WSBIOL 350 Quiz 1-7

Which of these are risk factors for developing cervical cancer?

All of the above (Human papillomavirus (HPV), Smoking cigarettes, Living with untreated HIV)

Which of the following cancers is most deadly?

Lung and bronchial cancer

What hormone in urine will an ovulation predictor kit search for?

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Which of the following is the most commonly performed method of neonatal male circumcision in the US?

Mogen clamp method

Is there a vaccine that prevents HIV infection or AIDS?

No

Is there a cure for HIV?

No.

You can become infected with HIV from...

None of the above

The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord, and there are approximately 100 billion (100,000,000,000) neurons in the human brain.

True

The clitoris consists of erectile tissue and engorges with blood during sexual arousal causing an erection.

True

The clitoris lacks a reproductive function.

True

The hymen is often attributed important cultural significance to indicate virginity. The notion that an intact hymen is proof of virginity is rooted in inaccurate and patriarchal beliefs about controlling sexuality. Most hymens do not cover the vaginal opening. A hymen that covers the vaginal opening is called an imperforate hymen and is a congenital disorder where a hymen without an opening completely obstructs the vagina. Let's debunk the myth of virginity and ask some critical questions about the hymen... Most often, menstruation begins sometime around the age of 10-15 and menstrual blood needs to leave the vagina out through the vaginal opening. The average age of a U.S. bride is somewhere between 25-30. If an intact hymen was to be broken at the time of penile/vaginal penetration during the wedding night, then how would virgins menstruate?! Most hymens do not cover the vaginal opening, which allows for menstruation to leave the body. An imperforate hymen is not very common and is most often diagnosed during adolescence when menstrual blood accumulates in the vagina and sometimes also in the uterus. In October 2018, the UN Human Rights, UN Women, and the World Health Organization (WHO) stated that virginity testing must end as it is a painful, humiliating and traumatic practice, constituting violence against women.

True

The hypothalamus serves as the connection between the nervous system and the endocrine system and is an area of the brain that is involved in many functions including sexual response.

True

The number of annual HIV infections in the U.S. began to level off in 2013. However, there are still about 39,000 new infections per year.

True

There is now evidence-based confirmation that the risk of HIV transmission from a person living with HIV (PLHIV), who is on Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) and has achieved an undetectable viral load in their blood for at least 6 months is negligible to non-existent. In other words, it is essentially impossible to transmit HIV if you are on treatment and have achieved viral suppression.

True

What are the symptoms of cervical cancer in the early stages?

Typically, there are no obvious symptoms.

The _____ are the hand-like structures at the end of the fallopian tubes.

fimbriae

Which of the following contraception does only contain progesterone?

Implanon

Where in the body is an IUD placed?

In the uterus

In the US, what type of cancer is most common among men?

Prostate cancer

What is the sole purpose of the clitoris?

Provide sexual pleasure

Sperm that has been ejaculated into a body can live inside that body for up to 5 days.

True

The __________ , is a legislative provision excluding the use of certain federal funds to pay for abortions.

Hyde Amendment

Of the people who are HIV positive in the U.S., how many are aware of their infection?

1 in 7

Where is gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) produced?

Hypothalamus

During what weeks of pregnancy are the vast amount of abortions performed in the U.S.?

1-12 weeks

Young boys often being puberty sometime between the ages of:

10-14

In what year were the first cases of AIDS reported?

1981

The testis ___ are the site of sperm and hormone production housed by the scrotum ___ . Sperm production is dependent on optimal temperature conditions, hence the testis location outside of the body. The average scrotal temperatures in humans are typically 2.5 to 3 degrees Celsius lower than body temperature (37 degrees Celsius). Spermatogenesis, which means the production of sperm, is most efficient at 34 degrees Celsius. The shaft of the penis contains erectile tissues that engorge with blood during an erection. The average shaft ___ of a human penis in an unaroused flaccid state is 3.61 inches or 9.2 centimeters. With an erection, the shaft stretches to an average length of 5.16 inches or 13.1 centimeters. The penile glans ___ contains the numerous nerve endings and is the most sexually sensitive area of the penis. In a flaccid state, the foreskin covers the penile glans to protect its sensitivity. The rim of the penile glans is known as the corona ___ . The anus ___ also contains numerous nerve endings and is a part of the body's primary erogenous zones. In contrast, the rectum ___ which is similar in size and shape to the vagina has few nerve endings.

