WWI
Verdun
A battle in WWI. Is considered some of the bloodiest fighting in WWI and the German offense was stopped; offensive battle on the western front initiated by Germany in which they hoped to crush France and taken them out of the war, however France was in a very good defensive position and French held it for 10 months. Nearly a million killed. French drew reserve troops from the Somme to help defend. No territory was gained; Battle in WWI that ended in massive casualties and had little direct result
Influenza Epidemic
A disease situation that was spread by American soldiers contracting the disease in Kansas and bringing it to France. The disease being an entirely new strand, no one knew how to cure it. It spread to German troops during the war, disabling or killing 500,000. It stopped during cease-fire, but rose up again in the fall of that year and again in the winter, equally affecting all who were exposed and killing in days. Spreading across the globe, the disease killed 30 million people before it ended.
Gallipoli
A failed British offensive in Ottoman empire
Somme
A five-month offensive between July and November 1916 in the Somme river area in France. It began with a massive week-long British artillery barrage that proved futile, since the Germans just sheltered in their dug-outs until the shelling stopped, then machine-gunned waves of British troops who were crossing no-man's land. On the first day alone the British lost 60,000 men. The battle ended in a stalemate, after torrential rain turned the trenches into a quagmire. There were more than 650,000 casualties on both sides, and although British had relieved the French at Verdun, they had only advanced about five miles.
zimmerman note
A note intercepted by the US, originally sent from Germany to Mexico saying that if Mexico can keep the US out of the Great War then Germany would help Mexico regain its territories taken from the US like New Mexico, Texas and Arizona.
imperialism
A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, and economically.
Treaty of Versailles
A treaty where Germany had to accept full responsibility for the war and pay billions of dollars in raparations
War of Attrition
A war based on wearing the other side down by constant attacks and heavy losses.
edmund grey
Admininistered britains foreign policy, felt britains relationship to france was very important.
woodrow wilson
After World War I, this United States president sought to reduce the risk of war by writing the Fourteen Points that influenced the creation of the League of Nations.
Which was a leading cause of international tension in the early 1900s?
Aggressive nationalism
What specific activities did the Committee on Public Information do?
All in all tried to influence people to support the war. They did this by distributing pamphlets, newspapers and parades. They used posters, movies billboards, teachers and more to express the patriotism they owed their country.
gallipoli campaign
Allied invasion of the Gallipoli Peninsula in the Straits, unprofitable fighting for months, huge casualties but the allies had to withdraw, so a large victory to Turkish forces
Main Countries involved in WW1
Allies: Great Britian, France and Russia. Central Powers:Germany, Ottoman Empire, and Austria-Hungary.
Germany
Ally of Austria-Hungary and declared war on Russia on Aug. 1. They went "overkill" on the war
War Industries Board
Also known as the Council of National Defense headed by Bernard Baruch. It regulated all the industries engaged in the war effort determining what the industries would make, where the products went and at what cost they would be sold.
Armistice
An agreement to stop fighting.
What helped start WW1
An assassination
League of nations
An organization of nations formed after World War I to promote cooperation and peace.
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Archduke of Austria Hungary assassinated by a Serbian in 1914. His murder was one of the causes of WW I.
June 28,1914
Assassination of Arch-Duke Franz Ferdinand
Stories of _____ are often used in propaganda
Atrocities
Schlieffen Plan
Attack plan by Germans, proposed by Schliffen, lightning quick attack against France. Proposed to go through Belgium then attack France, Belgium resisted, other countries took up their aid, long fight, used trench warfare.
Why didn't the U.S join the League of Nations?
Because the U.S.wanted to act independently.
Internationalist
Believed that the United States should play an active role in the World Affairs and work toward achieving just and peace without entering the war by occupying the middle ground.
Isolationists
Believed that the was was none of America's business and the nation should isolate itself from the hostilities.
Peace activist who wrote a bestselling antiwar novel
Bertha von suttner
Austria- Hungary
Blamed Bosnia for the assassination of the Archduke, eventhough they had nothing to do with it. - They declared war on Serbia in July of 1914. this was the first war of WW1
Lloyd George
British prime minister, although he was re-elected for his popular campaign of making Germany pay for the war, he ended up fighting the most for German interests in the Versailles Treaty because he feared communism
How were American soldiers the most help to the allied efforts?
By providing a morale boost
Some colonists volunteered in hopes that in return they would win
Citizenship or independence
What brought France and Germany twice to the brink of war in the early 1900s?
Competition for colonies
Douglas Haig
Controversial British commander on the Western Front and the driving force behind some disasters like Somme and Paschendaele
Total War
Countries devoted all their resources to the war affect.
The turks closed off allied shops from their link to the Black Sea and Russia the
Dardanelles
Schlieffen Plan
Designed by General Alfred Graft von Schlieffen. Plan was called for attacking and defeating France in the West and then rushing East to fight Russia.
After Russia won victories in eastern Prussia, Germany opened a front in the
East
A Just Peace
Economic security and nonviolent behavior.
What does the poem "Does it Matter" express about the war?
