agbala, except his priestess 29. Who was the priestess in Unoka's day? The priestess in those days was a woman called Chika. She was full of the power of her god, and she was greatly feared 30. Unoka is known for "the weakness of his machete" (a handheld cutting tool, line a long knife or short sword). What does this metaphor mean, in plain terms? He doesn't work hard, he is lazy, while everyone toils and labors, he does not. Nothing else is to be blamed but his own his inability to "go home and work like a man". 31. How does the weakness of Unoka's machete relate to his "ill-fate"? He had no grave. He died of the swelling which was an abomination to the earth goddess. When a man was afflicted with swelling in the stomach and the limbs he was not allowed to die in the house. He was carried to the Evil Forest and left there to die 32. What is chi? Personal god. 33. What sort of chi does Unoka have? Bad chi, it sounded like he worshipped drink and sloth. 34. What favor does Okonkwo ask of Nwakibie (related to yams)? "If you give me some yam seeds I shall not fail you." 35. Who else does Okonkwo have to support besides his wives and children? "...he had to support his mother and two sisters from his meagre harvest. And supporting his mother also meant supporting his father. She could not be expected to cook and eat while her husband starved..." 36. Why was the "year that Okonkwo took eight hundred seed-yams" considered "the worst year in living memory"? "Nothing happened at its proper time, - it was either too early or too late. It seemed as if the world had gone mad. The first rains were late, and, when they came, lasted only a moment. The blazing sun returned, fiercer than it had ever been known, and scorched all the green that had appeared with the rains..." basically nature was completely against him and certainly didn't help matters. Chapter 4 37. An Ibo states that "when a man says yes his chi says yes also." What exactly does this mean in Okonkwo's case? (19-20) "...because it judged a man by the work or his hands..." basically your actions and what you decide on reflects what you worship or what is your personal "god". 38. How did Okonkwo feel about Ikemefuna? "Even Okonkwo himself became very fond of the boy - inwardly of course..." he began to see him as a son. Ikemefuna in return called him father. 39. What is significant about the time period when Okonkwo beat his wife Ojiugo? The sacred week: Week of Peace. 40. Why was Okonkwo's wife-beating considered a "great evil"? How might it "ruin the whole clan"? It is a sacred week of peace, it is disrespectful to the god's and the ancestors. It can ruin the whole clan because the earth goddess can prevent or lessen the harvest, which means everyone starves. 41. What happens after the Week of Peace? After the Week of Peace every man and his family began to clear the bush to make new farms. The cut bush was left to dry and fire was then set to it. As the smoke rose into the sky kites appeared from different directions and hovered over the burning field in silent valediction. The rainy season was approaching when they would go away until the dry season returned. Okonkwo begins to teach his sons, and his adopted son, the art of...yams...the true measure of a man. 42. How does Ikemefuna begin to feel about living with Okonkwo? "Ikemefuna had begun to feel like a member of Okonkwo's family. He still thought about his mother and his three-year-old sister, and he had moments of sadness and depression But he and Nwoye had become so deeply attached to each other that such moments became less frequent and less poignant." Chapter 5 43. Why was Okonkwo not enthusiastic about feasts? "...he was always uncomfortable sitting around for days waiting for a feast or getting over it. He would be very much happier working on his farm." 44. Why does Okonkwo try to shoot his wife, Ekwefi? "And so when he called Ikemefuna to fetch his gun, the wife who had just been beaten murmured something about guns that never shot. Unfortunately for her Okonkwo heard it and ran madly into his room for the loaded gun, ran out again and aimed at her as she clambered over the dwarf wall of the barn. He pressed the trigger and there was a loud report accompanied by the wail of his wives and children. He threw down the gun and jumped into the barn and there lay the woman, very much shaken and frightened but quite unhurt. He heaved a heavy sigh and went away with the gun." 45. How does Okonkwo feel about his daughter, Ezinma? "Okonkwo was specially fond of Ezinma. She looked very much like her mother, who was once the village beauty. But his fondness only showed on very rare occasions." Chapter 6 46. What is the "ilo"? The location of the field and the stands for the wrestling matches. 47. According to her friend at the wrestling matches (Chielo), how did Ekwefi survive Okonkwo's attempts to shoot her? "Your chi is very much awake, my friend. And how is my daughter, Ezinma?" 48. Who is Chielo particularly fond of? Ezinma, the daughter of Ekwefi. 49. What is Chielo's special function in the community? The woman with whom she talked was called Chielo. She was the priestess of Agbala, the Oracle of the Hills and the Caves Chapter 7 50. How long did Ikemefuna live with Okonkwo? Three years. 51. What was Ikemefuna's effect on Nwoye? He kind of ignited a fire in Nwoye, and now he does masculine things. 52. What sort of stories does Okonkwo tell his sons? "Masculine stories of violence and bloodshed." 53. Why does Nwoye prefer the stories his mother used to tell? They were fables with moral themes, they had a purpose beyond violence and "masculine" things. 54. Why is everyone excited about the appearance of the locusts? They were good for eating, more food! 55. What news does Ezeudu bring to Okonkwo? Umuofia has decided to kill Ikemefuna. 56. What advice does Ezeudu offer to Okonkwo, and what is his reasoning for giving this particular advice? "But I want you to have nothing to do with it. He calls you his father." 57. As the men begin the journey to "take Ikemefuna home," what do they laugh and joke about? At the beginning of their journey the men of Umuofia talked and laughed about the locusts, about their women, and about some effeminate men who had refused to come with them 58. How does Ikemefuna feel about Okonkwo? Although he had felt uneasy at first, he was not afraid now. Okonkwo walked behind him. He could hardly imagine that Okonkwo was not his real father. 