World Politics Arab Spring Revolution

Gulf Coopereration council agreed to how much money being spent on housing and infrastructure in Oman

10 billion

How did Mubarak become president

1981 successful military coup that ousted Anwar Sadat

Yemen 3 February 2012

20,000 people protested against the government in Sanaa, protests continued through the year and 52,000 people are dead

Series of demonstrations which began on 14 February 2011 called "The Day of Rage" a demand for a recount and another election for the 2009 presidential election

2011-2012 protests in Iran

Start of the Algerian Revolt

28 December 2010, inspired by protests taking place in Tunisia

Syria divided population

65 percent Sunni Arans, 12 percent Alawis, 10 percent Christians, Kurds 9 percfent, Druze 3 percent

Tunisia ethnicity and religious percentage

98% Arab-Berber and exclusively Sunni Muslim 98%

Dictator of Algeria

Abdelaziz Bouteflika in power since 1999

26 year old Iranian who died and was an instant symbol of the anti government movement in Iran

Agha-Soltan

Assads originate from what tribe

Alawite Sect within the Kalbiyya tribe that are not accepted as the majority.

Yemen Dictator

Ali Abdullah Saleh

Driven by complaints about constraints on liberty

Arab world is the last major region to start down the democratic path, lack of individual freedom, high unemployment, education means very little, corrupt political system.

Iranian Supreme Leader

Ayatollah Ali Khamenei

Brutal torture and execution of protesters, silence of the West drew international attention since the West helped the demonstrators in other countries

Bahrain

Dictator in Syria

Bashar Al-Assad inherited the Republic after his father's death in 2000 and is as brutal as his father

Won Tunisia's first free presidential election

Beji Caid Essebsi m December 2014, replaced autocratic leader Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali

Dictator of Tunisia

Ben Ali, ruled since 1987

UN security council stages

Ceasefire Peacekeepers Economic Sanctions Sea Blockade All means necessary

"The Arab Exception" repudiated

Claim that Arab society and culture were incompatible with Western-style democracy. The dominance of Islam over secular rule a led on protests in the name of Islamist rule and solidarity. The Arab Spring Repudiated this thesis.

Dictator in Libya

Colonel Muammar Gaddafi, was in power for 40 years, ousted in August 2011

Sultan Qaboos promised to give some legislative and regulatory powers to this group

Consultative Council

Why was the Arab Spring Revolution Unpredictable?

Dictators became arrogant "The Arab Exception" repudiated Disregard of Sociological Indicators of ongoing change Weakness of Pan-Arabism Social Media

The Inheritance of the Presidency

Dictators offered procedural democracy but controlled the election and political parties, keeping the masses unorganized, keeping all wealth to themselves. (Syria, Libya, Tunisia, Egypt and Yemen)

When did protests start in Bahrain

February 14th 2011 6,000 people rallied throughout Bahrain

Hosni Mubarak resignation

February 2011, after 18 days of massive protests in Tahir square

Yemen Revolution

February 2011, hundreds of people were killed in violence between security forces and demonstrators calling for an end to the 33-year rule of President Ali Abdullah Saleh.

Oct 2011 Libya

Gaddafi captured and killed after 8 months of civil war

Chief of Military Staff under Morsi

General Sisi

2014 May 26-28

General Sisi is urged to run for office and wins at the dismay of the Muslim Brotherhood

August 14 2014 Egypt

General Sisi orders the violent removal of the Muslim Brotherhood members and their supporters in front of the Rabaa Mosque in Cairo. 600 killed and thousands wounded.

Made the "Kullena Khaled Said" - "We are All Khaled Said' facebook page

Ghonim

Egypt December 25th 2013

Government designates the Muslim Brotherhood as a terror organization

Bashar Al-Assad's father that took power in 1970 and held power for 30 years

Hafiz Assad

Current Iranian President

Hassan Rouhani

Unlike Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, and Syria neither the US nor Great Britain called for the overthrow of the Bahraini dictator who fled to Saudi Arabia, why?

Home to the Formula One race and the US fifth fleet

Dictator of Egypt

Hosni Mubarak, 1981

Protesters in Yemen that were against unemployment, economic conditions and corruption

Huthis

What ethnic group was behind the protests in Bahrain

Huthis, which are Shia and gained support of Iran

Beji Caid Essebisi moderate party

Islamist Ennahda party. accused of bowing too much to hardline islamic demands

Egypt Revolution

January 25th, 2011, tens of thousands of protesters marched to central Cairo in a "Day of Rage"

Diverse

Joined by various segments of society: leftists, seculars, women and liberals

A mass revolt to mark the one-year anniversary of Mohamed Morsi's inauguration as president

June 30th Revolution

Facebook Egypt protester

Khalid Said

Dictator in Saudi Arabia

King Abdullah Al Saud, in power in 2005, House of Saud created and has ruled Saudi Arabia since the mid 18th century

Regarded in the Arab world as a supporter of wider Arab interests

King Abdullah, support fellow Sunni governments

Dictator of Bahrain

King Hamad, leader since 1999

Morocco Dictator

King Mohammed VI in power since 1999

2014 Abdullah Al Saud dies and is succeeded by

King Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud

Iranian President

Mahmoud Ahmadinejad

launched a cyber campaign against Bashar Assad

Malath Aumran AKA Rami Nakhle

Egypt's Interim President that announced martial law

Mansour

ASR Leader in Saudi Arabia

May 2011, al-Sharif was filmed by another women's right activist Wajeha al-Huwaider driving, al-Sharrif was arrested and was named TIME magazines 100 most influential people for 2012

Start of Libyan Revolution

Mid-February 2010 inspired by Tunisia and Egypt

Iranian pro-reformers win and elect who

Mir-Hossein Mousavi

Man sets himself on fire after being humiliated and poorly treated at a municipal office

Mohammed Bouazizi, December 17 2010 , Tunisia

Egypt July 3rd 2013

Morsi is removed from office by a coup d'etat

16 of April to September 2011 Algeria

Mr. Bouteflika promises to amend the constitution to strengthen democracy and media reforms that would allow private radio and television stations. 19 years of state of emergency lifted.