2 1 13 15 14 5 7

If a menstrual cycle is ______ days long, ovulation will take place on the ______ day of the cycle.

28; 14th 21; 7th 35; 21st

Globally, how many people live with HIV/AIDS?

37.9 million

The ovary ___ is responsible for producing hormones and ova (eggs). At the time of ovulation, the fimbria ___ which is the fingerlike structures at the end of each fallopian tube ___ sweeps over the ovary to catch the egg. Once caught, the egg moves down the fallopian tube to reach the uterus ___. If the egg is fertilized, it will implant here into the endometrium ___ which is the innermost lining of the uterus. The neck of the uterus is known as the cervix ___ which reaches into the vagina, also known as the birth canal. The vaginal walls contain numerous folds called rugae ___. The vaginal opening, introitus ___ is covered by inner lips known as the labia minora ___. The outer lips of the vulva are known as the labia majora ___ .

4 5 7 6 3 2 1 8 11 15

What enzyme is needed to convert testosterone to dihydrotestosterone?

5α-reductase

How long does it take to produce a human sperm?

74 days

Young girls often being puberty sometime between the ages of:

8-12

The shaft of the penis consists of three cylindrical structures. To distinguish between these it helps to remember that the urethra ___ runs through the corpus spongiosum ___ . The corpora cavernosa ___ occurs as a pair and are located on top of the corpus spongiosum. The corpora cavernosa and the corpus spongiosum are erectile tissues that engorge with blood during sexual arousal causing an erection. Shortly after erection, pre-cum can be seen exuding from the urethra. Pre-cum is produced by the bulbourethral glands ___ also known as Cowper's glands. The testicles 1 are housed in the scrotum. On the top of each testicle, you find the epididymis ___ , and mature sperm are stored here prior to ejaculation. During ejaculation, sperm will travel from the epididymis through the vas deferens ___ and pick up fluids from the seminal vesicles ___ , and from the prostate gland ___ .

9 10 8 6 1 2 3 4 5

What was the Tuskegee Study about?

A study by the U.S. Public Health Services that explored the progression of untreated syphilis in African American men who thought they were receiving free treatment for "bad blood".

What is cystitis?

A urinary tract infection, also known as UTI

Possible symptoms of STDs include:

A. Abnormal vaginal or penile discharge B. Pain or burning with urination C. No symptoms (asymptomatic) D. Abdominal or back pain

What are some common reasons that might contribute to the ineffectiveness of condoms?

A. Breakage when opening the package. B. Not fitting properly. C. Insufficient lubrication. D. Too much air in the tip. E. Slipping during penetration and/or when pulling out. F. Not checking the expiration date.

What are some of the benefits of breastfeeding an infant?

A. Breast milk contains antibodies that help infants fight off viruses and bacteria. B. From a global perspective, and infant that is not exclusively breastfed could be at a substantially greater risk of death from diarrhea or pneumonia than one who is. C. Breast milk supports infants' immune system and may protect them later in life from chronic conditions such as obesity and diabetes.

Which of the following STDs are caused by bacteria?

A. Chlamydia C. Syphilis E. Gonorrhea

Which methods of birth control need a prescription?

A. Combination pill B. Mini pill C. NuvaRing

What can protect you from an HIV infection?

A. Condoms C. Abstinence D. Knowing your own and your partner(s) HIV status.

What type(s) of intrauterine device (IUD) is available on the market?

A. Copper B. Hormonal

Semen is made up of fluids from which of the following structures?

A. Cowper's gland B. Prostate gland C. Seminal vesicles

Ted and Alexis are considering becoming sexually active. They are about to have a conversation about contraception. What are some things to consider about what kind of contraception they should choose?

A. Does their personality fit with using the method chosen? B. Do they have all the information needed to make an informed decision? C. Can they obtain the device they decide to use? D. Is the method they chose in agreement with their values?

What do condoms offer that other forms of birth control do not?

A. Easy access as no prescription is needed. C. Some protection against STD transmission.

What are secondary sexual characteristics?

