World Oceans Test 1
Paleozoic dominant organisms
Age of Marine Invertebrates, Fishes, and Amphibians
Paleozoic
First fish and first reptiles
Transpiration
The release of water by plants
Ocean-continent
The volcanoes formed here have an andesitic composition resulting from the mixing of granite and the basaltic magma from subduction zone melting
Ocean-ocean
This convergent boundary tends to form island arc volcanism as the subducting slab melts and the molten material rises up through the overriding plate
Dark matter
This is thought to make up about 24% of all energy in the universe and does not interact with light.
Dark energy
This is thought to make up about 71% of all energy in the universe and to be causing the expansion of the universe.
the hydrologic cycle involves ______.
a constant movement of water into and out of reservoirs
Cenozoic dominant life forms
age of mammals
the ______ core is solid
inner
In the lunar month, the Moon ______.
passes through its 4 phases
paleomagnetism
study of magnetism of ancient rocks
The boundaries of geologic time units were first established by ______ and now a more accurate method _________ is common
the appearance and disappearance of fossil types; radiometric dating
If our galaxy has a thickness of about 1000 light-years, this is equal to ______.
the distance that light can travel in a single year multiplied by 1000
When the sun is at its ___, it is at the highest elevation above a reference longitude.
zenith
Select all the lines of evidence Wegener used to support his theory of continental drift.
-The geographic fit of the continents -The fossils of plants and animals -Patterns of glaciation
Which of the following are true regarding a great circle?
-They include any circle on Earth's surface with its center at Earth's center. -All longitude lines form great circles. -A great circle connecting any two points on Earth's surface defines the shortest distance between them.
Rank the locations or reservoirs of Earth's water in order from largest quantity of water held at the top to least quantity of water held at the bottom.
-oceans -ice caps -groundwater -freshwater lakes -atmosphere
The time of sunrise changes about one hour for each ____ degrees of longitude on Earth
15
there are ____ degrees of longitude east and west of the prime meridian to the international date line
180
Which of the following is the scientifically accepted age of Earth?
4.5 to 4.6 billion years
The North Pole is located one-quarter of a circle in degrees latitude from the equator; thus its latitude is ______ degrees north
90
On the summer solstice, the Sun does not set above the _______ Circle (66.5°N) and does not rise above the _______ Circle
Arctic, Antarctic
Which of the following pieces of evidence indicate that Mars possessed water?
Data from soil and ice samples analyzed on the planet Sedimentary rocks with ripple marks
Cenozoic
Earliest hominids
Which of the following processes added heat to early Earth?
Early Earth was bombarded by particles of all sizes, and some of that energy was converted to heat on impact and the growing layers of accumulated material resulted in the energy of compression being converted to heat
The most probable (original) sources of the water in Earth's ocean are ______
Earth's mantle, some of which is brought to the surface through volcanic activity and continual addition of water from outer space
Mesozoic
First mammals and first dinosaurs
The clock time is set to noon when the Sun is at its zenith above the prime meridian. This time is ______.
Greenwich Mean Time
Is it alway possible to use the North Star to measure latitude on Earth?
No, because Earth's North Pole is not always underneath the North Star.
Which of the following are necessary in order for you to find your position on Earth using GPS?
Precise measurements of distance between a receiver and four satellites and Satellites to transmit a unique digital code to a ground receiver
Which of the following geologic timescale periods are part of the Cenozoic or "Age of Mammals"?
Quaternary
Outer planets
Rich in ices of water, ammonia, and methane
Inner planets
Rich in metals and rocky materials
The boundaries of the various units of geologic time were established mainly by which two methods?
The appearance or disappearance of certain fossils and radiometric dating
Solar day
The average time for Earth to make one rotation relative to the Sun
Sublimation
The conversion of ice directly to water vapor
Which of the following of Earth's radii is greater?
The equatorial radius is greater than the polar radius
Sidereal day
The measurement of a day on Earth based on making a complete rotation with respect to a far-distant point in space
Select the statement below that describes the average age of the rocks that comprise the oceanic and continental crust.
The oceanic crust is generally younger than the continental crust.
Normal matter
This kind of matter is found in atoms and the world around us, making up only about 5% of the energy in the universe
Continent-Continent
This type of boundary forms after the complete closing of an ocean basin during other types of convergence.
Greenwich Mean Time is also called ______ as well as _________
Universal Time, ZULU
Any circle at Earth's surface with its center at Earth's center is called ______.
a great circle
Residence time is the average length of time that ____.
a water molecule spends in any one reservoir
A major line of evidence for continental drift is that unusual sequences of rocks, unique fossils, and glacial deposits lined up ______.
across ocean basins
Mesozoic dominant life form
age of reptiles
A nautical mile is equal to one minute of ______length of latitude or longitude at the equator
arc
The shallowest of the five oceans is the
artic ocean
Earth did not form into a perfect spherical shape because ______.
as it rotates, the forces of rotation and gravity cause the equator to bulge outward
The youngest sea floor can be found ______.
at spreading centers
Which of these reservoirs has the shortest residence time?
