WW1-WW2 Test
"Beginning in the 1930s and lasting into the 1950s, black Chicago experienced a cultural renaissance. Chicago had become a major destination for black southern migrants. ... It was also an urban industrial center. This fact gave a unique working-class and internationalist perspective to the cultural work that would take place there. "A desire to live freely in 'the metropolis' continued to characterize the aspirations of migrants as second-wave Chicago migrants arrived. . .. The 1930s and 1940s witnessed a resurgence of black working-class political radicalism that was captured and reflected in the expressive visual and literary productions of Chicago Black Renaissance artists." Darlene Clark Hine, historian, The Black Chicago Renaissance, 2012 37. Before moving to Chicago, the people described in the excerpt most likely were engaged in which of the following? (A) Sharecropping or tenant farming (B) Gang labor on the railways (C) Mining and other extractive industries (D) Manufacturing in urban factories
A
"Europe's requirements for the next three or four years of foreign food and other essential products-principally from America--are so much greater than her present ability to pay that she must have substantial additional help or face economic, social, and political deterioration of a very grave character.. It is logical that the United States should do whatever it is able to do to assist in the return of normal economic health in the world, without which there can be no political stability and no assured peace. Our policy is directed not against any country or doctrine but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos. Its purpose should be the revival of a working economy in the world so as to permit the emergence of political and social conditions in which free institutions can exist." Speech by Secretary of State George Marshall initiating the aid program known as the Marshall Plan, 1947 48. The Marshall Plan most directly resulted from which of the following? (A) A foreign policy based on the collective security of noncommunist nations (B) A strategy focused on promoting the development of a suburban society (C) Conservatives' fears of domestic unrest and challenges to the traditional social order (D) The effort to create alliances with newly decolonized countries around the world
A
"Is a tractor bad? Is the power that turns the long furrows wrong? If this tractor were ours, it would be good--not mine, but ours. . .. We could love that tractor then as we have loved this land when it was ours. But this tractor does two things-it turns the land and turns us off the land. There is little difference between this tractor and a tank. The people are driven, intimidated, hurt by both." John Steinbeck, novelist, The Grapes of Wrath, 1939 39. Which of the following was the most direct effect of conditions such as those described in the excerpt? (A) Internal migration in search of better economic opportunities (B) Earlier marriages and an increase in family size (C) A middle-class movement to the suburbs (D) Conservative opposition to an increased government role in the economy
A
"The most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a theater and causing a panic. . .. The question in every case is whether the words used are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present danger that they will bring about the substantive evils that Congress has a right to prevent. It is a question of proximity and degree. When a nation is at war, many things that might be said in time of peace are such a hindrance to its effort that their utterance will not be endured so long as men fight, and that no Court could regard them as protected by any constitutional right." Majority opinion of the United States Supreme Court in Schenck v. United States, 1919 22. The Schenck case emerged most directly from the context of which of the following? (A) Critiques by radicals of United States foreign policy (B) African American migration from the rural South to the urban North (C) Challenges by women to their prescribed status in society (D) Nativist resistance to migration from abroad
A
"The peace-loving nations must make a concerted effort in opposition to those violations of treaties and those ignorings of humane instincts which today are creating a state of international anarchy and instability from which there is no escape through mere isolation or neutrality. "Those who cherish their freedom and recognize and respect the equal right of their neighbors to be free and live in peace, must work together for the triumph of law and moral principles in order that peace, justice and confidence may prevail in the world. There must be a return to a belief in the pledged word, in the value of a signed treaty. There must be recognition of the fact that national morality is as vital as private morality." President Franklin Roosevelt, Quarantine Speech, 1937 48. The ideas expressed in the excerpt differed from the prevailing United States approach to foreign policy issues primarily in that Roosevelt was (A) arguing to expand the role of the United States in the world (B) encouraging the United States to avoid political entanglements in Europe (C) seeking to promote United States influence throughout Latin America (D) encouraging new laws that would give the United States international police power
