WWI

Verdun

A battle in WWI. Is considered some of the bloodiest fighting in WWI and the German offense was stopped; offensive battle on the western front initiated by Germany in which they hoped to crush France and taken them out of the war, however France was in a very good defensive position and French held it for 10 months. Nearly a million killed. French drew reserve troops from the Somme to help defend. No territory was gained; Battle in WWI that ended in massive casualties and had little direct result

Influenza Epidemic

A disease situation that was spread by American soldiers contracting the disease in Kansas and bringing it to France. The disease being an entirely new strand, no one knew how to cure it. It spread to German troops during the war, disabling or killing 500,000. It stopped during cease-fire, but rose up again in the fall of that year and again in the winter, equally affecting all who were exposed and killing in days. Spreading across the globe, the disease killed 30 million people before it ended.

Gallipoli

A failed British offensive in Ottoman empire

Somme

A five-month offensive between July and November 1916 in the Somme river area in France. It began with a massive week-long British artillery barrage that proved futile, since the Germans just sheltered in their dug-outs until the shelling stopped, then machine-gunned waves of British troops who were crossing no-man's land. On the first day alone the British lost 60,000 men. The battle ended in a stalemate, after torrential rain turned the trenches into a quagmire. There were more than 650,000 casualties on both sides, and although British had relieved the French at Verdun, they had only advanced about five miles.

zimmerman note

A note intercepted by the US, originally sent from Germany to Mexico saying that if Mexico can keep the US out of the Great War then Germany would help Mexico regain its territories taken from the US like New Mexico, Texas and Arizona.

imperialism

A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, and economically.

Treaty of Versailles

A treaty where Germany had to accept full responsibility for the war and pay billions of dollars in raparations

War of Attrition

A war based on wearing the other side down by constant attacks and heavy losses.

edmund grey

Admininistered britains foreign policy, felt britains relationship to france was very important.

woodrow wilson

After World War I, this United States president sought to reduce the risk of war by writing the Fourteen Points that influenced the creation of the League of Nations.

Which was a leading cause of international tension in the early 1900s?

Aggressive nationalism

What specific activities did the Committee on Public Information do?

All in all tried to influence people to support the war. They did this by distributing pamphlets, newspapers and parades. They used posters, movies billboards, teachers and more to express the patriotism they owed their country.

gallipoli campaign

Allied invasion of the Gallipoli Peninsula in the Straits, unprofitable fighting for months, huge casualties but the allies had to withdraw, so a large victory to Turkish forces

Main Countries involved in WW1

Allies: Great Britian, France and Russia. Central Powers:Germany, Ottoman Empire, and Austria-Hungary.

Germany

Ally of Austria-Hungary and declared war on Russia on Aug. 1. They went "overkill" on the war

War Industries Board

Also known as the Council of National Defense headed by Bernard Baruch. It regulated all the industries engaged in the war effort determining what the industries would make, where the products went and at what cost they would be sold.

Armistice

An agreement to stop fighting.

What helped start WW1

An assassination

League of nations

An organization of nations formed after World War I to promote cooperation and peace.

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Archduke of Austria Hungary assassinated by a Serbian in 1914. His murder was one of the causes of WW I.

June 28,1914

Assassination of Arch-Duke Franz Ferdinand

Stories of _____ are often used in propaganda

Atrocities

Schlieffen Plan

Attack plan by Germans, proposed by Schliffen, lightning quick attack against France. Proposed to go through Belgium then attack France, Belgium resisted, other countries took up their aid, long fight, used trench warfare.

Why didn't the U.S join the League of Nations?

Because the U.S.wanted to act independently.

Internationalist

Believed that the United States should play an active role in the World Affairs and work toward achieving just and peace without entering the war by occupying the middle ground.

Isolationists

Believed that the was was none of America's business and the nation should isolate itself from the hostilities.

Peace activist who wrote a bestselling antiwar novel

Bertha von suttner

Austria- Hungary

Blamed Bosnia for the assassination of the Archduke, eventhough they had nothing to do with it. - They declared war on Serbia in July of 1914. this was the first war of WW1

Lloyd George

British prime minister, although he was re-elected for his popular campaign of making Germany pay for the war, he ended up fighting the most for German interests in the Versailles Treaty because he feared communism

How were American soldiers the most help to the allied efforts?

By providing a morale boost

Some colonists volunteered in hopes that in return they would win

Citizenship or independence

What brought France and Germany twice to the brink of war in the early 1900s?

Competition for colonies

Douglas Haig

Controversial British commander on the Western Front and the driving force behind some disasters like Somme and Paschendaele

Total War

Countries devoted all their resources to the war affect.