atmosphere
If Earth's overall size was scaled to the size of a basketball, then the distance from Earth's highest elevations to its deepest ocean depths would best be compared to the thickness of a(n) ______
average human fingernail
Approximately 13.8 ______ years ago, the Big Bang initiated the formation of the universe
billion
In the eighteenth century, a ______ was used to help determine longitude more precisely on ships.
chronometer
Which of the following pieces of technology had to be developed in order to calculate longitude accurately?
clocks
Galaxies are generally found in groups called ______.
clusters
The vertical, cylindric rock sections that are obtained by drilling into the sea floor are called ______.
cores
As seismic waves travel from one medium to another, they are likely to refract because their ______ changes as they enter a new material with different physical properties.
direction/speed
Seismic waves travel though Earth. The waves form when ______.
earthquakes occur
The inactive and active transform faults between two sections of an ocean ridge crest can form a long continuous linear feature called a ______ zone.
fracture
The two major models for a mechanism to drive plate tectonics are the ridge-push, slab-pull and the convection models. The convection model relies on ______ between the top of the convecting cell and the base of the lithospheric plate, and the push/pull model relies on the ridge ______ and pushing the plate outward as the ridge falls in elevation.
friction, cooling
Stars create heavier elements through the process of nuclear _____
fusion
A _______ is composed of clumps of stars, and one example is the Milky Way.
galaxy
The four eons: the Hadean, the Archean, the Proterozoic, and the Phanerozoic, collectively make up what scientists refer to as ______ time.
geologic
The pattern of heat flow near ocean ridges is ______.
greatest near the ridge and generally decreases as you move outward from it
A major difference between the ridge-push, slab-pull model and the convection model is the ridge-push, slab-pull model ______.
includes the decrease in elevation from the ridge to the rest of the plate as a factor
The age of the sea floor ______ away from the ocean spreading centers.
increases
A scientific method used for determining the age of Earth is based upon the radioactive decay of
isotopes
The age of dinosaurs, the Mesozoic, began and ended with
mass extinction
Heat flow on Earth's surface is greatest at ______.
mid ocean ridges
Which of the following time periods is based upon the lunar cycle?
month
The origin of our solar system is attributed to the collapse of a single, rotating interstellar cloud of gas and dust known as a(n)
nebula
The magnetic field of Earth is ______.
not constant. The locations of the north and south magnetic poles change over time, as does their strength
The strong tidal influence of Jupiter and magnetic measurement data together are strong evidence for _______ on Europa and Callisto.
oceans
Approximately 5 billions years ago, ______ was formed.
our solar system
the _____ core is partially molten
outer
The evolution of photosynthetic organisms on the early Earth resulted in an increase in the levels of the gas _______ in its "pure" form
oxygen
The length of time that a given water molecule spends in any one of Earth's water reservoirs is called its
residence time
Old maps are accurate in their north and south depictions of Earth's surface, but many are badly distorted by their east and west dimensions of geographic forms. This is because ____
sailors have been able to calculate latitude since ancient times
The Global Positioning System uses a group of ______ as reference points for calculating positions on Earth's surface with an accuracy of a few meters.
satellites
Earth's tilt of 23.5 degrees as it orbits the Sun is responsible for the ______which occur in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres at opposite times of the solar year.
season
The areas in which new sea floor and oceanic lithosphere are formed are called
spreading centers
the areas where older oceanic lithosphere is recycled as it descends and melts are called
subduction zones
Lord Kelvin based his estimate of Earth's age on ______, but his results were way off compared to modern-day methods of dating.
temperature
It is necessary to know the time of day and the position of the Sun or the stars relative to one's longitude line because ____.
the longitude line rotates with Earth, 360 degrees in twenty-four hours
Basalt, the most common rock of the oceanic crust, can record the orientation of the magnetic field at the time of its formation because ______.
the magnetic mineral magnetite aligns itself with Earth's magnetic field before the molten rock fully cools
The Curie temperature is the temperature below which ______.
the magnetic orientation of a rock's magnetic grains are locked in place
The lithosphere is ______.
the outer rigid surface layer of Earth divided into roughly a dozen large pieces
If a hypothesis is supported consistently by different observations or experiments, it may be advanced to the level of a(n)
theory
The difference between surface and body waves is surface waves ______.
travel at the surface of Earth and body waves travel within Earth
Ocean-ocean and ocean-continent convergent boundaries form ocean ______, and continent-continent convergent boundaries form
trenches, mountains
During the winter solstice for the Northern Hemisphere, the Sun is directly overhead at which of the following locations?
tropic of capricorn
To determine the age of Earth using radiometric dating, one must ______
use radioactive isotopes
The two natural periods of time caused by the movement of Earth are the
year and day
The oldest rocks in the ocean (about 200 million years) are much ______ than the oldest rocks on the continents
younger
In terms of its size, the "new" Southern Ocean ranks as number ______ of the five oceans.
4
The lunar month, whereby the Moon passes through all four phases, takes ______ days.
29 1/2
A fracture zone is a continuous linear feature of segments of active transform faults and ______.
"fossil" or inactive transform faults
The hypsographic curve compares which of the following?
Land and water elevation relationships