A. Enlargement of breasts and erection of nipples C. Increased muscle mass and strength D. Growth of body hair, axillary and pubic hair E. Deepening of voice

Which of these is a possible side effect of hormonal birth control pills?

A. Frequent headaches B. Nausea D. Irregular bleeding

Which of the following STDs are caused by viruses?

A. HIV C. Condyloma D. Genital herpes

If you think you might have an STD...

A. It's advisable that you get tested at your doctor's office, or at a sexual and reproductive health care clinic such as Planned Parenthood. B. Refrain from sexual activity or take extra percussion until the test results are known. C. Communicate with your partner(s) as soon as possible; while this is not always easy, it is a responsibility that comes with the decision to have sex.

The vulva is a cover term and includes which of the following structures?

A. Mons pubis B. Clitoris C. Vaginal opening E. Labia majora F. Labia minora

The likelihood of transmitting or contracting an STD depends on numerous factors, including?

A. Presence of existing infection and/or disease. B. Severe stress and/or being overly tired. C. The use of protection such as condoms, dental dams, or latex gloves. D. The level of immune system functioning. E. Exposure to high viral or bacterial loads.

Reducing the number of unwanted pregnancies will also reduce the number of abortions. According to your course reader some ways to achieve this include:

A. The use of contraception needs to be a formal/informal value. C. Comprehensive pregnancy prevention education. D. Increase acceptance and access to contraception.

Which of the following behaviors could transmit HIV?

A. Unprotected penetrative sex. B. Pregnancy as HIV crosses the placenta to infect the fetus via the umbilical cord. E. Sharing contaminated needles with intravenous drug use.

Symptoms of chlamydia and gonorrhea may include?

A. Unusual discharge from the vagina or the penis. B. Abdominal pain caused by pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). C. No symptoms at all. D. Painful urination.

What type of lubricant should be used with condoms?

A. Water-based lube F. Silicone-based lube

What constitutes an AIDS diagnosis?

A. When someone living with HIV contracts an opportunistic infection (OI) such as cancer or severe pneumonia. B. When someone living with HIV has a CD4+ T cell count below 200 per mm3 (cubic milliliter) of blood.

Androgens...

A. affects the vocal cords causing the voice to deepen. B. are necessary for sperm production. C. are responsible for the development of pubic and axillary hair. D. are involved in the growth of the penis at puberty.

The body's Warm Moist Transitional Zones includes...

A. anus and the urethra. B. eyes, mouth, and throat. D. vagina and glans (head) of the penis.

Pheromones...

A. causes synchronization of menstrual cycles. B. are species-specific. C. are airborne chemicals.

Some of the recommendations for improving sexual health include...

A. performing regular self-exams to check for possible testicular and/or breast cancer. B. being committed to STD testing and gynecological exams when needed. C. knowing your body, recognizing what it looks and feels like when it is healthy.

Your sister tells you that she is having pain in the lower abdomen. After reading about conditions of XX genitalia you might suspect a number of things related to the reproductive tract...

A. she could be pregnant and experiencing an ectopic pregnancy. B. she might have pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) due to an infection with gonorrhea or chlamydia. C. she could have endometriosis, which is commonly associated with pelvic pain and the pain is often worse during and after intercourse. D. she may be experiencing mittelschmerz pain due to ovulation.

Though symptoms of toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is rare some may be:

A. vomiting B. diarrhea C. fainting D. high fever

Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been associated with which of the following cancers?

All of the above (Cervical cancer, Penile cancer, Anal cancer)

Recent research about sexuality education in schools and in the home, suggests that when teachers and parents have sound conversations about sex and sexuality this contributes to...

A. young people feeling empowered to say yes to wanted sexual behavior. B. and no to unwanted sexual behavior. C. teens initiating sexual behavior at a later age. D. an increase in teen's accessing and using contraception. E. a confident and positive exploration of sexuality.

Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are synthetically produced variants of the naturally occurring hormone testosterone. Taking AAS will elevate testosterone levels yet decrease sperm production, why is this?

AAS negatively affects LH

Approximately how many people are living with HIV disease in the U.S.?

About 1.1 million

HIV and AIDS in the U.S. disproportionately affect which of the following racial/ethnic group?

African American/Black

Which of the following enzymes is needed to convert testosterone to estrogen?