The turks closed off allied shops from their link to the Black Sea and Russia the

Dardanelles

Schlieffen Plan

Designed by General Alfred Graft von Schlieffen. Plan was called for attacking and defeating France in the West and then rushing East to fight Russia.

After Russia won victories in eastern Prussia, Germany opened a front in the

East

A Just Peace

Economic security and nonviolent behavior.

What does the poem "Does it Matter" express about the war?

Expresses the post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD); "shell shock" by lost senses, limbs and mind.

big bertha

Famous German long-range guns

Interventionist

Felt that the war did affect American interests and that the United States should intervene in the conflict on the side of the Allies.

trench warfare

Fighting with trenches, mines, and barbed wire. Horrible living conditions, great slaughter, no gains, stalemate, used in WWI.

Who is in the allies

France, Britain, and Russia

Countries of world war 1

France, Russia, Britain Austria, Germany, Ottoman Empire

Heir to the Austrian throne

Francis Ferdinand

nivelle

French Military Leader Lead the Battle of Verdun

joffre

French field marshal who commanded the Allied armies in France during World War II (1852-1931)

foch

French leader who united all Allied command; his axiom="To make war is to attack"

gallieni

French military commander in French Colonies and WWI, credited with being the intelligence that won the First Battle of the Marne in 1914.

George Clemenceau

French prime minister in last years of WWI and during Versailles Conference of 1919. Pushed for heavy reparations from Germans. Wanted to make Germans suffer and help break Germany up.

nivelle offensive

Frenchmen Nivelle put together a campaign to drive Germany out, but half of french army resisted (widespread mutiny) and so did factory workers (49 mutineers shot)

falkenhayn

German General, replaced Moltke after he failed at the Marne. Very cruel General, in favor of poison gas.

moltke

German chief of staff whose hesitant strategy stalled the advance of the German army through France

U-boats

German submarines

Zimmerman telegraph

German telegraph was intercepted written by German foreign minister, Arthur Zimmermann to Mexico. The Letter asked Mexico to help the Central Powers in return for the Central Powers helping Mexico reclaim land in America

Marne

Germans had taken over the River and pushed back Britain and France in a series of attacks; Battle near paris that ended Germany's hope of swift victory, the first battle of WWI happened where the French and British stopped the Germans and the Schlieffen Plan.

Who is in the Central Powers

Germany and Austria-Hungary

November 11, 1918

Germany began withdrawing troops. The war was over

How did the Versailles treaty contribute to the start of World War 2?

Germany felt so down on themselves that a crazy man like Hitler made the German's believe that he could bring them back to power.

Blank check

Germany swears to support Austria-Hungary in any actions it takes against Serbia

Central Powers

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Ottoman Empire

Triple Alliance

Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy

Allies

Great Britain, France, Russia

Triple Entente

Great Britain, France, and Russia

Vittorio Orlando

He was the Italian representative at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. He pushed for a revenge-based treaty at Versailles, hampering the 14 points.

Food Administration

Headed by U.S President Herbert Hoover which set prices high for wheat and other foods to encourage farmers to increase production. This also encouraged Americans to conserve food as a patriotic gesture.

Atrocities

Horrible acts committed against innocent people

around 10 million

How many civillians and soldiers were killed in WW1?

Propaganda

Ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause.

Tannenburg

In 1914 during World War I a German army under the command of Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg won an important victory over two Russian armies in the Second Battle of Tannenberg who had invaded East Prussia.

Trench Warefare

In 1915, opposing armies on the Western Front had dug miles of parallel trenches to protect themselves from enemy fire.

Eastern Front

In WWI, the region along the German-Russian Border where Russians and Serbs battled Germans, Austrians, and Turks.

Selective Service Act

It authorized a draft of young men for military service in Europe. More than 9.6 mill were registered but in the end only 2.8 mill were actually drafted.

Zimmerman Note

It was a telegram that German foreign minister Arthur Zimmerman sent to Mexico that proposed an alliance. This got sent to american officials and ultimately led to America entering the war.

caporetto

Italy vs. Austria-Hungary; largest Italian defeat

The Big Four

Italy, France, England, and the U.S. Four powers who met at Versallies to discuss peace.

German leader who supported Austria's war with Serbia

Kaiser William II

Gavrilo Princip

Killed Franz Ferdinand in hopes of helping the Slavic movement

Emperor Franz Joseph

Last emperor in Austria-Hungary and he ruled from 1848-1916. He adopted liberal policies in Hungary and became king in 1867

Czar Nicholas

Leader of Russia during WWI.

The establishment of the ______ was Wilson's most important goal at the peace conference.