59. What are Ikemefuna's final words? "My father, they have killed me!" 60. Why does Okonkwo kill Ikemefuna? "He was afraid of being thought weak." 61. What does Nwoye remember about the last harvest season? It made him feel as he feels now: "A vague chill had descended on him and his head had seemed to swell, like a solitary walker at night who passes an evil spirit an the way. Then something had given way inside him. It descended on him again, this feeling, when his father walked in that night after killing Ikemefuna." Chapter 8 62. How did Okonkwo act immediately following Ikemefuna's death? Okonkwo did not taste any food for two days after the death of Ikemefuna. He drank palm-wine from morning till night...he did not sleep at night. He tried not to think about Ikemefuna, - but the more he tried the more he thought about him." 63. What does Okonkwo think (or wish) about his daughter Ezinma? "'She should have been a boy,' he thought as he looked at his ten-year-old daughter." 64. What is Okonkwo's criticism of Nwoye? "I am worried about Nwoye. A bowl of pounded yams can throw him in a wrestling match. His two younger brothers are more promising. But I can tell you, Obierika, that my children do not resemble me." 65. What does Obierko predict will be the effect of Okonkwo's actions? "If I were you I would have stayed at home. What you have done will not please the Earth. It is the kind of action for which the goddess wipes out whole families." 66. What is the object of the negotiations between Ukegbu and Obierika? "In this way Akuke's bride-price was finally settled at twenty bags of cowries. It was already dusk when the two parties came to this agreement." Chapter 9 67. What news does Ekwefi present to Okonkwo? "Ezinma is dying," came her voice, and all the tragedy and sorrow of her life were packed in those words." 68. Describe Ekwefi's experience with childbirth. "Ezinma was an only child and the center of her mother's world. Very often it was Ezinma who decided what food her mother should prepare...Ekwefi had suffered a good deal in her life. She had borne ten children and nine of them had died in infancy, usually before the age of three." 69. What is an ogbanje? This man told him that the child was an ogbanje, one of those wicked children who, when they died, entered their mothers' wombs to be born again. 70. Describe how the body of the child Onwumbiko is treated after he dies. "The medicine man then ordered that there should be no mourning for the dead child. He brought out a sharp razor from the goatskin bag slung from his left shoulder and began to mutilate the child. Then he took it away to bury in the Evil Forest, holding it by the ankle and dragging it on the ground behind him." 71. What does Ekwefi blame for her children dying? "...that she did not blame others for their good fortune but her own evil chi who denied her any..." 72. Why did people think that Ezinma might be an ogbanje? "She was rewarded by occasional spells of health during which Ezinma bubbled with energy like fresh palm-wine. At such times she seemed beyond danger. But all of a sudden, she would go down again. Everybody knew she was an ogbanje." 73. What is Ezinma's iyi-uwa? "But Ezinma's iyi-uwa had looked real enough. It was a smooth pebble wrapped in a dirty rag." 74. What is the significance of digging it up? (What happens after it is dug up?) "The thick mat was thrown over both. Ezinma struggled to escape from the choking and overpowering steam, but she was held down. She started to cry. When the mat was at last removed she was drenched in perspiration. Ekwefi mopped her with a piece of cloth and she lay down on a dry mat and was soon asleep." Chapter 10 75. What is an egwugwu? "Each of the nine egwugwu represented a village of the clan. Their leader was called Evil Forest." 76. How many villages comprised Umuofia? "The nine villages of Umuofia had grown out of the nine sons of the first father of the clan." 77. How do the egwugwu function in chapter 10? (What is their purpose in the community?) "We have heard both sides of the case," said Evil Forest. "Our duty is not to blame this man or to praise that, but to settle the dispute." He turned to Uzowulu's group and allowed a short pause. Chapter 11 78. Who betrays tortoise when he jumps from the sky? Parrot, because he told Tortoise's wife to set out all of the hard objects from their home. 79. What does Chielo say to Okonkwo? "She was saying again and again that Agbala wanted to see his daughter, Ezinma. Okonkwo pleaded with her to come back in the morning because Ezinma was now asleep. But Chielo ignored what he was trying to say and went on shouting that Agbala wanted to see his daughter." 80. After Chielo takes Ezinma, what does Ekwefi do? "I am following Chielo," she replied and disappeared in the darkness. 81. What are the three names that Chielo addresses the Oracle by? (2112) a. Agbala do-o-o-o b. Umuachi c. Agbala ekene unuo-o-ol 82. What convinces Ekwefi that Ezinma is safe? "She would die with her. Having sworn that oath, she sat down on a stony ledge and waited. Her fear had vanished. She could hear the priestess' voice, all its metal taken out of it by the vast emptiness of the cave. She buried her face in her lap and waited..." Okonkwo then shows up and waits with her. Chapter 12 83. What is the reason for the festivity? "Okonkwo's friend, Obierika, was celebrating his daughter's uri. It was the day on which her suitor (having already paid the greater part of her bride-price) would bring palm-wine not only to her parents and immediate relatives but to the wide and extensive group of kinsmen called umunna. Everybody had been invited—men, women and children. But it was really a woman's ceremony and the central figures were the bride and her mother." 84. How many times did Okonkwo go to the cave to wait for Chielo and Ezinma? "Okonkwo had returned home and sat waiting. When he thought he had waited long enough he again returned to the shrine. But the Hills and the Caves were as silent as death. It was only on his fourth trip that he had found Ekwefi, and by then he had become gravely worried..." 4 times 85. How long must the bride spend with her suitor's family? Seven weeks. Chapter 13 86. What is the occasion for the ceremony at the beginning of the chapter? The funeral for the death of Ezeudu. 87. How many titles had Ezeudu taken? Three. 88. How does Ezeudu's 16 year old son die? Okonkwo's gun had exploded, and a piece of iron had pierced the boy's heart. 89. What was Okonkwo's only option? Flee the clan. 90. What are the two types of crime? The crime was of two kinds, male and female. 91. What type was Okonkwo's? Why? Okonkwo had committed the female, because it had been inadvertent. He could return to the clan after seven years. 92. How long did Okonkwo have to stay away from the clan? Seven years. 93. What is the purpose for burning Okonkwo's compound? "It was the justice of the earth goddess, and they were merely her messengers. They had no hatred in their hearts against Okonkwo. His greatest friend, Obierika, was among them. They were merely cleansing the land which Okonkwo had polluted with the blood of a clansman." 94. Where does Okonkwo go? "Okonkwo was well received by his mother's kinsmen in Mbanta."