Egypt August 2015

Mubarak released from jail with his two sons

This oil-rich country s a popular tourist destination for rich Europeans and long-standing ally of the US and UK

Oman

Social Media

The most immediate result of protests was seen in increased internet freedom State internet censorship

The Influence Role of the Military

The outcomes of the uprisings depended in large part on the degree of institutionalization of the military. The military was not effective where it was controlled by the dictator.

Reason for the Bahrain revolution

The overthrow of authoritarian depotism of King Hamad

Starting point of MENA regional revolutions

Tunisia

MENA (Middle Eastern and North African Countries) that were affected by the Arab Spring Revolution

Tunisia, Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Syria, Bahrain, Iraq, Jordan, Oman, Yemen, Morocco, Saudi Arabia

October 21 2012 Yemen

UN Security council called on the president to sign a deal brokered by Gulf States, which he would step down and avoid prosecution.

March 2011 Libya

UN security council orders an all means necessary except for boots on the ground to protect civilians.

Region-Wide

Unrest Touched nearly all 19 MENA countries, except Kuwait and Israel

Libya's legitimate ruling body according to the UN

The National Transitional Council

Why Morocco Revolted

People wanted a symbolic monarchy and a limit on the King's Authority

Syria as a strategic resource

Predominately Shiite Home to Russia Mediterranean Fleet Borders Israel, makes t an anchor to Shiites opposition to Israel Borders Lebanon makes it an anchor for Hezbollah Syria is the refugee home for Al-Qaeda

First Freely Elected President in Egypt

President Morsi

September 16 2011 Libya

Protesters create the National Transitional Council to overthrow Gaddafi in exchange for democracy. UN recognizes NTC instead of Gaddafi

August 2011 Libya

Rebels took Tripoli and ousted Col. Gaddafi

How the authorities responded to the revolution in Libya

Revolt soon turned into an arms conflict pitting forces royal to Col. Gaddafi, based in Tripoli in the west against rebel forces based n the eastern port city of Benghazi

Destroyed the City of Hama in 1982, slaughtered 40,000 people and left 100,000 refugees. The single bloodiest assault by an Arab ruler on his own people. Syria's oldest Synagogue destroyed

Rifaat Assad

Most radical form of Islam

Salafi

Yemen February 2 2012

Saleh announced he would not run for reelection in 2013 and would not hand over power to his son.

Tunisia President and Wife fled to

Saudi Arabia after being sentenced to 35 years

Syria is predominately what religious group

Shiite, 15% of Islamists not Sunni

Oman 28 February 2011

Solar's Lulu Hypermarket

Major Characteristic of the Arab Spring Revolution

Spontaneous People's Putsch Diverse Region-Wide Driven by complaints constrains in liberty Inheritance of the Presidency The Influence and Role of the Military

Omar Dictator

Sultan Qaboos, seized power from his father Sultan bin Taimur

Yemen split in two religious parts

Sunnis and Huthis. Majority Sunni, minority Huthi supported by Al-Queada

These efforts generally ensure that citizens stay disconnected and passive

Surveillance, media control, and intimidation

Egypt 250,000 supporters gathered

Tahir square

The Party Assad used to get the Alawites into office

The Baath Party

Morsi's provincial governors were largely drawn from what group

The Muslim brotherhood

Dictators become arrogant

When fundamental liberties are banned for protractive periods of time, it is difficult to observe transformation within a society

Poorest MENA country

Yemen

Spontaneous People's Putsch

demonstrations had little central planning, lacked major leaders, protests were organic

Feb 21 2013 Yemen

elections held and President Abd Rabbuh Mansur al-Hadi took office

Tunisia Revolution goals

end poverty, unfair treatment of citizens, gain human rights and political power for all people

Why did Algeria

high food prices small population controlled the government riots and protests throughout the country call for press and social media freedom

Reasons for a revolution in Saudi Arabia

labor rights End of anti-shia discrimination release of prisoners held without charge or trial Women asking for electoral rights and the right to drive

weakness of Pan-Arabism

leaderless revolts won broad Arab support but without powerful leaders, revolts were easily taken over by the old guards

Egypt 2012-2013

protesters return to Tahir square to protest Mori's attempt to turn Egypt into an Islamist state

September 11th 2011 Yemen

shelling of positions held by protesters in Sanaa, the capital, 50 killed

Coordinated the spontaneous revolution following the fall of the King in Tunisia

the Tunisian Civil Society or the Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet

2015 Nobel Piece Prize awarded to

the Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet, a pro-democracy movement for its efforts of banishing death squads and vanishing of opposition leaders.

Disregard of Sociological Indicators of ongoing change

urbanization , rising education levels and literacy rates, modern nuclear family structure replacing arranged religious marriage, integration of women in the labor market, new forms of communication