League of nations

Which of the following was imposed on Germany by the Treaty of Versailles?

Limits on the size of its military

After war Ottoman lands were divided into___________

Mandates

Why were soldiers from many countries-including, eventually the United States- willing to enlist?

Many were willing to enlist because they felt that they owed it to their country. Also at this time many thought that war was more like a fun summer camp experience as oppose to the intense battles of war. Some were just drafted into the war.

Lusitania

May 1, 1915, German U-boat torpedoed the Britsh passenger ship off the coast of Ireland. This ship sunk in 5 min, killing over 1,000 (128 Americans)

Paris Peace Confrence

Meeting of victorious nations to write terms for peace following WWI.

_____ was one of the forces that led to the outbreak of war in Europe

Militarism

Cost of the War

Millions of Casualties, influenza, Financial Ruin, Political turmoil.

When Austria refused to soften its demands Russia began to ______ or prepare its military for war

Mobilize

What were the major causes that led Europe into war?

Nationalism, Imperialism, Alliances, The Arms Race, and finally the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Belligerents

Nations at war.

For much of the war the UNited States followed a policy of ______

Neutrality

What was the area between opposing trenches called in WW1

No man's Land

brusilov offensive

Offensive from the Russians; failure because of poor army performance and weak industrialization

spanish flu

Pandemic that spread around the world in 1918, killing more than 50 million people

Treay of Versailles

Peace treaty that was signed to end WWI and creates the League of Nations.

New Weapons and Technology

Planes, U-boats, Unrestricted Submarine Warfare, Machine Guns, Gas Grenades.

What country gained its independence following WW1

Poland

hindenburg

President of Germany who died and was replaced by Hitler

Otto van bismarck

Prime Minister of Prussia (largest state in Northern Germany); wanted a greater, unified Germany (smaller Southern states to join Prussia; preferred "iron and blood" to diplomacy

How did governments pay for the war

Raising taxes and borrowing money

The __________ imposed by the allies on germany totaled over $30 Billion.

Reparations

Why did women give up their jobs at the end of the war

Returning soldiers wanted the jobs

Russian revolution

Russia underwent a rebellion where the Russian monarchy was overthrown

Peace without victors

Saying meaning we won the war but no big deal we won't rub it in.

Who was angered by Archduke Francis Ferdinand's visit to Bosnia

Serbian revolutionaries

us enter WWI

Sinking of the Louistania, Zimmerman note, unrestricted submarine warfare, selling weapons, loaning money to allies. Wanted to make the world safe for democracy

The allies used their colonies for

Soldiers, Workers and supplies

Why did the U.S join the war?

Submarine Warfare and the Lusitania, Economics, Politics, Zimmerman Telegram.

WW1 Strategies

Tanks, poison gas, land mines to blow up trenches, advanced artillery, trench warfare

Zimmerman Telegram

Telegram sent by Germans to encourage a Mexican attack against the United States. Intercepted by the US in 1917.

Which of the 14 points did Wilson consider to be the most important and why?

The League of Nations (14th point). He believed in peace and protection for all the nations.

What were the major events that led America into war?

The U-boats sinking the ships (especially the Lusitania) a passenger ship that supposivly had weapons but was given no warning. Germany said they would stop but they did not. Then the Zimmerman Note occurred and thats what ultimately brought the US into war.

paris peace conference

The great rulers and countries excluding germany and Russia met in Versailles to negotiate the repercussions of the war, such leaders included Loyd George (Britain), Woodrow Wilson (America), Cleamancu (France) and Italy. The treaty of Versailles was made but not agreed to be signed and the conference proved unsuccessful.

What did conservation fear would happen in the chaotic climate after the war?

The spread of communism

Why were the American people angry at Germany at the very start of the war?

They invaded innocent Belgium and sank ships illegally.

Russia during the war

They surrendered, after backing out before the war ended.

How did the Germans first respond to the assassination of the archduke?

They urged Austria-Hungary to stand firm against Serbia

What was the main intention of the alliances formed among European nations?

To discourage outside attacks

Why did the British declare war on Germany?

To protect Belgium

What promise did Vladimir Lenin make and leap when he came to peer in russia?

To pull Russia out of the war

The Germans resent the terms of the ___________.

Treaty of Versailles

What method of fighting did armies us on the western front

Trench warfare

mustafa kemal

Turkish statesman who abolished the caliphate and founded Turkey as a modern secular state (1881-1938)

Woodrow Wilson

U.S. President, who led USA into WWI. He proposed the 14 points. He attended the peace conference at Versailles.

annie oakley

United States sharpshooter who was featured in Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show (1860-1926)

When the war reached a stalemate the germans tried to overrun the french at

Verdun

Committee on Public Information

Was created to educated the people about the causes and nature of the war trying to convince the Americans that the war effort was just a cause.