Contemporary World Literature Norton Vol. F, 875-81

Contemporary World Literature Norton Vol. F, 875-81 1. "Challenges to traditional authority shook the 1960's. The subsequent changes to Western culture have shaped all that came after—especially in literature, where the intimate relations among men and women and the tensions between public responsibility and private desire play a central role" (875). 2. In the U.S., what was the focus of the protest? Vietnam War 3. What year marks the high point of protests that would transform contemporary society? 1968 4. Why is 1989 "an equally memorable year"? 3 reasons, or events: a. first steps wee taken to dismantle the system of apartheid, or racial segregation b. white minority rule in South Africa ended c. Thousands of Chinese Students mounted an unsuccessful rebellion against the communist government of the People's Republic of China. 5. "The wars of the twenty-first century, which began in the aftermath of the terrorist attacks, have chilled the hope that ours would be a uniquely peaceful age. Likewise, the expectation that industrialization would lead inevitably to a more secular world has proved mistaken" (877). 6. How have living standards for much of the world's expanding population been affected over the past half-century? "Four fifths of the global population now benefit from the fruits of industrialization." "an era of globalization in investment, knowledge, politics, and culture. The information revolution, made possible first by satellite television...internet..." 7. What percentage of the world population lives in poverty? One fifth of the world population. 8. What has been the effect of increased migration over the past half-century? a. "created immense cultural hybridity b. produced tension in host countries 9. What is the major theme of the following writers? a. Jamaica Kincaid The immigrant experience b. Leslie Marmon Silko changes in the status of women and in social norms governing sexuality. c. Hanan Al Shaykh changes in the status of women and in social norms governing sexuality. 10. "Latin American novelists, including Gabriel Garcia Marquez . . . combine realistic historical narration with fanciful folk tales in which individuals and societies seem to be transformed by distinctly nonrealistic events—a character who can fly, perhaps, or a mystical link among people born on the night of Indian independence. The juxtaposition emphasizes the coexistence of modern notions of casualty and traditional, pre-scientific belief in the unexplainable and thus has had its greatest impact in zones of uneven economic development, where educated writers have incorporated the folk wisdom of their rural, sometimes illiterate communities. . . . These authors tend to present an oblique account of atrocities, whether involving colonization, genocide, or political repression. Both in magical realism and in postmodernism, stories may seem whimsical or fantastical even when they are playing for deadly serious stakes" 881). 11. "The 21st century began with reminders of the of a global society linked by industrial capitalism and communications technology but divided by religion and politics. While war, terrorism, and poverty are events that divide us, the greatest world literature suggests, as it always has, what unites us" (881). From Chinua Achebe Norton Vol. F, 807-809 12. "Things Fall Apart exploded the colonialist image of Africans as childlike people living in a primitive society. . . . Achebe helped to create the African postcolonial novel with its themes and characters; he also developed a complex narrative voice that questions cultural assumptions with a subtle irony and compassion born from bicultural experience" (807). 13. What two cultures "coexisted" in Achebe's birth town of Ogidi, Eastern Nigeria? a. African social customs and traditional religion b. British colonial authority and Christianity 14. How did Achebe respond to these co-existing cultures? He was not torn but rather curious of the perspective to be found in living "at the crossroads of the cultures." 15. In secondary school, when Achebe read books about Africa, who did he tend to identify with? He tended to identify with the white narrators rather than the black inhabitants: "I did not see myself as an African in those books. I took sides with the white men against the savages." 16. How did Joyce Cary's Mister Johnson depict Nigerians? Violent savages, with passionate instincts and simple minds 17. His African name, Chinua, means "My spirit come fight for me" 18. "Things Fall Apart was a conscious attempt to counteract the distortions of English literature about Africa by describing the richness and complexness of traditional African society before the colonial and missionary invasion. It was important, Achebe said, 'to teach my readers that their past—with all it imperfections--was not one long night of savagery from which the first Europeans acting on God's behalf delivered them'" (807-808). 19. What short-lived country primarily composed of Igbo-speakers did Achebe travel and speak in order to raise support? Biafra 20. Achebe draws contrasts between the "European 'art for art's sake' tradition and the African belief in the indivisibility of art and society. . . . The creative communal enterprise and its culminating festival are diametrically opposed, the writer says, to the European custom of secluding art objects in museums or private collections" (809). Briefly describe Achebe's "favorite example . . . the Owerri Igbo custom of mbari" ( 808-809): mbari is a communal art project in which villagers selected by the priest of the earth goddess Ala live in a forest clearing for a year or more, working under direction of master artists to prepare a temple of images in the goddess's honor.