Expresses the post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD); "shell shock" by lost senses, limbs and mind.
big bertha
Famous German long-range guns
Interventionist
Felt that the war did affect American interests and that the United States should intervene in the conflict on the side of the Allies.
trench warfare
Fighting with trenches, mines, and barbed wire. Horrible living conditions, great slaughter, no gains, stalemate, used in WWI.
Who is in the allies
France, Britain, and Russia
Countries of world war 1
France, Russia, Britain Austria, Germany, Ottoman Empire
Heir to the Austrian throne
Francis Ferdinand
nivelle
French Military Leader Lead the Battle of Verdun
joffre
French field marshal who commanded the Allied armies in France during World War II (1852-1931)
foch
French leader who united all Allied command; his axiom="To make war is to attack"
gallieni
French military commander in French Colonies and WWI, credited with being the intelligence that won the First Battle of the Marne in 1914.
George Clemenceau
French prime minister in last years of WWI and during Versailles Conference of 1919. Pushed for heavy reparations from Germans. Wanted to make Germans suffer and help break Germany up.
nivelle offensive
Frenchmen Nivelle put together a campaign to drive Germany out, but half of french army resisted (widespread mutiny) and so did factory workers (49 mutineers shot)
falkenhayn
German General, replaced Moltke after he failed at the Marne. Very cruel General, in favor of poison gas.
moltke
German chief of staff whose hesitant strategy stalled the advance of the German army through France
U-boats
German submarines
Zimmerman telegraph
German telegraph was intercepted written by German foreign minister, Arthur Zimmermann to Mexico. The Letter asked Mexico to help the Central Powers in return for the Central Powers helping Mexico reclaim land in America
Marne
Germans had taken over the River and pushed back Britain and France in a series of attacks; Battle near paris that ended Germany's hope of swift victory, the first battle of WWI happened where the French and British stopped the Germans and the Schlieffen Plan.
Who is in the Central Powers
Germany and Austria-Hungary
November 11, 1918
Germany began withdrawing troops. The war was over
How did the Versailles treaty contribute to the start of World War 2?
Germany felt so down on themselves that a crazy man like Hitler made the German's believe that he could bring them back to power.
Blank check
Germany swears to support Austria-Hungary in any actions it takes against Serbia
Central Powers
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Ottoman Empire
Triple Alliance
Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy
Allies
Great Britain, France, Russia
Triple Entente
Great Britain, France, and Russia
Vittorio Orlando
He was the Italian representative at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. He pushed for a revenge-based treaty at Versailles, hampering the 14 points.
Food Administration
Headed by U.S President Herbert Hoover which set prices high for wheat and other foods to encourage farmers to increase production. This also encouraged Americans to conserve food as a patriotic gesture.
Atrocities
Horrible acts committed against innocent people
around 10 million
How many civillians and soldiers were killed in WW1?
Propaganda
Ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause.
Tannenburg
In 1914 during World War I a German army under the command of Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg won an important victory over two Russian armies in the Second Battle of Tannenberg who had invaded East Prussia.
Trench Warefare
In 1915, opposing armies on the Western Front had dug miles of parallel trenches to protect themselves from enemy fire.
Eastern Front
In WWI, the region along the German-Russian Border where Russians and Serbs battled Germans, Austrians, and Turks.
Selective Service Act
It authorized a draft of young men for military service in Europe. More than 9.6 mill were registered but in the end only 2.8 mill were actually drafted.
Zimmerman Note
It was a telegram that German foreign minister Arthur Zimmerman sent to Mexico that proposed an alliance. This got sent to american officials and ultimately led to America entering the war.
caporetto
Italy vs. Austria-Hungary; largest Italian defeat
The Big Four
Italy, France, England, and the U.S. Four powers who met at Versallies to discuss peace.
German leader who supported Austria's war with Serbia
Kaiser William II
Gavrilo Princip
Killed Franz Ferdinand in hopes of helping the Slavic movement
Emperor Franz Joseph
Last emperor in Austria-Hungary and he ruled from 1848-1916. He adopted liberal policies in Hungary and became king in 1867
Czar Nicholas
Leader of Russia during WWI.
The establishment of the ______ was Wilson's most important goal at the peace conference.
League of nations
Which of the following was imposed on Germany by the Treaty of Versailles?
Limits on the size of its military
After war Ottoman lands were divided into___________
Mandates
Why were soldiers from many countries-including, eventually the United States- willing to enlist?
Many were willing to enlist because they felt that they owed it to their country. Also at this time many thought that war was more like a fun summer camp experience as oppose to the intense battles of war. Some were just drafted into the war.
Lusitania
May 1, 1915, German U-boat torpedoed the Britsh passenger ship off the coast of Ireland. This ship sunk in 5 min, killing over 1,000 (128 Americans)
Paris Peace Confrence
Meeting of victorious nations to write terms for peace following WWI.
_____ was one of the forces that led to the outbreak of war in Europe
Militarism
Cost of the War
Millions of Casualties, influenza, Financial Ruin, Political turmoil.