Aromatase

What type of abortion is most commonly performed in the U.S.?

Aspiration abortion

Please match the following terms with their correct definitions: A. Endometriosis B. Obstetric fistula C. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) D. Dysmenorrhea

B - 1. A hole between the vagina and rectum or bladder that is caused by prolonged obstructed labor. A - 2. An often painful disorder in which endometrial tissue grows outside of the uterus. C - 3. A serious infection that develops in the pelvic region when certain STDs are not treated. D - 4. Painful menstruation due to cramping in the pelvis and lower abdomen.

Please match the following terms with their correct definition: A. Phimosis B. Peyronie's disease C. Paraphimosis D. Priapism

B - 1. Fibrous tissue develops in the V-groove between the corpora cavernosa. A - 2. The inability to retract the foreskin; the foreskin is too tight to be retracted. C - 3. The inability to pull the foreskin back over the penile glans. D - 4. A painful, persistent, non-erotic erection that is not relieved by ejaculation.

Please match the following terms with the correct definition. A. A surgical procedure in which both fallopian tubes are blocked, tied, and/or cut. Though the ovaries will continue to produce and release mature eggs, tubal ligation will prevent egg and sperm from getting together, thus resulting in sterilization. B. A surgical procedure where the vas deferens from each testicle is clamped, cut, or otherwise sealed. This prevents sperm from mixing with the rest of the semen that is ejaculated from the penis, thus resulting in sterilization.

B - 1. Vasectomhy A - 2. Tubal ligation

Hormonal birth control pills, like the combination pill and the mini pill, works by three main ways, what are they?

B. Acts as negative feedback on the HPGA hormones GnRH, FSH, and LH so that no ovulation will occur. C. Thickens the cervical mucus to act as a plug the cervix, which makes it challenging for sperm to enter. D. Makes the endometrium less blood-rich and therefore inhospitable to implantation.

Which of the following groups are directly affected by the federal regulations prohibiting federal money for abortion care?

B. People who rely on Medicaid or other federally funded health care. C. United States military personnel who rely on military insurance.

Fill in the blanks by copy/paste the terms from the keywords listed underneath the paragraph. It is important that you copy/paste the keywords because the blanks are case sensitive. HIV can transmit via the following body fluids: semen, breastmilk, blood, vaginal fluids, and rectal secretions. Rank the fluids in order of highest (1st) to lowest (5th) concentration of HIV: 1st ________ 2nd ________ 3rd ________ 4th ________ 5th ________

Blood Semen Vaginal fluids Rectal secretions Breastmilk

In the US, what type of cancer is most common among women?

Breast cancer

What type of contraception would you recommend to someone who is forgetful and have trouble forming daily habits?

C. DepoProvera D. NuvaRing F. IUD

In the context of the U.S., what factors are the main drives behind public sex education?

C. STD prevention D. Teen pregnancy prevention E. Abstinence education

The combination pill or other methods of administering estrogen/progesterone combinations may be risky for people who experience what kind of conditions?

C. Those over the age of 35 especially if they smoke more than 15 cigarettes a day. D. Those with cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure, or diabetes.

The immune system response is orchestrated by which of the following cells?

CD4+ T cells

The immune system response is orchestrated by, which of the following cells?

CD4+ T cells

Fill in the blanks by copy/paste the terms from the keywords listed underneath the paragraph. It is important that you copy/paste the keywords because the blanks are case sensitive. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) manifests in the body by binding to the ________. HIV is transmitted through various bodily fluids, and the highest concentration of HIV is found in ________ , followed by ________ and ________ . HIV also exists in __________ from the anus and in ________ from the breast, though in much lower concentrations. HIV exists in ________ but not in high enough concentrations to be transmissible. The most common route of HIV transmission from a global perspective is via unprotected ________. However, here in the U.S., the most common route of HIV transmission is via unprotected _________.

CD4+ T cells blood semen vaginal fluids rectal secretions breastmilk saliva penile/vaginal sex penile/anal sex

Which is the most common STD caused by bacteria?

Chlamydia

The CERTS model describes five components important to healthy sexual relationships, what are they?

Consent, Equality, Respect, Trust, Safety

What is the innermost lining of the uterus called?