Who really kills Radha

Dukhirim

The South American Literary "flowering" that began in 1960 has been referred to as

El Boom

English 202 Study Guide: Marquez and "Death Constant Beyond Love" Norton Vol F, 909-916

English 202 Study Guide: Marquez and "Death Constant Beyond Love" Norton Vol F, 909-916 "The best-known novelist of the Latin American "Boom" of the 1960s and 1970s, Gabriel Garcia Marquez embodied, in his work, the mixture of fantasy and actuality known as 'magic realism.' . . . Marquez returned to certain themes: the contrast between dreamlike experiences and everyday reality; the enchanted or inexplicable aspect fictional creation; and the solitude of the individuals in societies that can never quite incorporate them. His fiction, which contains mythical dimensions that are often rooted in local folklore, reimagines regional tales to explore broader social and psychological conflicts. Even those works based in historical fact transform the characters and events into a fictional universe with its own set of laws" (909). "Marquez found in [the surrealistic fiction of Franz] Kafka the mobile balance of non realistic events and realistic detail that--combined with his grandmother quixotic stories and his grandfather's political concerns--would become the genre known as magic realism. In this mode the narrator treats the subjective beliefs and experiences of the characters, often derived from folklore and supernatural beliefs, as if they were real, even when (to a scientifically minded observer) they seem impossible" (909). In "Death Constant Beyond Love" Senator Sanchez, at the news of his impending death, is "made suddenly to feel . . . helpless, vulnerable, and alone. Theoretically he knows that is inevitable and that the course of nature cannot be defeated. He has read Marcus Aurelius . . . and refers to the Stoic philosopher's Meditations, which criticizes the delusions of those 'who have tenaciously stuck to life' and recommends the cheerful acceptance of natural order, including death. . . . In this crisis the senator is reduced to basic, instinctual existence, drawing him deeper into Garcia Marquez's recurrent themes of solitude, love and death. [The story] reverses the ambitious claim of a famous sonnet by the Spanish Golden Age writer Quevado . . ., according to which there is 'Love Constant Beyond Death.' Such love is an illusion, for it is death, beyond everything else, that awaits us" (910). 1. What does Senator Sanchez find approximately 6 months before his death? "he found the woman of his life" her name is Laura Farina. 2. What is the meaning of Rosal del Virrey? The Rosebush of the Viceroy (governor). 3. What is the reputation of Rosal del Virrey by night? "the furtive wharf for smugglers' ships, and on the other hand, in broad day light looked like the most useless inlet on the desert." 4. Why is the name of the town a joke? Senator Sanchez was the only one wearing a rose at the town of Rosal de Virrey. 5. What does the Senator go to Rosal del Virrey for? "It was unavoidable stop in the electoral campaign he made every four years." 6. What is the purpose of the rented Indians? "Then came the trucks with the rented Indians who were carried into the towns in order to enlarge the crowds at public ceremonies." 7. What is Sanchez's academic training? "In real life he had just turned forty-two, had been graduated from Gottingen with honors as a metallurgical engineer, and was an avid reader, although without much success, of badly translated Latin classics." 8. What news had the Senator learned approximately 3 months before this story takes place? He would be dead by the next Christmas. 9. What had been his condition (attitude toward life) up until the time he learned the above news? "he the happiest of all until they told him" 10. Why does Sanchez choose to "endure his secret all alone" (1653)? Not because of pride but because of shame. 11. What does Sanchez feel for those fighting to shake his hand? Sanchez felt disdain for those fighting to shake his hand. 12. According to Sanchez's speech, what "purpose" are he and the people gathered for? "We are here for the purpose of defeating nature" 13. What sort of special effects do Sanchez's crew while he is speaking to the crowd? "There was a pattern to his circus. As he spoke, his aides threw clusters of paper birds into the air and the artificial creatures took on life, flew about the platform of planks, and went out to sea. At the same time, other men took some prop trees with felt leaves out of the wagons and planted them in the saltpeter soil behind the crowd. They finished by setting up a cardboard facade with make believe houses of red brick that had glass windows, and with it they covered the miserable shacks of real life." 14. What three campaing promises does Sanchez make to the people in his speech? Rainmaking machines, portable breeders for table animals, the oils of happiness that will do impossible agricultural feats. 