World religion final

Haggadah

"narrative"; sacred stories in the Jewish tradition iPharisees introduced another way of interpretation, haggadah. (H)aggadah means "inspirational and devotional teaching." In other words, it means "amplifying the text for devotional and inspirational purposes." This Jewish community recognized the significance of how to flexibly interpret the Bible for personal situations. JUDAISM

2) the meaning of Xiao

(Filial Piety) refers to one's devotion to one's parents and one's loyalty to siblings. Confucius viewed filial piety as an important early step in the formation of any individual's character. CONFUCIANISM

Theravadins:

(the people of Theravada) believes that Gautama Siddhartha as the first person who attained salvation by his own efforts and who passed his knowledge of the Eight-fold paths on to his people. In the same manner, each individual can attain the same salvation by her own effort. -They believes that one should renounce worldly pursuits and interests, join the "homeless" state of a monk, and strive to reach nirvana. Such an ideal person is regarded as an arhat (a perfect being, a person who has reached nirvana). -They are also called "the Doctrine of Elders" key term :Arhat Buddhist (BUDDHISM)

Ren

"Human heartedness." The virtue ren has diverse meanings; it can refer to love, mercy, or benevolence. CONFUCIANISM

6) Shahadah—La ilaha illa Ilah." Literally, it means

"There is no god (allah) but God (Allah)." This supports absolute monotheism, God's oneness. The two key terms of the fi rst pillar, ilaha and Allah are to be translated as "god" and "God," differentiated by the lower and upper case treatment of the letter "g." So, one's submission to God means renouncing the lowercase "god" that is nothing other than the ego-self, as well as any false images we build and mistake for the true God.

14) Kenneth Pike's Emic (insider) and Etic (outsider) viewpoints

"etic" points of view specify methods for understanding different traditions. While emic points of view are exercised by insiders of a cultural and historical context, etic viewpoints are expressed by outsiders' approaches to cultural systems.

13) The common points shared by Protestant denominations

1) Emphasis on the Bible rather than on the authority of the Church. 2) Individual relationship to Jesus and God rather than the mediation of God's grace through the Church. 3) The Church as a community of believers rather than the Catholic "mystical body of Christ through the sacraments (sacred rituals). CHRISTIANITY

Laozi (Doaism)

6th centry

"Synoptic Gospels" in the New Testament refer to the Four Gospels: Mark, Matthew, Luke, John.

False ( correct answer:The Gospel according to John is not included in the Synoptics.)

Daoism: the two primary figures:

Laozi and Zhangzi DAOISM

Medina

Muhammad city of refuge, Muhammad soon attracted a community of supporters. ISLAM

The three main divisions of contemporary Judaism are

Orthodox Conservative and Reform

It is called _________ that while conceding several other deities, you worship only one deity.

henotheism

Mecca

home town of Muhammad

adoni

lord JUDAISM

4) Jesus' Two Great Commandments

love god love neighbor CHRISTIANITY

1) What we know about Jesus' life and teachings is derived largely from what?

what we know about Jesus is largely derived from the Gospels according to Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. So the study of Jesus needs to begin with a discussion of the sources of the Gospels of the New Testament. CHRISTIANITY

Orthodox Judaism,

which is the most conservative Judaism of all Jewish divisions, attempts to adhere rigidly to the practical admonitions of the Laws of Moses, as they are interpreted and applied to daily life by the Talmud. JUDAISM

Confucian Five Classics

1.Yijing (The Book ofChanges), 2. Shijing (The Book of Poetry or The Book of Odes), 3. Liji (The Book of Rites), 4 Shujing (The Book of Documents), 5 Chunqiu (The Spring and Autumn Annals). Yuejing (The Book of Music), (lost) Of these six classics, the materials of Yuejing for the teaching of music have been lost; yet a portion of these materials is also contained in Shijing or The Book of Poetry. Therefore, the ancient classical standards, which Confucius preserved, are known through the Five Classics today. CONFUCIANISM

7) The Five Pillars

1Shahadah (Belief) 2Salat (Prayer) 3Zakat (Charity) 4Sawm (Fasting) 5Hajj (Pilgrimage) l 1. Creed-Shahadah: The recitation of the Muslim act of faith that there is One God and that Muhammad is God's messenger. l 2. Prayer-Salat: The obligation to pray five times a day in a direction that points to the Kabah in Mecca. l 3. Almsgiving-Zakat: To donate a portion of the surplus of one's wealth to charity. Together with prayer the Qur'an stresses the giving of alms as the outward sign of true piety. 4. Fasting: To fast during the holy month of Ramadan—a total abstinence of all food and drink from sunrise to sunset. 5. To make a pilgrimage to Mecca (called the Hajj) at least once in a lifetime.