Endometrium

The substance called, ______ is produced by a living organism that acts as catalysts to bring about a specific biochemical reaction.

Enzymes

Where is sperm stored prior to ejaculation?

Epididymis

What is the best way to know your STD status?

Get yourself tested regularly for STDs so that you know your current status.

What part of the penis has the most nerve endings?

Glans

HIV exists in saliva in small concentrations and can therefore transmit via deep kissing, though this is rare.

False

HIV is one of the most common STDs because it is so easily contracted.

False

Just like the testes, the ovaries keep producing new eggs that are being released each month. It takes 28 days for a new egg to develop.

False

Penile circumcision is often done for cultural reasons, whereas circumcision of the vulva is strictly performed for religious purposes.

False

The U.S. has the largest incarcerated population in the world, with 2.2 million people in prison or other closed settings. HIV prevalence is estimated to be 1.5% among prisoners, compared to 0.5% among the general population. Most prisoners are infected with HIV before they are incarcerated, and to reduce transmission, all prisoners in the US are tested for HIV as they enter prison. People who test positive are detained in separate facilities. Since sex is common in prison, condoms are offered to inmates to reduce possible HIV transmission.

False

The average scrotal temperatures in humans are typically 2.5 to 3 degrees Celsius higher than regular body temperature (37 degrees Celsius).

False

Which of the following are functions of luteinizing hormone (LH)?

Formation and maintenance of the corpus luteum

The hypothalamus has neurosecretory neurons that produce the hormone _____ . In response, the anterior pituitary releases two hormones known as ________ . FSH will act on the ________ to initiate ________ production. This in turn causes the _______ to produce the hormone _______ . LH will act on the ________ to initiate the production of _________ .

GnRH FSH and LH seminiferous tubules sperm Sertoli cells inhibin Leydig cells testosterone

Antibiotic resistance (AR) is the ability of bacteria to resist the effects of the drugs used to treat them. This means the germs are not killed and they will continue to reproduce. The bacteria that cause the STD is known as, ___________, has developed resistance to nearly all of the antibiotics used for treatment. One of the most problematic strains that have developed resistance is called H041.

Gonorrhea

Which of the following is the most recent STD?

HIV

What is the difference between HIV and AIDS?

HIV is a virus and AIDS is a diagnosis.

Which of the following STDs does not currently have a cure?

Herpes

If you or someone you know suffers from bad PMS (pre-menstrual symptoms), which of the following options might help ease the PMS?

Hormonal contraceptives

______ are chemical messengers that are produced in one body region but affect a different body region.

Hormones

What's the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI)?

Human papillomavirus (HPV)

What is the most effective way of preventing STD transmission?

Know STD status and use appropriate protection when needed.

What hormone triggers the expulsion of milk?

Oxytocin

Which of these tests effectively screens for cervical cancer?

Pap smear test

The cell that engulfs bacteria and foreign debris by a cell is called:

Phagocyte

Which of the following hormones is produced by the corpus luteum?

Progesterone

Which of the following hormones initiates milk production?

Prolactin

The pituitary gland secretes, which of the following hormones?

Prolactin Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Oxytocin Luteinizing hormone (LH)

The ______________, was a landmark controversial decision by the U.S. Supreme Court on the issue of abortion. The court decided that a right to privacy under the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution extends to a woman's decision to have an abortion, but that right must be balanced against the state's two legitimate interests for regulating abortions: protecting prenatal life and protecting the mother's health.

Roe v. Wade

Sarah has been in a relationship with her boyfriend Matt for about three months. A few weeks ago, they decided to skip using condoms since Sarah is now on the pill (hormonal contraception). Nor Sarah neither Matt knows that Matt is infected with chlamydia. This last week they had penile/vaginal intercourse five times without a condom. Sarah's friend Michelle is newly single, and over the last two months, she has had penile/vaginal sex with five different guys without using a condom. One of the guys Michelle had unprotected penile/vaginal intercourse with had an unknown infection with chlamydia. Who do you think is more likely to contract chlamydia, Sarah or Michelle?

Sarah

Your friend knows that you are taking this class about sex and sexuality, and they ask you about some recent symptoms they have experienced that include, severe itching and a red rash that has developed on their genitals. Based on what you have learned in class you might suggest that they may have contracted _______ but should seek medical attention to get an actual diagnosis and possible treatment.