15. What does Sanchez notice about the cardboard town that the crowd doesn't seem to notice? The cardboard town was almost as bad as Rosal del Virrey, due to weather erosion and overuse. The irony was not lost on the senator. 16. What happened to Nelson Farina's first wife? He hung her and used her remains to fertilize her own cauliflower patch. 17. What does Farina want from the senator (he begged for it beginning with the senator's first campaing)? A false identity card which would place him beyond the reach of the law. 18. How has the senator always treated Farina's request (what was his standard answer)? Friendly, firm, refusal. 19. What favor does Sanchez do for the woman with six children? He grants her a request and gives her a pack donkey, which he paints his campaign slogan on. 20. According to the footnote at the bottom of page 1655, what three things is the figure of Laura Farina connected with? Rustic poor, earthy reality and erotic inspiration. 21. When speaking to the "important people of Rosal del Virrey", what does the senator predict will happen the day "there are trees and flowers in this heap of goat dung [Rosal del Virrey] (1656)? That no matter what he tries or promises Rosal de Virrey will always be a lowly place filled with lowly people. Nothing he or they can do will ever change that, not all the promises or solutions in the world can make that place good. Basically he says that day will come when hell freezes over. 22. What happens to the paper butterfly once it flys out of the Senator's room? It flattens and then sticks to the wall. Laura Farina attempts to pull it off of the wall but is unable to. 23. Upon seeing Laura Farina, Sanchez "resolved then that death had made his decision for him" (1656). What decision do you think he is referring to? The fact that he was dying was his reasoning in justifying the act of pleasuring himself with this young woman he was so attracted to. 24. When they get into the Senator's room, what are the bank notes doing? "thousands of bank notes were floating in the air, flapping like the butterfly. 25. Describe the senator's tattoo: "a corsair's tattoo of a heart pierced by an arrow." 26. According to the senator, what is the significance of the astrological sign that he shares with Laura? They are both Aires, the sign of solitude. 27. The senator "knew that the [sudden love affair] at hand had its origins in indignity" (1657). What do you think he means by that? What is undignified about this particular affair (there could be several answers)? Likely that she was of mix race and out wedlock. He also would acknowledge that she is far to young for him, and he was also married and had children. 28. What is Laure wearing under her clothes? Nothing, except a padlock. The padlock which needs a key. 29. What does Farina want in return for sending the key to the padlock? To have his situation fixed...basically to get what Farina had been wanting all this time: a false identity card. 30. What has Laura heard about the senator? "You're worse than the rest because you're different" 31. In what condition does the senator die? What has happened to his political reputation? "Then she laid his head oner her shoulder with her eyes fixed on the rose. The senator held her above the waist, sank his face his woods-animal armpit, and gave into terror. Six months and eleven days later he would die in that same position, debased and repudiated because of the public scandal with Laura Farina." 32. What is Sanchez angry about as he is dying? "Weeping with rage at dying without her"

Okonkwo's Palm-kernels had been cracked for him by a benevolent spirit

False

When the narrator returns home, she returns by way of hitching a ride in a pickup truck.

False

South American Magic Realism was heavily influenced by

French Surrealism

How were Africans punished for not delivering enough rubber to meet the quota?

Hands chopped off

Why was one of the missionaries more effective than the other?

He learned about the Igbo religion as well as taught his own.

What does Okonkwo eventually decide about his Chi?