Zhangzi (doaism)

4Centery

11) Which countries constitute a majority of Shi'ites?

A significant minority (the majority of Iran) are members of the Shiites (meaning "party" or "tradition") branch of Islam 90% shiites in iran 65% shiites Iraq and Iraq

5) Since Muslims believe that the Qur'an came as a result of divine dictation, it cannot be translated into other languages.

According to Islam, the Qur'an is composed of divine words themselves, recited by Muhammad. That is, the words were directly transmitted to Muhammad. The divine Qur'an was dictated in Muhammad's language, which was Arabic. Because the scripture is divine dictation per se, it loses its meaning in translation. only real qur'an is in arabic

12) Shiites' reverence for a string of twelve Imams, legitimate hereditary successors to Muhammad.

Ali ibn Abi Talib (599- 661), Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law (married to his daughter Fatima), became the fourth caliph and held his caliphate between 656 and 661. shiites traditions

what happened during the reign of Solomon?; the Northern Kingdom was destroyed by Assyria in 722 BCE while the Southern Kingdom was destroyed by Babylonia in 586 BCE

An ambitious flurry of building during the reign of Solomon culminated in the construction of the great temple in Jerusalem. JUDAISM

Moksha

Becoming liberated for the cycle of reincarnation in (Hinduism). [hindu's heaven] ultimate goal in humans

1) The Hebrew Bible or TaNaK-- which Christians call "the old Testament."; Which five books belong to the Torah?

Bresheit (Genesis), Shemot (Exodus), Vayicra (Leviticus), Bamidbar (Numbers), and Devarim (Deuteronomy) JUDAISM

3) Christianity was evolving out of Judaism.

CHRISTIANITY

6) Early Christian monasteries: Some Christians were turning away from the world as ascetics, demonstrating the virtues they valued, such as humility, submission, and the sharing of food.

CHRISTIANITY

9) Many of these mystics were women, beginning with Hildegard of Bingen. The mission of St. Francis of Assisi was to rebuild the Church by reemphasizing the Gospel and its commands of love and poverty.

CHRISTIANITY

3) What are the three main traditional religions of China?

Confucianism, and buddhism, Daoism,

three main devision of Christianity

Eastern Orthodox church, Western catholic church and protestant CHRISTIANITY

3) The meaning of El, Elohim, and YHWH

El is a general term for the Biblical deity in Hebrew. The Hebrew Bible uses both the singular (El) and the plural form (Elohim) to refer to God, which often causes religious scholars to question whether the biblical deity is expressed as purely monotheistic. As discussed in Chapter One, according to Harris, the biblical deity is "henotheistic" rather than simply "monotheistic." Believing in a henotheistic deity means to assume the existence of multiple deities but to serve only one supreme god among them. JUDAISM

The three sections of the Hebrew Bible are Torah, Nevi'im, and Histories.

False ( correct answer: Kethuvim or Writings instead of Histories)

In general, the Protestant Church claims that the substances (bread and wine) are mystically transformed into the real Jesus' body and blood in the communion service.

False (correct answer : The Catholic Church, not the Protestant Church)

Four Books— written by Confucius's followers

Four Books— 1.The Analects (Lunyu), 2. The Great Learning (Daxue), 3. TheDoctrine of the Mean (Zongying), 4. The Mencius (Mengzi)—with a basis in Confucius' teachings. CONFUCIANISM

2) Q(uelle) and the Synoptic Gospels; which of the Gospels are considered the oldest? (textbook, p 132)

Gospel of Mark Quelle—German for "saying source." CHRISTIANITY

Gustavo Gutierrez's theology of liberation

Gustavo Gutierrez's theology of liberation put a great emphasis on "voluntary poverty," which meant sharing the life of poverty against which liberation theologians and the clergy and laity who made use of liberation theology were protesting. Voluntary poverty is suffering with—and for—humankind in an effort to share and work with others for socio-economic justice. CHRISTIANITY

12) John Calvin's predestination

He was basically a Lutheran. He proposed a new doctrine—predestination— in addition to the Lutheran claim for the scripture and faith only. God has already determined. each person's future. One's destiny is not determined by one's actions but rather by God's own reasons; one is predestined to be saved or damned by God's own decision. response to catholic focus on church authority, words CHRISTIANITY

6) Two Extraordinary Modern Events in Judaism:

Holocaust and Zionism JUDAISM

where Buddhism began.