A
"The system of quotas . .. was the first major pillar of the Immigration Act of 1924. The second provided for the exclusion of persons ineligible to citizenship. . .. Ineligibility to citizenship and exclusion applied to the peoples of all the nations of East and South Asia. Nearly all Asians had already been excluded from immigration. . .. The exclusion of persons ineligible to citizenship in 1924 . .. completed Asiatic exclusion. ... Moreover, it codified the principle of racial exclusion into the main body of American immigration and naturalization law. Mae M. Ngai, historian, Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America, 2004 20. Which of the following evidence would best support Ngai's argument in the excerpt? (A) Census data showing the changing percentages of the foreign-born population from 1920 to 1930 (B) Narratives describing the challenges of immigrant family life in the 1920s (C) Diplomatic correspondence reflecting the increasing isolationism of United States foreign policy in the 1920s and 1930s (D) Census data revealing the Great Migration of African Americans to cities in the North and West in the 1920s
A
"We must have tax reform. The method of raising revenue ought not to impede the transaction of business; it ought to encourage it. I am opposed to extremely high rates, because they produce little or no revenue, because they are bad for the country, and, finally, because they are wrong. We cannot finance the country, we cannot improve social conditions, through any system of injustice, even if we attempt to inflict it upon the rich. Those who suffer the most harm will be the poor. . .. The wise and correct course to follow in taxation and all other economic legislation is not to destroy those who have already secured success but to create conditions under which everyone will have a better chance to be successful." President Calvin Coolidge, inaugural address, 1925 38. In the excerpt, Coolidge was reacting most directly against (A) Progressive efforts to regulate the economy (B) the consolidation of corporations into trusts and holding companies (C) conspicuous consumption by some segments of society (D) the promotion of laissez-faire economic policies
A
"We must have tax reform. The method of raising revenue ought not to impede the transaction of business; it ought to encourage it. I am opposed to extremely high rates, because they produce little or no revenue, because they are bad for the country, and, finally, because they are wrong. We cannot finance the country, we cannot improve social conditions, through any system of injustice, even if we attempt to inflict it upon the rich. Those who suffer the most harm will be the poor. . .. The wise and correct course to follow in taxation and all other economic legislation is not to destroy those who have already secured success but to create conditions under which everyone will have a better chance to be successful." President Calvin Coolidge, inaugural address, 1925 39. Members of which of the following groups would have been most likely to agree with the perspective expressed by Coolidge in the excerpt? (A) Business executives (B) Farm laborers (C) Industrial workers (D) Recent immigrants
A
43. Which of the following factors was most likely responsible for the change in Chicago's population from 1950 to 1990 ? (A) Migration to the suburbs and surrounding regions (B) Federal policies discouraging immigration (C) Decreasing birth rates among city dwellers (D) Continued racial discrimination in urban public housing
A
46. In the period from 1900 to 1921, which of the following groups made up the largest share of immigration to the United States? (A) Italians and Poles (B) French and Germans (C) English and Irish (D) Mexicans and Cubans
A
52. The poster most directly reflects the (A) wartime mobilization of United States society (B) emergence of the United States as a leading world power (C) expanded access to consumer goods during wartime (D) wartime repression of civil liberties
A
53. Which of the following represents a later example of the change highlighted in the poster? (A) The increased number of women in the paid workforce by the 1970s (B) The growing feminist protests against United States military engagements abroad in the 1970s (C) The increasing inability of the manufacturing sector to create jobs for women in the 1970s and 1980s (D) The growing popular consensus about appropriate women's roles in the 1980s and 1990s
A
"Beginning in the 1930s and lasting into the 1950s, black Chicago experienced a cultural renaissance. Chicago had become a major destination for black southern migrants. ... It was also an urban industrial center. This fact gave a unique working-class and internationalist perspective to the cultural work that would take place there. "A desire to live freely in 'the metropolis' continued to characterize the aspirations of migrants as second-wave Chicago migrants arrived. . .. The 1930s and 1940s witnessed a resurgence of black working-class political radicalism that was captured and reflected in the expressive visual and literary productions of Chicago Black Renaissance artists." Darlene Clark Hine, historian, The Black Chicago Renaissance, 2012 36. The "political radicalism" referred to in the excerpt was most directly a response to the experience of (A) desegregation (B) economic depression (C) mass consumption (D) nativism