His Chi was bad

English 202: Achebe, Things Fall Apart, Study Guide Parts Two and Three

Identify the following characters: 1. Uchendu (102) The old man who received him was his mother's younger brother, who was now the eldest surviving member of that family. His name was Uchendu... 2. Mr. Kiaga (119) Mr. Kiaga, the interpreter, who was now in charge of the infant congregation 3. Nneka (119-20) That week they won a handful more converts. And for the first time they had a woman. Her name was Nneka, the wife of Amadi, who was a prosperous farmer. She was very heavy with child. 4. Mr. Brown (127, 138-40) The Christians had grown in number and were now a small community of men, women and children, self-assured and confident. Mr. Brown, the white missionary, paid regular visits to them. Mr. Brown, the white missionary, who was very firm in restraining his flock from provoking the wrath of the clan. Mr. Brown preached against such excess of zeal. Everything was possible, he told his energetic flock, but everything was not expedient. And so, Mr. Brown came to be respected even by the clan, because he trod softly on its faith 5. Enoch (138-39) One member in particular was very difficult to restrain. His name was Enoch and his father was the priest of the snake cult. The story went around that Enoch had killed and eaten the sacred python, and that his father had cursed him. 6. Reverend James Smith (143) Mr. Brown's successor was the Reverend James Smith, and he was a different kind of man. He condemned openly Mr. Brown's policy of compromise and accommodation. He saw things as black and white. And black was evil. He saw the world as a battlefield in which the children of light were locked in mortal conflict with the sons of darkness. He spoke in his sermons about sheep and goats and about wheat and tares. He believed in slaying the prophets of Baal. 7. District Commissioner (160) But apart from the church, the white men had also brought a government. They had built a court where the District Commissioner judged cases in ignorance. He had court messengers who brought men to him for trial. Chapter 14 8. What was the previous occasion for Okonkwo's visit to his mother's kinsmen? He had received Okonkwo's mother twenty and ten years before when she had been brought home Irom Umuofia to be buried with her people. Okonkwo was only a boy then and Uchendu still remembered him crying the traditional farewell: "Mother, mother, mother is going." 9. What conclusion does Okonkwo reach about his chi? His life had been ruled by a great passion—to become one of the lords of the clan. That had been his life-spring. And he had all but achieved it. Then everything had been broken. He had been cast out of his clan like a fish onto a dry, sandy beach, panting. Clearly his personal god or chi was not made for great things. A man could not rise beyond the destiny of his chi. The saying of the elders was not true—that if a man said yea his chi also affirmed. Here was a man whose chi said nay despite his own affirmation. 10. What is "one of the commonest names" given children, and what does it mean? One of the commonest names given to the children is Nneka, or "Mother is Supreme" 11. According to Uchendu, what is the difference between a mother and a father, especially regarding how a child relates to each parent? "A man belongs to his fatherland when things are good, and life is sweet. But when there is sorrow and bitterness, he finds refuge in his motherland. Your mother is there to protect you. She is buried there. And that is why we say that mother is supreme." Chapter 15 12. What news does Obierka bring about the village of Abame? Abame has been wiped out. 13. What is the "iron horse"? Bicycle 14. What did the people of Abame do to the white man? They end up killing him...the Oracle told them that white men would bring destruction. 15. Who escaped the massacre by the white men? Everybody was killed, except the old and the sick who were at home and a handful of men and women whose chi were wide awake and brought them out of that market. 16. Why did Okonkwo think the men of Abame were fools? "Never kill a man who says nothing. Those men of Abame were fools. What did they know about the man?" 17. What did Obierka know (facts, reputation, encounters, etc.) about white men? We have heard stories about white men who made the powerful guns and the strong drinks and took slaves away across the seas, but no one thought the stories were true." Chapter 16 18. What change occurred in Umuofia during the two years between Obierka's visits to Okonkwo? The missionaries had come to Umuofia. They had built their church there, won a handful of converts and were already sending evangelists to the surrounding towns and villages. 19. Why did the people of Umuofia think that the new religion would not last? None of the converts was a man whose word was heeded in the assembly of the people. None of them was a man of title. They were mostly the kind of people that were called efulefu, worthless, empty men. 20.What is the reputation of a man who is called efulefu? Worthless, empty men. 21. Why had Okonkwo stayed to listen to the missionaries? Okonkwo, who only stayed in the hope that it might come to chasing the men out of the village or whipping them. 22. What aspect of the new religion "captivated" Nwoye? It was the poetry of the new religion, something felt in the marrow. The hymn about brothers who sat in darkness and in fear seemed to answer a vague and persistent question that haunted his young soul—the question of the twins crying in the bush and the question of Ikemefuna who was killed. Chapter 17 23. What is the "evil forest" used for? An evil forest was where the clan buried all those who died of the really evil diseases, like leprosy and smallpox. It was also the dumping ground for highly potent fetishes of great medicine men when they died. 24. Why did the elders of Mbanta offer the missionaries a spot in the evil forest to build their church? An evil forest was, therefore, alive with sinister forces and powers of darkness. It was such a forest that, the rulers of Mbanta gave to the missionaries. 25. What was the time limit Ibo gods allowed a man to defy them? The inhabitants of Mbanta expected them all to be dead within four days. 26. Why does Nwoye want to return to Umuofia? He went back to the church and told Mr. Kiaga that he had decided to go to Umuofia where the white missionary had set up a school to teach young Christians to read and write. He left in the first place because his father found out and beat him with several savage blows. 