India (BUDDHISM)

Halakah

Jewish legal tradition, Talmudic law meaning the observance of the Law, derived from the Pharisaic oral interpretation means understanding the meaning of a text for observance of the law. Halakah's obligatory customs and observances had to be derived from the Torah (the first five books). JUDAISM

During the 12th and 11th centuries, the tribes that made up the people Israel were loosely organized. Charismatic leaders emerged to lead coalitions of tribes against enemies. This is known as the period of ___________.

Judges

Synoptic Gospels

Matthew, Mark, and Luke. They are called "synoptic" (Greek for "seeing together") because they have a similar point of view when contrasted with the Gospel of John. CHRISTIANITY

Muhammad as the founder of Islam.

Muhammad (570-632 CE) • Born in 570 in the Arabian city of Mecca. • Attracted a community of supporters in Medina, his city of refuge. • Considered by Muslims to be the last prophet in the evolution of the Judeo-Christian-Islamic tradition. ISLAM

Hadith (second primary scripture)

Muhammad's life story based on a memory of what Muhammad said or did. The Hadith is the mostimportant text in the Islamic tradition next to the Qur'an.

Muhammad never designated a successor to lead the Muslim community. After his death, the issue of succession caused tension among Muslims.

Nevertheless, a majority of Muslims accepted Abu Bakr (573-634), known as Muhammad's closest friend as their leader. So he became the first caliph, which means "successor." These

Contemporary Judaism dividsions

Orthodox Conservative reform JUDAISM

7) The significance of Passover

Passover in the month of Nisan, which is late March or early April. By referring to Exodus, Passover commemorates Jewish deliverance from Egyptian slavery. A special feast including unleavened bread is served to celebrate the story according to which God commanded the Angel of Death to "pass over" the houses of the Israelites. Also, the Song of Songs is read in the synagogue during the service. pg 125 JUDAISM

________ was a central figure in early Christianity, and of great importance to expanding the Christian gospel outside of Jerusalem.

Paul

The two main texts of Islam are

Qur'an and Hadith

2) the literal meaning of Qur'an

Qur'an literally means "recitation." It is believed that the name came about as a result of Muhammad's reciting the divine words of Allah.

who were the first two kings of Israel?;

Saul and David JUDAISM

Founder of Buddhism

Siddhartha Gautama (BUDDHISM)

11) Martin Luther's Protestant movement:

Sola fide (Faith only); Sola scriptura (the Bible only); Salvation come from faith in God, which itself comes from God, by grace. not through tradition, not through papal power, not words, CHRISTIANITY

majority of muslims are

Sunnis. The majority of Muslims—about 85 percent of the whole Muslim population—are Sunnis.

TaNaK stands for

TaNaK--T(Torah) N(Nevi'im, Prophets) K(Kethuvim,Writings),

10) The Cloud of Unknowing (Mysticism)

The Cloud of Unknowing, written anonymously in the fourteenth century, is also a good example of one understanding of Christian mysticism. The Cloud of Unknowing asserts that God cannot be known through any images and ideas. Through meditation and silent prayer, the divine light sparkles in the cloud of human ignorance. experience is more important then words or your knowledge CHRISTIANITY

14) Catholic Reformation (or Counter Reformation): The Council of Trent

The Council of Trent preserved the veneration of saints and sacred images. The Council also reaffirmed that the Church is the mystical body of Jesus Christ, as well as the doctrine of transubstantiation. Protestant movement, however, the Council attempted to solve the problem of Church bureaucracy and to correct abuses of the Church's power, including the sales of indulgences. CHRISTIANITY

______________ has affirmed that humans can approach God directly, not through the Son.

The Eastern Orthodox Church

8) The original meaning of Jihad

The Greater Jihad is "the struggle against the lower self." It is the internal fight between right and wrong, truth and falsehood, selflessness and selfishness, love and hatred. In this sense, jihad is an internal struggle rather than an external fight. Jihad means making every effort to embody the meaning of Islam, i.e., submission to God. According to Nasr,

Which is not included in the central teachings of Islam?