B
"Europe's requirements for the next three or four years of foreign food and other essential products-principally from America--are so much greater than her present ability to pay that she must have substantial additional help or face economic, social, and political deterioration of a very grave character.. It is logical that the United States should do whatever it is able to do to assist in the return of normal economic health in the world, without which there can be no political stability and no assured peace. Our policy is directed not against any country or doctrine but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos. Its purpose should be the revival of a working economy in the world so as to permit the emergence of political and social conditions in which free institutions can exist." Speech by Secretary of State George Marshall initiating the aid program known as the Marshall Plan, 1947 49. The policies advocated by Marshall had most in common with which of the following developments in other periods in United States history? (A) The expansion of a market economy in the early 1800s, which shaped a distinctive middle class (B) The attempts by the federal government to foster economic opportunities for former slaves after the Civil War (C) The emergence of political machines in the late 1800s, which provided economic and social services to urban residents (D) The forcing of American Indians onto reservations by the United States government following the extension of White settlement
B
"In the future days, which we seek to make secure, we look forward to a world founded upon four essential human freedoms. "The first is freedom of speech and expression everywhere in the world. "The second is freedom of every person to worship God in his own way everywhere in the world. "The third is freedom from want--which, translated into world terms, means economic understandings which will secure to every nation a healthy peacetime life for its inhabitants- everywhere in the world "The fourth is freedom from fear- -which, translated into world terms, means a world-wide reduction of armaments to such a point and in such a thorough fashion that no nation will be in a position to commit an act of physical aggression against any neighbor anywhere in the world." President Franklin D. Roosevelt, State of the Union address, January 1941 40. Which of the following most directly contributed to Roosevelt's view that "freedom from want" was necessary? (A) The inspiration of Woodrow Wilson's vision for an international democratic order (B) The experience of domestic and global economic upheavals during the 1930s (C) The memory of federal agencies violating some Americans' civil liberties in the 1920s (D) The fear of the Soviet threat to spread communism to nations in the West
B
"The most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a theater and causing a panic. . .. The question in every case is whether the words used are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present danger that they will bring about the substantive evils that Congress has a right to prevent. It is a question of proximity and degree. When a nation is at war, many things that might be said in time of peace are such a hindrance to its effort that their utterance will not be endured so long as men fight, and that no Court could regard them as protected by any constitutional right." Majority opinion of the United States Supreme Court in Schenck v. United States, 1919 21. The restrictions imposed by the Schenck decision most directly contradicted which of the following earlier developments in the United States? (A) Arguments for self-government asserted in the Declaration of Independence (B) Protection of liberties through the adoption of the Bill of Rights in 1791 (C) Assertion of federal power over states' rights in the 1819 McCulloch v. Marvland decision (D) Expansion of voting rights during President Andrew Jackson's administration
B
"The peace-loving nations must make a concerted effort in opposition to those violations of treaties and those ignorings of humane instincts which today are creating a state of international anarchy and instability from which there is no escape through mere isolation or neutrality. "Those who cherish their freedom and recognize and respect the equal right of their neighbors to be free and live in peace, must work together for the triumph of law and moral principles in order that peace, justice and confidence may prevail in the world. There must be a return to a belief in the pledged word, in the value of a signed treaty. There must be recognition of the fact that national morality is as vital as private morality." President Franklin Roosevelt, Quarantine Speech, 1937 50. Which of the following best represents continuity in the years after 1945 with the ideas that Roosevelt expressed in the excerpt? (A) The conviction and execution of suspected Soviet spies in the United States (B) United States membership in an international peacekeeping body (C) United States military commitment to countries battling communist insurgencies (D) The rise of peace organizations opposed to the buildup and use of nuclear weapons
B