27. What does Okonkwo blame Nwoye's weakness (becoming a Christian) on? He thinks that Nwoye is not even his son, that it isn't possible. 28. What is Okonkwo's nickname? "Roaring flame" Chapter 18 29. In addition to religion, what else did the white man bring to Umuofia? But stories were already gaining ground that the white man had not only brought a religion but also a government. It was said that they had built a place of judgment in Umuofia to protect the followers of their religion. It was even said that they had hanged one man who killed a missionary. 30. What was the source of the "troubles" that the little church was experiencing? It all began over the question of admitting outcasts. 31. What is an osu? Outcasts, or osu...are slaves... 32. What was the punishment for knowingly killing the royal python? No punishment was prescribed for a man who killed the python knowingly. Nobody thought that such a thing could ever happen. 33. What action do the people of Mbantu decide on in reaction to the killing of the royal python? "It is not our custom to fight for our gods," said one of them. "Let us not presume to do so now." 34. What did Okoli's death prove to the people of Mbantu? His death showed that the gods were still able to fight their own battles. The clan saw no reason then for molesting the Christians. Chapter 19 35. What is the occasion for Okonkwo's feast? Okonkwo called his three wives and told them to get things together for a great feast. "I must thank my mother's kinsmen before I go," he said. 36. What reason does the oldest member of the clan give to explain why he is fearful for the younger generation? "But I fear for you young people because you do not understand how strong is the bond of kinship. You do not know what it is to speak with one voice. And what is the result? An abominable religion has settled among you..." Chapter 20 37. As the years of his exile pass, how does Okonkwo begin to feel about his chi? As the years of exile passed one by one it seemed to him that his chi might now be making amends for the past disaster. 38. What threat does Okonkwo issue to his five younger sons? "...If any one of you prefers to be a woman, let him follow Nwoye now while I am alive so that I can curse him. If you turn against me when I am dead I will visit you and break your neck." 39. What does Okonkwo wish about his daughter Ezinma? He never stopped regretting that Ezinma was a girl. Of all his children she alone understood his every mood. 40. In what ways had Umuofia changed in Okonkwo's absence? a. The church had come and led many astray b. But apart from the church, the white men had also brought a government. c. They had built a court where the District Commissioner judged cases in ignorance. He had court messengers who brought men to him for trial. 41. Why were the court messengers hated in Umuofia? These court messengers were greatly hated in Umuofia because they were foreigners and also arrogant and high-handed. 42. Why does Obierka think it is too late to do anything about the white men? "Our own men and our sons have joined the ranks of the stranger. They have joined his religion and they help to uphold his government. If we should try to drive out the white men in Umuofia we should find it easy. There are only two of them. But what of our own people who are following their way and have been given power? They would go to Umuru and bring the soldiers, and we would be like Abame." Chapter 21 43. What is the rumor about Enoch? His name was Enoch and his father was the priest of the snake cult. The story went around that Enoch had killed and eaten the sacred python, and that his father had cursed him. 44. As a result of his long conversations with Akunna over religion, what conclusion did Mr. Brown reach about his approach to converting the Ibo? In this way Mr. Brown learned a good deal about the religion of the clan and he came to the conclusion that a frontal attack on it would not succeed. And so he built a school and a little hospital in Umuofia. He went from family to family begging people to send their children to his school. 45. What effect did Mr. Brown's school have on the people of Umuofia who chose to attend? Mr. Brown's school produced quick results. A few months in it were enough to make one a court messenger or even a court clerk. Those who stayed longer became teachers,- and from Umuofia laborers went forth into the Lord's vineyard. New churches were established in the surrounding villages and a few schools with them. From the very beginning religion and education went hand in hand. 46. How successful was Okonkwo's return to his home land (in his own eyes)? The clan had undergone such profound change during his exile that it was barely recognizable. 47. Explain why: Okonkwo's return to his native land was not as memorable as he had wished. It was true his two beautiful daughters aroused great interest among suitors and marriage negotiations were soon in progress, but, beyond that, Umuofia did not appear to have taken any special notice of the warrior's return. The new religion and government and the trading stores were very much in the people's eyes and minds. There were still many who saw these new institutions as evil, but even they talked and thought about little else, and certainly not about Okonkwo's return. Chapter 22 48. How was Reverend Smith different from Mr. Brown? He condemned openly Mr. Brown's policy of compromise and accommodation. He saw things as black and white. And black was evil. He saw the world as a battlefield in which the children of light were locked in mortal conflict with the sons of darkness. He spoke in his sermons about sheep and goats and about wheat and tares. He believed in slaying the prophets of Baal. 49. Why did Mr. Smith suspend a young woman from the church (please note that she didn't literally "pour new wine into old bottles"—that's a metaphor)? This woman had allowed her heathen husband to mutilate her dead child. She was still applying her law with the new/Christian law. 50. How did Enoch react to Reverend Smith's approach to religion? The over-zealous converts who had smarted under Mr. Brown's restraining hand now flourished in full favor. One of them was Enoch, the son of the snake-priest who was believed to have killed and eaten the sacred python. 