What was the western area of fighting called in WW1

Western front

sinking of lusitania

When German submarines sunk an unarmed British ship killing 139 Americans

Belgium

When Germany crossed this country to get to France, it triggered an alliance with Belgium had with Great Britain

Marne River

Where Germany was stopped by France.

Forteen Points

Wilson created these points to include in the Treaty Of Versailles, it included the League Of Nations, only Treaty that wasn't signed by Americans.

April 6, 1917

Wilson declared war

Henry Cabot Lodge

Wilson disliked him intensely

How did the United States initially respond to the war in 1914?

Wilson wanted to remain neutral: "impartial in thought as well as action" He didn't want to see Americans set against each other because the different views of the war

Author of the 14 points

Woodrow Wilson

14 points

Woodrow Wilson's peace plan, set out before war ended, helped bring it to and end because it helped Germans look forward to peace and be willing to surrender, was easy on the germans punishment for war. Points included: poeple all over the world are to determine their own fate, (self-determination)no colonial powers grabbing nations, free trade, no secret pacts, freedom of the seas, arms reduction, creation of world orginization/League of Nations.

Ultimatum

a final proposal or statement of conditions

League of Nations

a general associations of nations with the task of resolving international disputes

baron von Ricktovin

a german soldier "Red Baron".

armistice

a state of peace agreed to between opponents so they can discuss peace terms

Communism

a type of government where the government controls everything (this is what China currently has)

Zeppelins

aircrafts used to bomb allied cities

Armistice

an agreement to end the fighting

What was one result of militarism

an arms race

League of Nations

an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations

ypres

battle in World War I (1914) ex. heavy but indecisive fighting as the Allies and the Germans both tried to break through the lines of the others

Trench Warfare

both sides built trenches that protected the soldiers from flying bullets and artillery shells

alliance system

defense agreement among nations

Propaganda Tools

emotional appeal a (hate,anger and fear), demonization of the enemy, and moral justification

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

ended the hostilities between Germany and Russia

Alliance

friendship or agreement between nations

ludendorff

general who assisted Hindenburg, he helped to defeat the Russians at Tannenburg and the Masurian Lake

lost generation

generation lost because of the casualties caused by the war, disease and starvation

French representative to the paris peace conference who demanded that germany be punished

georges Clemenceau

technology of WWI

germany used poison gas; other things include machine guns, long range artillery, airplanes, tanks, the draft, zepplin

Russia

had an alliance with Serbia

Archduke Franz Ferdinan

heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne who was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist member of the "Black Hand" over competition for territory between Austro-Hungary and Serbia.

around 20 million

how many civilians and soldiers were wounded in WW1?

Contraband

illegal trade; smuggling; smuggled goods.

Who did the Sedition Act target?

immigrants involved in labor unrest and German-Americans

George Creel

in charge of the CPI

Great Britain

in the allied powers.

Propaganda

information designed to influence opinion.

propaganda

information that is spread for the purpose of promoting some cause

Armored tanks

invented by the British and wroked at penetrating the enemy lines. This crushed barbed wire and provided a easy route for troops to follow

What does "Dulce et decorum est Pro patria mori" mean?

it is sweet and right to die for your country

Vladimir Lenin

leader of the Bolsheviks

petain

leader of the new French government which sued for armistice from Germany

enver pasha

leader who took an army of Turks to fight the Russians but the army was destroyed by the Russian winters and under supplied

The Reservationists

liked the Treaty of Versailles

Balkan Peninsula

located in the southeastern part of Europe

weapon that caused stalemate

machine gun

Great Migration

movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920

What drew Europe into the war?

nationalism, imperialism, arms race, alliances and the assassination of Franz Ferdinand

Causes of World War I

nationalism, imperialism, militarism, creation of alliances (Central and Allied Powers); immediate cause: assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand (heir to Austrian throne) by a Serb on June 28, 1914

reparations

payment for damages after a war

Reparations

payments for damages caused during the war

Shell Shock

phrase used during WW1 to describe the psychological scars of those who fought such as sweats, nightmares, headaches and fear from something.

militarism,

policy of building up strong armed forces to prepare for war

nationalism

pride in one's country

PLan xvii

put bulk of army on German border and fight a lot. French plan of attack

Poisonous gasses

released by the Germans in April of 1915, that became really common and is used today

Autocracy

rule by one person with unlimited power

tsar nicholas

the Romanov ruler of Russia who was forced to abdicate his throne and flee with his family

armenian genocide

the Turkish government organized the department of the armenians in the Ottoman Empire and over a million were murdered or starved - one of the first genocides of the 20th centuries

What caused the domino effect into starting World War 1?

the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Serbia

the country that Franz Ferdinand was assassinated in - They got into war because they were in agreement to back Russia up

Which of the following was a cost of WW1

the deaths of 8.5 million people

What does the poem "Dulce Et Decorum Est" express?

the mental and physical conditions of the soldiers are weak and fatigue as they are attacked by a "sea of green" toxin gas showing the war in a different light than the song Over There by saying that war is a really terrible thing. Written by Wilfred Owen.