"We believe that the Negro should adopt every means to protect himself against barbarous practices inflicted upon him because of color. "We believe in the freedom of Africa for the Negro people of the world, and by the principle of Europe for the Europeans and Asia for the Asiatics, we also demand Africa for the Africans at home and abroad. "We strongly condemn the cupidity of those nations of the world who, by open aggression or secret schemes, have seized the territories and inexhaustible natural wealth of Africa, and we place on record our most solemn determination to reclaim the treasures and possession of the vast continent of our forefathers." Marcus Garvey, Declaration of Rights of the Negro Peoples of the World, adopted at the first convention of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), August 1920 16. The ideas expressed in Garvey's declaration drew the most significant support from which of the following? (A) Presidents favoring colonization efforts (B) Participants in the Great Migration (C) Urban Progressive reformers (D) Former slaves
B
41. Which of the following factors most likely contributed to the trend in Chicago's population from 1890 to 1940 ? (A) Increasing birth rates (B) Job opportunities in industry (C) The promise of religious freedom (D) Growing employment in agriculture
B
45. In the 1960s, the policy referenced in the image was (A) determined to be in the purview of the states rather than the federal government (B) overturned by the passage of new legislation (C) made permanent through an amendment to the United States Constitution (D) left largely unchanged because it did not apply to immigrants from parts of the world other than Europe
B
"Beginning in the 1930s and lasting into the 1950s, black Chicago experienced a cultural renaissance. Chicago had become a major destination for black southern migrants. ... It was also an urban industrial center. This fact gave a unique working-class and internationalist perspective to the cultural work that would take place there. "A desire to live freely in 'the metropolis' continued to characterize the aspirations of migrants as second-wave Chicago migrants arrived. . .. The 1930s and 1940s witnessed a resurgence of black working-class political radicalism that was captured and reflected in the expressive visual and literary productions of Chicago Black Renaissance artists." Darlene Clark Hine, historian, The Black Chicago Renaissance, 2012 38. Which of the following most likely contributed to the decline of the "political radicalism" referred to in the excerpt? (A) The drafting of young men to fight in Vietnam (B) Racial discrimination in the United States armed forces during the Second World War (C) Anticommunist measures during the Cold War (D) Neglect of Black artists and culture during the New Deal
C
"Europe's requirements for the next three or four years of foreign food and other essential products-principally from America--are so much greater than her present ability to pay that she must have substantial additional help or face economic, social, and political deterioration of a very grave character.. It is logical that the United States should do whatever it is able to do to assist in the return of normal economic health in the world, without which there can be no political stability and no assured peace. Our policy is directed not against any country or doctrine but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos. Its purpose should be the revival of a working economy in the world so as to permit the emergence of political and social conditions in which free institutions can exist." Speech by Secretary of State George Marshall initiating the aid program known as the Marshall Plan, 1947 47. The ideas expressed in the excerpt were most directly motivated by the (A) tensions created by the outcome of the First World War (B) desire to export more agricultural goods to Europe (C) devastation left by the Second World War (D) concerns about the need for mass mobilization in future conflicts
C
"In the councils of government, we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military-industrial complex. The potential for the disastrous rise of misplaced power exists and will persist. We must never let the weight of this combination endanger our liberties or democratic processes. We should take nothing for granted. Only an alert and knowledgeable citizenry can compel the proper meshing of the huge industrial and military machinery of defense with our peaceful methods and goals, so that security and liberty may prosper together." President Dwight Eisenhower, farewell address, 1961 45. Eisenhower's concerns expressed in the excerpt emerged most directly from the context of the (A) First World War (B) Second World War (C) Cold War (D) Vietnam War
C
"In the councils of government, we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military-industrial complex. The potential for the disastrous rise of misplaced power exists and will persist. We must never let the weight of this combination endanger our liberties or democratic processes. We should take nothing for granted. Only an alert and knowledgeable citizenry can compel the proper meshing of the huge industrial and military machinery of defense with our peaceful methods and goals, so that security and liberty may prosper together." President Dwight Eisenhower, farewell address, 1961 46. Which of the following most directly contributed to the developments Eisenhower warned "we must guard against"? (A) The internment of Japanese Americans (B) The increased employment of women in defense manufacturing (C) The growth of the nuclear arsenal (D) The desire to protect oil supplies in the Middle East