Scabies

How long has cancer been around?

Since prehistoric times.

Who's is most likely to have an STD?

Teens and young adults

In the context of HIV, what does it mean to be virally suppressed?

That viral loads are so low that they are undetectable by an HIV test.

STDs like chlamydia or gonorrhea can cause something called pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). PID is possible when the reproductive system opens into the abdominal cavity. Which system, the biological male or the biological female opens into the abdominal cavity?

The biological female

How long is the NuvaRing left in place?

Three weeks

How did HIV enter the human population?

Through the slaughtering of monkeys.

What is the purpose of the scrotum?

To acts as a "climate control system" for the testes.

Penile circumcision became a routine medical practice in the US during the Victorian Era in the mid-19th-20th century. What was the main drive behind this new medical practice?

To prevent masturbation.

Abortions in the third trimester are very rare and is not legal in most states. Abortions after fetal viability are very restricted, and states that do allow them, only do so under specific circumstances. As a result, there are only a few doctors in the U.S. that perform abortions in the third trimester.

True

After ovulation, under the influence of LH, a new gland is formed from the follicle cells left behind in the ovary. This gland is called the corpus luteum. The corpus luteum, which means "yellow body" body in Latin (it actually is yellow!) secretes progesterone and some estrogen, helping the endometrium to prepare for a potential pregnancy.

True

Before HIV was known to be a viral infection, the condition was named gay-related immunodeficiency (GRID).

True

Failing to clean sex toys can lead to the spread of STDs. Re-infection with a sexually transmitted infection via a sex toy is possible, though the risk of this decreases over time since the lifespan of most organisms that cause STDs are relatively short outside of the body. Transmission can occur from person to person when sex toys are shared, or a person could re-infect themselves if the toys are not cleaned properly. To prevent transmission of and STD via sex toys, be sure to clean them after every use, and always use a condom on things used for penetration, such as dildos and vibrators.

True

One ejaculate can contain between 40 million and 1.2 billion sperm.

True

Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is a month-long course of drugs to help prevent HIV infection that is taken after a possible exposure to HIV. The word "prophylaxis" means to prevent or control the spread of an infection or disease. PEP means taking HIV medicines within 72 hours after a possible exposure to HIV to prevent becoming infected with HIV.

True

Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is an HIV prevention strategy where HIV-negative individuals take anti-HIV medications before coming into contact with HIV to reduce their risk of becoming infected. The medications work to prevent HIV from establishing infection inside the body and has been shown to be very effective.

True

The ____________ , was a U.S. Supreme Court decision in 1989 upholding a Missouri law that imposed restrictions on the use of state funds, facilities, and employees in performing, assisting with, or counseling on abortions.

Webster v. Reproductive Health Services (Webster Decision)

Testicular cancer is most common in what age group?

Younger men between the ages of 15-34.

When a foreign organism enters your body, your immune system recognizes this by detecting the organism's foreign:

antigens

Fill in the blanks by copy/paste the terms from the keywords listed underneath the paragraph. It is important that you copy/paste the keywords because the blanks are case sensitive. There are five different organisms that are responsible for causing sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). One of these organisms, ________ is unicellular and has the capability of cloning itself in a process called binary fission. Another infectious agent responsible for several STDs is the ________ , which is a sub-microscopic organism that replicates only inside living cells. The term ________ refers to an organism that is dependent on a blood meal from a human host for their survival, such as lice and mites that attach or burrow into the skin. Candida albicans is a type of ________ that most commonly infect the oral cavity and the genitals. Lastly, ________ is a type of single-cell eukaryotic organism that lives in humans, for example, trichomonas vaginalis.