The Importance of Caliphate

4) Multiple Jewish Sects between 200 BCE and 70 CE):

The Pharisees (a majority of Jews; composed of laity), the Sadducees (Jewish priests), the Essenes (Covenanters), the Zealots (anti-Roman Jewish group), the Nazarenes (the origin of Christians) pg 119 JUDAISM

5) Rabbis' interpretative methods of the Torah: Halakah and Haggadah (you also need to know what they mean.)

The Pharisees predisesores of rabbis JUDAISM

9) What is Shari'ah?

The Qur'an includes legalistic messages for Islamic life. Islamic law, called Shariah, plays a very important role in unifying the Islamic community. Shariah is Arabic for "Path."

15) The Jesuits (The Society of Jesus), founded by Ignatius Loyola in the 16th century

The Society of Jesus came into being as a result of the Catholic Reformation. Ignatius Loyola The Society of Jesus has actively engaged in social reform and missionary work, aiming to reach those in need, including the underprivileged and the marginalized. when outside europe for missionary work CHRISTIANITY

Meaning of Dao

The Way Ultimate Reality and as the Impersonal. define Dao through uses of the yin and yang relation in which the one cannot exist without the other. Dao transcends all oppositions by reconciling them. DAOISM

7) The main ideas of the Eastern Orthodox Church

The first is "the writings of the saints of the Church," which is called the Philocalia. "It consists of texts written by Orthodox masters between the fourth and fifteenth centuries. Philocalia means love of the exalted, excellent, and beautiful, in other words, the transcendent divine source of life and truth. The Philocalia is essentially a Christian guide to the contemplative life for monks but also for laypeople." The Orthodox Church affirms one's mystical connection directly to God with no mediation, which marks a distinction from the Catholic Church, which insists upon approaching God through both the Father and the Son. "Another distinctive feature of Orthodox Christianity is its veneration of icons." (140) If you visit any of the Eastern Orthodox Church, you can easily recognize how significant icons are. They are more than symbols. They are the meeting place itself with the Divine. The stained glasses of windows are the gate to Heaven. CHRISTIANITY

The Analects,

The primary scripture sayings of the Confucius and his followers. most Revered Confucian text - words, deeds and dialogues with his students. CONFUCIANISM

Mecca and Medina

The two main cities for the early development of Islam are

Islam means submission to God.

True

The Gnostics denied the humanity of Jesus.

True

The Society of Jesus was one of the main features developed by the Roman Catholic Reformation.

True

16) Vatican Council II's inclusivism and hope for interreligious dialogue (turning point)

Vatican Council I held in 1868 was to reenact the traditional Catholic practice. John was determined to revitalize the Church and bring it into line with the twentieth century. He called Vatican Council II (the Second Vatican Council), which was to be the most revolutionary council since the Council of Trent. Invited to the Council were representatives of Eastern Orthodox and Protestant Christian groups acting as observers to the proceedings. ). "This council was a big step toward an inclusive attitude to other religious traditions." Inclusivism CHRISTIANITY

8) Religious power in the Western Christian tradition during the Middle Age was becoming more centralized in the Roman pope and other high officials.

Western- higherarcal eastern - more democratic CHRISTIANITY

17) Liberation theology—a faith that stresses the needs for the underprivileged and the poor.

What Liberation Theology focuses on is Jesus' struggle for the poor and the unprivileged to come to know a world ruled by divine love and justice. Salvation is the fulfillment of humankind in this socio-political arena. what Jesus did, and tought in nazatherath CHRISTIANITY

10) The Sunni view of Islamic leadership

Whereas Sunnis affirms that the Muslim leader can come from any part of the Ummah, the Muslim community itself, Shi'ites hold that the leader is to come from Muhammad's family. sunnis believe that muslim leader should come outside Muhammad's family

what is Zionism?

Zionism refers to the movement to reinstate the Jewish homeland. The movement was named after Mount Zion, on which the Temple in Jerusalem was built. Rooted in the nineteenth century "Lovers of Zion" movement, Zionism obtained popular support from many Jews after the Holocaust. JUDAISM

Pharisees

a member of an ancient Jewish sect, distinguished by strict observance of the traditional and written law, and commonly held to have pretensions to superior sanctity.