C
"In the future days, which we seek to make secure, we look forward to a world founded upon four essential human freedoms. "The first is freedom of speech and expression everywhere in the world. "The second is freedom of every person to worship God in his own way everywhere in the world. "The third is freedom from want--which, translated into world terms, means economic understandings which will secure to every nation a healthy peacetime life for its inhabitants- everywhere in the world "The fourth is freedom from fear- -which, translated into world terms, means a world-wide reduction of armaments to such a point and in such a thorough fashion that no nation will be in a position to commit an act of physical aggression against any neighbor anywhere in the world." President Franklin D. Roosevelt, State of the Union address, January 1941 39. Roosevelt's speech was most likely intended to increase public support for (A) extending New Deal programs to guarantee unemployment benefits (B) integrating the United States armed forces (C) aiding the Allies in Europe during the Second World War (D) enhancing rights protected by the United States Constitution
C
"Is a tractor bad? Is the power that turns the long furrows wrong? If this tractor were ours, it would be good--not mine, but ours. . .. We could love that tractor then as we have loved this land when it was ours. But this tractor does two things-it turns the land and turns us off the land. There is little difference between this tractor and a tank. The people are driven, intimidated, hurt by both." John Steinbeck, novelist, The Grapes of Wrath, 1939 40. Situations such as those described in the excerpt were most directly addressed by (A) Progressive Era reforms (B) First World War economic production (C) New Deal government programs (D) Great Society efforts to end poverty
C
"Is a tractor bad? Is the power that turns the long furrows wrong? If this tractor were ours, it would be good--not mine, but ours. . .. We could love that tractor then as we have loved this land when it was ours. But this tractor does two things-it turns the land and turns us off the land. There is little difference between this tractor and a tank. The people are driven, intimidated, hurt by both." John Steinbeck, novelist, The Grapes of Wrath, 1939 41. Which of the following movements expressed ideas most similar to the ideas expressed in the excerpt? (A) Abolitionism in the 1830s and 1840s (B) Nativism in the 1840s and 1850s (C) Populism in the 1890s and early 1900s (D) The counterculture of the 1960s and 1970s
C
"The system of quotas . .. was the first major pillar of the Immigration Act of 1924. The second provided for the exclusion of persons ineligible to citizenship. . .. Ineligibility to citizenship and exclusion applied to the peoples of all the nations of East and South Asia. Nearly all Asians had already been excluded from immigration. . .. The exclusion of persons ineligible to citizenship in 1924 . .. completed Asiatic exclusion. ... Moreover, it codified the principle of racial exclusion into the main body of American immigration and naturalization law. Mae M. Ngai, historian, Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America, 2004 18. The Immigration Act of 1924 produced highly discriminatory results because it (A) created a guest worker program that encouraged temporary immigration but denied citizenship (B) relied on a series of literacy tests and physical examinations to manage immigration (C) placed restrictions on immigration by national origin, ethnicity, and race (D) encouraged immigration of people with highly sought after skills or family in the United States
C
44. The policy suggested in the image was most directly a response to (A) concerns that immigrants would draw on social welfare resources (B) demands that the government play a smaller role in regulating immigration (C) fears that immigrants were dangerous radicals or would increase competition for jobs (D) beliefs that immigrants would help establish a more multicultural and diverse United States
C
"In the councils of government, we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military-industrial complex. The potential for the disastrous rise of misplaced power exists and will persist. We must never let the weight of this combination endanger our liberties or democratic processes. We should take nothing for granted. Only an alert and knowledgeable citizenry can compel the proper meshing of the huge industrial and military machinery of defense with our peaceful methods and goals, so that security and liberty may prosper together." President Dwight Eisenhower, farewell address, 1961 47. Which of the following best characterizes the military-industrial complex in the decade following Eisenhower's speech? (A) Popular protest forced greater separation between the military and industry. (B) Private industry lost significant influence with the federal government. (C) The military lost significant influence in the federal government. (D) The concerns about the military and industry largely persisted.
