World Oceans Test 1

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Paleozoic dominant organisms

Age of Marine Invertebrates, Fishes, and Amphibians

Paleozoic

First fish and first reptiles

Transpiration

The release of water by plants

Ocean-continent

The volcanoes formed here have an andesitic composition resulting from the mixing of granite and the basaltic magma from subduction zone melting

Ocean-ocean

This convergent boundary tends to form island arc volcanism as the subducting slab melts and the molten material rises up through the overriding plate

Dark matter

This is thought to make up about 24% of all energy in the universe and does not interact with light.

Dark energy

This is thought to make up about 71% of all energy in the universe and to be causing the expansion of the universe.

the hydrologic cycle involves ______.

a constant movement of water into and out of reservoirs

Cenozoic dominant life forms

age of mammals

the ______ core is solid

inner

In the lunar month, the Moon ______.

passes through its 4 phases

paleomagnetism

study of magnetism of ancient rocks

The boundaries of geologic time units were first established by ______ and now a more accurate method _________ is common

the appearance and disappearance of fossil types; radiometric dating

If our galaxy has a thickness of about 1000 light-years, this is equal to ______.

the distance that light can travel in a single year multiplied by 1000

When the sun is at its ___, it is at the highest elevation above a reference longitude.

zenith

Select all the lines of evidence Wegener used to support his theory of continental drift.

-The geographic fit of the continents -The fossils of plants and animals -Patterns of glaciation

Which of the following are true regarding a great circle?

-They include any circle on Earth's surface with its center at Earth's center. -All longitude lines form great circles. -A great circle connecting any two points on Earth's surface defines the shortest distance between them.

Rank the locations or reservoirs of Earth's water in order from largest quantity of water held at the top to least quantity of water held at the bottom.

-oceans -ice caps -groundwater -freshwater lakes -atmosphere

The time of sunrise changes about one hour for each ____ degrees of longitude on Earth

15

there are ____ degrees of longitude east and west of the prime meridian to the international date line

180

Which of the following is the scientifically accepted age of Earth?

4.5 to 4.6 billion years

The North Pole is located one-quarter of a circle in degrees latitude from the equator; thus its latitude is ______ degrees north

90

On the summer solstice, the Sun does not set above the _______ Circle (66.5°N) and does not rise above the _______ Circle

Arctic, Antarctic

Which of the following pieces of evidence indicate that Mars possessed water?

Data from soil and ice samples analyzed on the planet Sedimentary rocks with ripple marks

Cenozoic

Earliest hominids

Which of the following processes added heat to early Earth?

Early Earth was bombarded by particles of all sizes, and some of that energy was converted to heat on impact and the growing layers of accumulated material resulted in the energy of compression being converted to heat

The most probable (original) sources of the water in Earth's ocean are ______

Earth's mantle, some of which is brought to the surface through volcanic activity and continual addition of water from outer space

Mesozoic

First mammals and first dinosaurs

The clock time is set to noon when the Sun is at its zenith above the prime meridian. This time is ______.

Greenwich Mean Time

Is it alway possible to use the North Star to measure latitude on Earth?

No, because Earth's North Pole is not always underneath the North Star.

Which of the following are necessary in order for you to find your position on Earth using GPS?

Precise measurements of distance between a receiver and four satellites and Satellites to transmit a unique digital code to a ground receiver

Which of the following geologic timescale periods are part of the Cenozoic or "Age of Mammals"?

Quaternary

Outer planets

Rich in ices of water, ammonia, and methane

Inner planets

Rich in metals and rocky materials

The boundaries of the various units of geologic time were established mainly by which two methods?

The appearance or disappearance of certain fossils and radiometric dating

Solar day

The average time for Earth to make one rotation relative to the Sun

Sublimation

The conversion of ice directly to water vapor

Which of the following of Earth's radii is greater?

The equatorial radius is greater than the polar radius

Sidereal day

The measurement of a day on Earth based on making a complete rotation with respect to a far-distant point in space

Select the statement below that describes the average age of the rocks that comprise the oceanic and continental crust.

The oceanic crust is generally younger than the continental crust.

Normal matter

This kind of matter is found in atoms and the world around us, making up only about 5% of the energy in the universe

Continent-Continent

This type of boundary forms after the complete closing of an ocean basin during other types of convergence.

Greenwich Mean Time is also called ______ as well as _________

Universal Time, ZULU

Any circle at Earth's surface with its center at Earth's center is called ______.

a great circle

Residence time is the average length of time that ____.

a water molecule spends in any one reservoir

A major line of evidence for continental drift is that unusual sequences of rocks, unique fossils, and glacial deposits lined up ______.

across ocean basins

Mesozoic dominant life form

age of reptiles

A nautical mile is equal to one minute of ______length of latitude or longitude at the equator

arc

The shallowest of the five oceans is the

artic ocean

Earth did not form into a perfect spherical shape because ______.

as it rotates, the forces of rotation and gravity cause the equator to bulge outward

The youngest sea floor can be found ______.

at spreading centers

Which of these reservoirs has the shortest residence time?