Reform Judaism

abandoned many traditional practices and has conformed to the spirit of the modern age in simplicity and modernization of Synagogue worship with an emphasis on ethical living, and an attempt to adapt to the ways of modern society. JUDAISM

Conservative

critical response to both Orthodox and Reform Judaism. Conservative Jews attempt to mediate between those two opposite positions, so that they aim to preserve all the teachings from the Tanak and Talmud but at the same time accommodate that ancient religious guidance and practices have been adapted to a changing world. JUDAISM

1) Brahman

divine reality. the sacred foundation of the universe - the sacred source and foundation of everything (Hinduism)

literal meaning of Theravada

doctrine of the elders Theravada is often called "Hinayana," which means "a small vehicle" because not everyone is free of responsibilities to dismiss everyday life. (BUDDHISM)

Axial Age: 6 BCA

figure that lived during this time Confucius Laozi, Siddhartha Gautama

5) Paul's Christian mission to the non-Jewish world of the Roman Empire.

from Jerusalem to rome CHRISTIANITY

literal meaning of Mahayana

great vehicle (BUDDHISM)

yang

hard and assertive, masculine

bodhisattva:

ideal (in Mahayana Buddhism) one who, out of compassion, dedicates one's life to the welfare of humankind by delaying his entry into nirvana (BUDDHISM)

Hadith ( islam scripture)

includes the stories of Muhammad's life and sayings.

Judisum

is "henotheistic" rather than simply "monotheistic." conceding that the are multiple JUDAISM

St. Francis of Assisi (1182- 1226) (christian Mystic)

lived an ascetic life following Jesus' teachings. By challenging medieval scholastic intellectualism, St. Francis stressed the self-denial as well as simplistic living and prayer. His preaching was mainly concerned with the impoverished and God's creation as a divine gift. CHRISTIANITY

3) The meaning of yin and yang

make up the yin yang symbol which is called the Taiji, which symbolizes the Supreme Ultimate

the literal meaning of Caliph

means "successor." These successors of Muhammad, who lead a government called a "caliphate," do not to replace Muhammad as prophets, but lead the Muslim community with expert interpretations of Islamic law, Shariah.

2) The Biblical History of ancient Israel: Moses' leadership for Hebrews out of Egypt;

moses died before entering isreal/ canan, concored canan JUDAISM

Sunyata

nothingness, void they are actually empty within. That is, they appear to be real but are not real. Sunyata denotes the absence of the self-existing entity. example: mountain - no self existing entity ( really ocean wave frozen in time) (BUDDHISM)

Yoga

otherwise known as marga, way to the divine reality (hinduism)

2) The difference between Theravada and Mahayana;

primary divisions -Theravada: Teaching of the Elders. Also referred to as Hinayana [Small Vehicle] by Mahayana Buddhists; staying close to the Tripitaka. - perfect being is arhat- resonating all worldly prosuits indvidual approch __________________ - Mahayana: Great Vehicle. More freely interpreting and adapting the Buddhist truth. Buddhist -Regards Siddhartha Gautama as more than the human being; as the manifestation of the Divine in human form. 34-35p (BUDDHISM)

13) Sufism as Islamic mysticism;

purifying oneself to be united with God direct inner experinces, sufi dance purifiing oneself The term Sufism is derived from suf, which means "woolen garment." Suf, the clothes Sufis usually wear, symbolically represents asceticism, i.e., renunciation of all secular concerns.

yin

soft and yielding- famine,

Atman

the individual self experiencing Brahman. •Brahman-Atman unity (Hinduism)

2) What does bhakti mean?

the way to the divine reality through devotion (Devotion) form of yoga (Hinduism).

Jnana Yoga

the way to the divine reality through knowledge and wisdom (Knowing) (Hinduism).

karma yoga

the way to the divine reality through action or willingness (Action) [moral behavior] (Hinduism).

Hildegard of Bingen (1098-1179) (christian Mystic)

well known as a German abbess. She articulated the Christian faith based on inner experiences of divine light.39 She also composed several musical pieces, including the Symphony of the Harmony of Celestial Revelations, which reflects her serene and creative spirit. CHRISTIANITY