D
"In the future days, which we seek to make secure, we look forward to a world founded upon four essential human freedoms. "The first is freedom of speech and expression everywhere in the world. "The second is freedom of every person to worship God in his own way everywhere in the world. "The third is freedom from want--which, translated into world terms, means economic understandings which will secure to every nation a healthy peacetime life for its inhabitants- everywhere in the world "The fourth is freedom from fear- -which, translated into world terms, means a world-wide reduction of armaments to such a point and in such a thorough fashion that no nation will be in a position to commit an act of physical aggression against any neighbor anywhere in the world." President Franklin D. Roosevelt, State of the Union address, January 1941 41. Which of the following most immediately increased enthusiasm in the United States for upholding the freedoms outlined in the excerpt? (A) The passage of a federal law providing veterans with financial aid in housing and education (B) The successful detonation of an atomic bomb as part of the Manhattan Project (C) The growing number of women working in defense manufacturing (D) The attack on the United States at Pearl Harbor
D
"The most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a theater and causing a panic. . .. The question in every case is whether the words used are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present danger that they will bring about the substantive evils that Congress has a right to prevent. It is a question of proximity and degree. When a nation is at war, many things that might be said in time of peace are such a hindrance to its effort that their utterance will not be endured so long as men fight, and that no Court could regard them as protected by any constitutional right." Majority opinion of the United States Supreme Court in Schenck v. United States, 1919 23. The federal government most enhanced its legal authority to address threats considered a clear and present danger during which of the following later periods? (A) In the 1970s, following antiwar protests against United States involvement in Vietnam (B) In the 1980s, following the renewed United States concerns over the Soviet threat (C) In the 1990s, following United States military interventions in Somalia (D) In the 2000s, following the terrorist attacks in the United States
D
"The peace-loving nations must make a concerted effort in opposition to those violations of treaties and those ignorings of humane instincts which today are creating a state of international anarchy and instability from which there is no escape through mere isolation or neutrality. "Those who cherish their freedom and recognize and respect the equal right of their neighbors to be free and live in peace, must work together for the triumph of law and moral principles in order that peace, justice and confidence may prevail in the world. There must be a return to a belief in the pledged word, in the value of a signed treaty. There must be recognition of the fact that national morality is as vital as private morality." President Franklin Roosevelt, Quarantine Speech, 1937 49. The excerpt best reflects an effort by Roosevelt to (A) encourage the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles (B) promote the acquisition of new territories abroad (C) contain the spread of Soviet-dominated communism (D) overcome opposition to participation in the impending Second World War
D
"The system of quotas . .. was the first major pillar of the Immigration Act of 1924. The second provided for the exclusion of persons ineligible to citizenship. . .. Ineligibility to citizenship and exclusion applied to the peoples of all the nations of East and South Asia. Nearly all Asians had already been excluded from immigration. . .. The exclusion of persons ineligible to citizenship in 1924 . .. completed Asiatic exclusion. ... Moreover, it codified the principle of racial exclusion into the main body of American immigration and naturalization law. Mae M. Ngai, historian, Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America, 2004 19. The Immigration Act of 1924 most directly reflected (A) cultural tensions between scientific modernism and religious fundamentalism in the 1920s (B) conflicts arising from the migration of African Americans to urban centers in the North (C) the emergence of an increasingly national culture in the 1920s shaped by art, cinema, and mass media (D) social tensions emerging from the First World War
D