atmosphere

If Earth's overall size was scaled to the size of a basketball, then the distance from Earth's highest elevations to its deepest ocean depths would best be compared to the thickness of a(n) ______

average human fingernail

Approximately 13.8 ______ years ago, the Big Bang initiated the formation of the universe

billion

In the eighteenth century, a ______ was used to help determine longitude more precisely on ships.

chronometer

Which of the following pieces of technology had to be developed in order to calculate longitude accurately?

clocks

Galaxies are generally found in groups called ______.

clusters

The vertical, cylindric rock sections that are obtained by drilling into the sea floor are called ______.

cores

As seismic waves travel from one medium to another, they are likely to refract because their ______ changes as they enter a new material with different physical properties.

direction/speed

Seismic waves travel though Earth. The waves form when ______.

earthquakes occur

The inactive and active transform faults between two sections of an ocean ridge crest can form a long continuous linear feature called a ______ zone.

fracture

The two major models for a mechanism to drive plate tectonics are the ridge-push, slab-pull and the convection models. The convection model relies on ______ between the top of the convecting cell and the base of the lithospheric plate, and the push/pull model relies on the ridge ______ and pushing the plate outward as the ridge falls in elevation.

friction, cooling

Stars create heavier elements through the process of nuclear _____

fusion

A _______ is composed of clumps of stars, and one example is the Milky Way.

galaxy

The four eons: the Hadean, the Archean, the Proterozoic, and the Phanerozoic, collectively make up what scientists refer to as ______ time.

geologic

The pattern of heat flow near ocean ridges is ______.

greatest near the ridge and generally decreases as you move outward from it

A major difference between the ridge-push, slab-pull model and the convection model is the ridge-push, slab-pull model ______.

includes the decrease in elevation from the ridge to the rest of the plate as a factor

The age of the sea floor ______ away from the ocean spreading centers.

increases

A scientific method used for determining the age of Earth is based upon the radioactive decay of

isotopes

The age of dinosaurs, the Mesozoic, began and ended with

mass extinction

Heat flow on Earth's surface is greatest at ______.

mid ocean ridges

Which of the following time periods is based upon the lunar cycle?

month

The origin of our solar system is attributed to the collapse of a single, rotating interstellar cloud of gas and dust known as a(n)

nebula

The magnetic field of Earth is ______.

not constant. The locations of the north and south magnetic poles change over time, as does their strength

The strong tidal influence of Jupiter and magnetic measurement data together are strong evidence for _______ on Europa and Callisto.

oceans

Approximately 5 billions years ago, ______ was formed.

our solar system

the _____ core is partially molten

outer

The evolution of photosynthetic organisms on the early Earth resulted in an increase in the levels of the gas _______ in its "pure" form

oxygen

The length of time that a given water molecule spends in any one of Earth's water reservoirs is called its

residence time

Old maps are accurate in their north and south depictions of Earth's surface, but many are badly distorted by their east and west dimensions of geographic forms. This is because ____

sailors have been able to calculate latitude since ancient times

The Global Positioning System uses a group of ______ as reference points for calculating positions on Earth's surface with an accuracy of a few meters.

satellites

Earth's tilt of 23.5 degrees as it orbits the Sun is responsible for the ______which occur in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres at opposite times of the solar year.

season

The areas in which new sea floor and oceanic lithosphere are formed are called

spreading centers

the areas where older oceanic lithosphere is recycled as it descends and melts are called

subduction zones

Lord Kelvin based his estimate of Earth's age on ______, but his results were way off compared to modern-day methods of dating.

temperature

It is necessary to know the time of day and the position of the Sun or the stars relative to one's longitude line because ____.

the longitude line rotates with Earth, 360 degrees in twenty-four hours

Basalt, the most common rock of the oceanic crust, can record the orientation of the magnetic field at the time of its formation because ______.

the magnetic mineral magnetite aligns itself with Earth's magnetic field before the molten rock fully cools

The Curie temperature is the temperature below which ______.

the magnetic orientation of a rock's magnetic grains are locked in place

The lithosphere is ______.

the outer rigid surface layer of Earth divided into roughly a dozen large pieces

If a hypothesis is supported consistently by different observations or experiments, it may be advanced to the level of a(n)

theory

The difference between surface and body waves is surface waves ______.

travel at the surface of Earth and body waves travel within Earth

Ocean-ocean and ocean-continent convergent boundaries form ocean ______, and continent-continent convergent boundaries form

trenches, mountains

During the winter solstice for the Northern Hemisphere, the Sun is directly overhead at which of the following locations?

tropic of capricorn

To determine the age of Earth using radiometric dating, one must ______

use radioactive isotopes

The two natural periods of time caused by the movement of Earth are the

year and day

The oldest rocks in the ocean (about 200 million years) are much ______ than the oldest rocks on the continents

younger

In terms of its size, the "new" Southern Ocean ranks as number ______ of the five oceans.

4

The lunar month, whereby the Moon passes through all four phases, takes ______ days.

29 1/2

A fracture zone is a continuous linear feature of segments of active transform faults and ______.

"fossil" or inactive transform faults

The hypsographic curve compares which of the following?

Land and water elevation relationships


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