Bolsheviks

the name for a Russian communist

expansionism

the practice of expanding

Woodrow Wilson

the president that was in office during WW1

polish corridor

the strip of territory cut through Germany to allow Poland access to seaport, from Versailles, led to Baltic Sea

Triple Alliance, Triple Entente

the triple alliance was made up of germany, italy, and austria hungary and the triple entente was made up of russia france and great britain. Italy eventually switched sides to the tiple entante, which made up the majority of the world power

What drew America into the war?

the u-boat campaign, sinking of the Lusitania and the Zimmerman Note

western front

the war with France

British Blockades

this made it impossible to trade with Germany.

wilson's peace plan

this was called the fourteen points. this was meant to pervent international problems from causing another war. the first point in this was to end secret agreements. next the on wilson thought was most important was the league of nations which was to protect any nation large or small for independence.

Artists' Goals

to encourage Americans to enlist in the armed forces. To encourage conservation efforts on the home front. To gain support for organizations like the Red Cross. To encourage Americans to financially support the war by purchasing victory and liberty bonds. To paint war dissenters in a negative light. To evoke feelings of fear and hatred towards the enemy.

In waging a _______ a nation channels all of its resources into the war effort

total war

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

treaty in which Russia lost substantial territory to the Germans. This ended Russian participation in the war.

treaty of brest litovsk

treaty in which Russia lost substantial territory to the Germans. This ended Russian participation in the war.

Battle of the Argonne Forrest

turning point as Germans began to retreat

unrestricted submarine

type of warfare used by Germany in WWI where they attacked any ship with no warning

After the assassination, Austria sent Serbia an ____________ or final set of demands.

ultimatum

Which of the following helped to persuade the Americans to enter the war?

unrestricted submarine warfare

Air planes

used for watching troop movement and bombing heavily forfeited targets

Siegfried Sasson

was a soldier at war wrote a poem called "does it matter" that talks about the PTSD disorder (shell shock)

Kaiser Wilhelm II

was the Kaiser of Germany at the time of the First World War reigning from 1888-1918. He pushed for a more aggressive foreign policy by means of colonies and a strong navy to compete with Britain. His actions added to the growing tensions in pre-1914 Europe.

Belgium in ww1

was used as a back door for germany after they conquered it but belgium had britan allies so english got into the war

Concientious Obejectors

were people whose moral or religious beliefs forbid them to fight in wars. There religious belief were widely ignored and many were drafted.

Revenge

what did the allied powers want following the war?

Germany

who was in the lead when America entered the war?

US, Britian, FRance, Italy

who was there at the Paris Peace Conference?

Sedition Act/Disloyal Act

you can't go agains't America. You can't support a foreign enemy. You can't interfere with the buying and selling of bonds. To simply put it, if you betray your country or anything associated with it the punishment is $10,000 or 20 years in prison or both.

ultimatum

(n.) a final proposal or statement of conditions

Problems with Treaty of Versailles

- The US did not sign the treaty - Many parts of the treaty left a bitterness and hatred with the Germans - Japan and Italy were upset because they gained less territory than they hoped - The League of Nations was in no position to take action on any complaints

independent countries after WWI

-Ethiopia/Liberia stayed independent

Why did the U.S. enter World War I?

-Germany was attacking American ships -Violating international law (germany) - The Zimmerman note

Provisions of the Treaty of Versailles?

1)stripped Germany of all military 2) Germany had to repair war damages($33 billion) 3) Germany had to acknowledge guilt for causing WWI 4) Germany could not manefacture any weapons.

provisions of treaty of versailles

1)stripped Germany of all military 2) Germany had to repair war damages($33 billion) 3) Germany had to acknowledge guilt for causing WWI 4) Germany could not manefacture any weapons.

Main Causes

1.Militarism 2.Alliance System 3.Imperialism 4.Nationalism

Time span of WW1

1914-1918

Lusitania

A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war.

U-boat

A German submarine that was the first submarine employed in warfare, initially used during WW1.