51. What did Enoch do to spark controversy between the church and the clan? One of the greatest crimes a man could commit was to unmask an egwugwu in public, or to say or do anything which might reduce its immortal prestige in the eyes of the uninitiated. And this was what Enoch did. He unmasked a ewuagwu and therefore "killed an ancestral spirit". 52. What did Enoch hope would be the result of the action mentioned above? He had hoped for a holy war. 53. What offer does the leader of the Egwugwu make to Reverend Smith? "You can stay with us if you like our ways. You can worship your own god. It is good that a man should worship the gods and the spirits of his fathers. Go back to your house so that you may not be hurt. Our anger is great but we have held it down so that we can talk to you." But the Church must come down because it creates "abominations" like Enoch. 54. Why can't the Egwugwu allow Mr. Smith to handle the matter related to Enoch's actions? "We cannot leave the matter in his hands because he does not understand our customs, just as we do not understand his. We say he is foolish because he does not know our ways, and perhaps he says we are foolish because we do not know his. Let him go away." 55. What do the Egwugwu do to the church? When the egwugwu went away the red-earth church which Mr. Brown had built was a pile of earth and ashes. They burnt it to the ground. Chapter 23 56. What makes Okonkwo "almost happy again"? Although they had not agreed to kill the missionary or drive away the Christians, they had agreed to do something substantial. And they had done it. Okonkwo was almost happy again. 57. What advice does Okonkwo offer to the other leaders who are invited to the District Commissioner's office? "An Umuofia man does not refuse a call," he said. "He may refuse to do what he is asked, he does not refuse to be asked. But the times have changed, and we must be fully prepared." They took machetes, but not guns. 58. Describe the District Commissioner's punishment of the Umuofia leaders. "I have decided that you will pay a fine of two hundred bags of cowries. You will be released as soon as you agree to this and undertake to collect that fine from your people." 59. How are the prisoners treated? Horribly, not given food, water, or ability to urinate outside. They are shaved and verbally abused and physically taunted. 60. How does the village of Umuofia respond to the demand for payment of a fine to release the village leaders? On the morning after the village crier's appeal the men of Umuofia met in the marketplace and decided to collect without delay two hundred and fifty bags of cowries to appease the white man. They did not know that fifty bags would go to the court messengers, who had increased the fine for that purpose Chapter 24 61. What does Okonkwo plan to do if the clan decides not to go to war? "Tomorrow he will tell them that our fathers never fought a 'war of blame.' If they listen to him I shall leave them and plan my own revenge." 62. Why is Okonkwo so concerned about the possibility of Egonwanne making a speech? "The greatest obstacle in Umuofia," Okonkwo thought bitterly, "is that coward, Egonwanne. His sweet tongue can change fire into cold ash. When he speaks he moves our men to impotence." 63. According to Okika, why are some of the "sons of Umuofia [not] with us here?" (159) "They have broken the clan and gone their several ways. We who are here this morning have remained true to our fathers, but our brothers have deserted us and joined a stranger to soil their fatherland. If we fight the stranger we shall hit our brothers and perhaps shed the blood of a clansman. But we must do it..." 64. What does Okonkwo do to the court messenger? In a flash Okonkwo drew his machete. The messenger crouched to avoid the blow. It was useless. Okonkwo's machete descended twice and the man's head lay beside his uniformed body. 65. Why does Okonkwo know that Umuofia will not go to war? He knew because they had let the other messengers escape. They had broken into tumult instead of action. He discerned fright in that tumult. He heard voices asking: "Why did he do it?" He wiped his machete on the sand and went away. Chapter 25 66. What sort of help does Obierka ask from the Commissioner and his men? "Perhaps your men can help us bring him down and bury him," said Obierika. "We have sent for strangers from another village to do it for us, but they may be a long time coming..."also bury him. 67. Why can't Obierka or the other Umuofian's do this task? "It is against our custom," said one of the men. "It is an abomination for a man to take his own life. It is an offense against the Earth, and a man who commits it will not be buried by his clansmen. His body is evil, and only strangers may touch it. That is why we ask your people to bring him down, because you are strangers." 68. What was one of the things the District Commissioner had learned from his experience in Africa? One of them was that a District Commissioner must never attend to such undignified details as cutting a hanged man from the tree. Such attention would give the natives a poor opinion of him. In the book which he planned to write he would stress that point. 69. What title has the commissioner chosen for his book? The Pacification of the Primitive Tribes of the Lower Niger.

Which of the following is not true regarding Okonkwo and Ikemefuna?

Ikemefuna was Okonkwo's actual son.

Which ruler of Belgium founded the Congo Free State?

Leopold II

Which of the following terms best fits this definition: implies a historical discontinuity, sense of alienation, of despair.

Modernism

Which missionary was discussed as a positive model for evangelism (in the professor's opinion)?

Mr. Brown

In the story the narrator and Silva journey in which direction?

North

What is ironic about the District Commissioner's book?

Okonkwo only deserved a paragraph.

Who were the first Umuofians to be attracted to the new religious of Christianity?

Outcasts and the worthless

Which of the following terms best captures this definition: faith in progress, material goods, and science as man's servant

Positivism

Term for the psychological phenomenon where multiple eyewitnesses offer different versions of an event or crime.

Rashomon effect

Why does Rahamat visit Mini and give her gifts?

She is a surrogate for his own daughter