"We believe that the Negro should adopt every means to protect himself against barbarous practices inflicted upon him because of color. "We believe in the freedom of Africa for the Negro people of the world, and by the principle of Europe for the Europeans and Asia for the Asiatics, we also demand Africa for the Africans at home and abroad. "We strongly condemn the cupidity of those nations of the world who, by open aggression or secret schemes, have seized the territories and inexhaustible natural wealth of Africa, and we place on record our most solemn determination to reclaim the treasures and possession of the vast continent of our forefathers." Marcus Garvey, Declaration of Rights of the Negro Peoples of the World, adopted at the first convention of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), August 1920 15. Which of the following most plausibly influenced Garvey's argument in the excerpt? (A) The emerging support for United States intervention in the affairs of Asia and Latin America (B) Calls for integration of the United States armed forces (C) New cultural expressions that emerged from the Harlem Renaissance (D) The concept of self-determination debated at the Treaty of Versailles peace talks
D
"We believe that the Negro should adopt every means to protect himself against barbarous practices inflicted upon him because of color. "We believe in the freedom of Africa for the Negro people of the world, and by the principle of Europe for the Europeans and Asia for the Asiatics, we also demand Africa for the Africans at home and abroad. "We strongly condemn the cupidity of those nations of the world who, by open aggression or secret schemes, have seized the territories and inexhaustible natural wealth of Africa, and we place on record our most solemn determination to reclaim the treasures and possession of the vast continent of our forefathers." Marcus Garvey, Declaration of Rights of the Negro Peoples of the World, adopted at the first convention of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), August 1920 17. Which of the following later movements held ideas closest to those expressed by Garvey in the excerpt? (A) A. Philip Randolph's organizing of Black railroad workers into the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters (B) Thurgood Marshall and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People's legal efforts to desegregate schools in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (C) Martin Luther King, Jr.'s, efforts to win equal rights for African Americans through nonviolent civil disobedience (D) Malcolm X's Black nationalism emphasizing racial pride and economic self-sufficiency
D
"We must have tax reform. The method of raising revenue ought not to impede the transaction of business; it ought to encourage it. I am opposed to extremely high rates, because they produce little or no revenue, because they are bad for the country, and, finally, because they are wrong. We cannot finance the country, we cannot improve social conditions, through any system of injustice, even if we attempt to inflict it upon the rich. Those who suffer the most harm will be the poor. . .. The wise and correct course to follow in taxation and all other economic legislation is not to destroy those who have already secured success but to create conditions under which everyone will have a better chance to be successful." President Calvin Coolidge, inaugural address, 1925 40. The ideas expressed in the excerpt by Coolidge were most similar to the ideas of which of the following? (A) Anti-imperialists in the 1890s (B) New Dealers in the 1930s (C) Great Society supporters in the 1960s (D) New conservatives in the 1980s
D
42. Which of the following groups was LEAST likely to have contributed to the trend in Chicago's population from 1890 to 1940 ? (A) African American migrants from the southern United States (B) Immigrants from eastern and southern Europe (C) Immigrants from northern and western Europe (D) Immigrants from eastern and Southern Asia
D
43. Which of the following groups would have been most likely to oppose the policy suggested in the image? (A) Social Darwinists and nativists (B) Leaders of organized labor unions (C) African American migrants to northern cities (D) Business executives and industrialists
D
44. One effect of the population changes that occurred nationwide from 1950 to 1990 was the (A) decreased economic influence of immigrants on United States society (B) decreased economic importance of the Pacific Northwest (C) increased economic importance of the Northeast (D) increased economic influence of the South and West
D
51. The poster was intended to (A) persuade women to enlist in the military (B) promote the ideals of republican motherhood (C) advocate for the elimination of sex discrimination in employment (D) convince women that they had an essential role in the war effort
D