bacteria virus ectoparasite fungi parasitic protozoa

Fill in the blanks by copy/paste the terms from the keywords listed underneath the paragraph. It is important that you copy/paste the keywords because the blanks are case sensitive. Nicknamed the "silent" disease, ________ since most people infected are asymptomatic. This is one of the most common STDs with nearly 3 million new infections yearly. When symptoms do occur, they may involve pain and burning with urination, abnormal discharge from the penis, vagina, or anus. If left untreated can lead to sterility, PID, and in case of pregnancy, an ectopic pregnancy. ________________ most common STD with about 79 million Americans currently infected and about 14 million new infections per year. This STD is so common that it is estimated that most sexually active people will contract this at some point in their lives. This infection is relatively harmless, sometimes warts develop known as condyloma. There are, however, six strains that have been associated with the development of cancer. Therefore, it is recommended to get regular pap smear tests of the cervix and/or anus, and to get vaccinated, Gardasil is one example of such a vaccine. Symptoms generally begin 2-14 days after initial infection with ____________ and include flu-like symptoms such as pain in the buttocks, swollen glands, and maybe a fever. Fluid-filled blisters form that will eventually dry up and heal. The first outbreak tends to be the most severe, sub-sequent outbreaks tend to produce fewer symptoms and tends to be shorter in length. Most people never develop visible blisters, hence one of the reasons it continues to transmit. An overgrowth of _________ may result in a yeast infection. The infection is most common in the vaginal tract but can also take form in the back of the mouth, then referred to as thrush. Penile candidiasis may also occur but is rare. Symptoms include abnormal vaginal discharge that has a consistency similar to cottage cheese, white slightly raised areas in the mouth, and a whitish substance on the head of the penis and foreskin.

chlamydia Human papillomavirus genital herpes Candida albicans

Once the egg has been ovulated, the remaining follicle cell develops into the ________. This yellow body produces large amounts of the hormone ________ , which causes the endometrium to become ________ in preparation for ________ should the ovum be fertilized. If the ovum is not fertilized, the body ________ resulting in a drop of both estrogen and progesterone levels. The endometrium then sloughs off in the ________ . The drop in estrogen and progesterone removes the negative ________ and GnRH is once again released by the hypothalamus and the cycle begins anew.

corpus luteum progesterone secretory implantation degenerates menstrual flow negative feedback inhibition

Part of the menstrual cycle is also the ovarian and uterine cycles. Prior to ovulation, the first phase of the ovarian cycle is called ________ phase and refers to the egg when it is still in the ovary. In the uterus prior to ovulation, the first phase of the uterine cycle is called the ________ phase and refers to the buildup of blood in the endometrial lining. Once ovulation takes place about 14 days before the onset of menstruation, the second phase of the ovarian cycle called ________ phase begins. This phase corresponds to the corpus luteum that is forming in the ovary after ovulation. The corpus luteum produces high levels of the hormone ________ . In the uterus, after ovulation, the second phase of the uterine cycle begins, which is called the ________ phase. In this second phase, progesterone from the ________ acts on the endometrial lining to become secretory in preparation for possible implantation of a fertilized egg. If no implantation takes place, the endometrial lining sloughs off in ________ and the cycle begins anew.

follicular proliferative luteal progesterone secretory corpus luteum menstruation

Sexual identity is comprised of three components, gender identity, gender role, and sexual orientation. The term ________ refers to a set of social and behavioral norms that dictate how we should think, speak, dress, and interact within the context of society. In contrast, ________ refers to a person's individual and internal sense and subjective experience of their own gender irrespective of sex assigned at birth. Lastly, ________ is a term used when referring to an individual's physical and/or emotional attraction to the same and/or opposite gender.

gender role gender identity sexual orientation

The ________ secretes the hormone GnRH, which acts on the anterior ________ gland, causing secretion of the two hormones FSH and LH. FSH acts on the ________ to begin the maturation of about 20 pre-mature ovarian follicles. As these follicles mature, they produce the hormone ________ . This causes the proliferation of the ________ lining of the uterus and a surge in ________ levels just prior to ________ , which lasts for about 12-48 hours each month.

hypothalamus pituitary ovary estrogen endometrial LH ovulation

The secretion of antibodies by lymphocyte B cells provides:

immunity.

Most people with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) will grow cysts that are formed on the:

ovaries

When the infant begins to suck on the nipple, the ________ acts as a stimulant triggering the ________ to begin the production of ________ . This causes the ________ gland to release ________ to initiate milk production, and ________ to trigger the expulsion of milk. Since oxytocin is also released during ________ it is not uncommon to experience feelings that remind of sexual pleasure when nursing.

sucking hypothalamus GnRH pituitary prolactin oxytocin arousal

Puberty is triggered by the development of:

the adrenal gland.