When Austria refused to soften its demands Russia began to ______ or prepare its military for war
Mobilize
What were the major causes that led Europe into war?
Nationalism, Imperialism, Alliances, The Arms Race, and finally the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Belligerents
Nations at war.
For much of the war the UNited States followed a policy of ______
Neutrality
What was the area between opposing trenches called in WW1
No man's Land
brusilov offensive
Offensive from the Russians; failure because of poor army performance and weak industrialization
spanish flu
Pandemic that spread around the world in 1918, killing more than 50 million people
Treay of Versailles
Peace treaty that was signed to end WWI and creates the League of Nations.
New Weapons and Technology
Planes, U-boats, Unrestricted Submarine Warfare, Machine Guns, Gas Grenades.
What country gained its independence following WW1
Poland
hindenburg
President of Germany who died and was replaced by Hitler
Otto van bismarck
Prime Minister of Prussia (largest state in Northern Germany); wanted a greater, unified Germany (smaller Southern states to join Prussia; preferred "iron and blood" to diplomacy
How did governments pay for the war
Raising taxes and borrowing money
The __________ imposed by the allies on germany totaled over $30 Billion.
Reparations
Why did women give up their jobs at the end of the war
Returning soldiers wanted the jobs
Russian revolution
Russia underwent a rebellion where the Russian monarchy was overthrown
Peace without victors
Saying meaning we won the war but no big deal we won't rub it in.
Who was angered by Archduke Francis Ferdinand's visit to Bosnia
Serbian revolutionaries
us enter WWI
Sinking of the Louistania, Zimmerman note, unrestricted submarine warfare, selling weapons, loaning money to allies. Wanted to make the world safe for democracy
The allies used their colonies for
Soldiers, Workers and supplies
Why did the U.S join the war?
Submarine Warfare and the Lusitania, Economics, Politics, Zimmerman Telegram.
WW1 Strategies
Tanks, poison gas, land mines to blow up trenches, advanced artillery, trench warfare
Zimmerman Telegram
Telegram sent by Germans to encourage a Mexican attack against the United States. Intercepted by the US in 1917.
Which of the 14 points did Wilson consider to be the most important and why?
The League of Nations (14th point). He believed in peace and protection for all the nations.
What were the major events that led America into war?
The U-boats sinking the ships (especially the Lusitania) a passenger ship that supposivly had weapons but was given no warning. Germany said they would stop but they did not. Then the Zimmerman Note occurred and thats what ultimately brought the US into war.
paris peace conference
The great rulers and countries excluding germany and Russia met in Versailles to negotiate the repercussions of the war, such leaders included Loyd George (Britain), Woodrow Wilson (America), Cleamancu (France) and Italy. The treaty of Versailles was made but not agreed to be signed and the conference proved unsuccessful.
What did conservation fear would happen in the chaotic climate after the war?
The spread of communism
Why were the American people angry at Germany at the very start of the war?
They invaded innocent Belgium and sank ships illegally.
Russia during the war
They surrendered, after backing out before the war ended.
How did the Germans first respond to the assassination of the archduke?
They urged Austria-Hungary to stand firm against Serbia
What was the main intention of the alliances formed among European nations?
To discourage outside attacks
Why did the British declare war on Germany?
To protect Belgium
What promise did Vladimir Lenin make and leap when he came to peer in russia?
To pull Russia out of the war
The Germans resent the terms of the ___________.
Treaty of Versailles
What method of fighting did armies us on the western front
Trench warfare
mustafa kemal
Turkish statesman who abolished the caliphate and founded Turkey as a modern secular state (1881-1938)
Woodrow Wilson
U.S. President, who led USA into WWI. He proposed the 14 points. He attended the peace conference at Versailles.
annie oakley
United States sharpshooter who was featured in Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show (1860-1926)
When the war reached a stalemate the germans tried to overrun the french at
Verdun
Committee on Public Information
Was created to educated the people about the causes and nature of the war trying to convince the Americans that the war effort was just a cause.
What was the western area of fighting called in WW1
Western front
sinking of lusitania
When German submarines sunk an unarmed British ship killing 139 Americans
Belgium
When Germany crossed this country to get to France, it triggered an alliance with Belgium had with Great Britain
Marne River
Where Germany was stopped by France.
Forteen Points
Wilson created these points to include in the Treaty Of Versailles, it included the League Of Nations, only Treaty that wasn't signed by Americans.
April 6, 1917
Wilson declared war
Henry Cabot Lodge
Wilson disliked him intensely
How did the United States initially respond to the war in 1914?
Wilson wanted to remain neutral: "impartial in thought as well as action" He didn't want to see Americans set against each other because the different views of the war
Author of the 14 points
Woodrow Wilson
14 points
Woodrow Wilson's peace plan, set out before war ended, helped bring it to and end because it helped Germans look forward to peace and be willing to surrender, was easy on the germans punishment for war. Points included: poeple all over the world are to determine their own fate, (self-determination)no colonial powers grabbing nations, free trade, no secret pacts, freedom of the seas, arms reduction, creation of world orginization/League of Nations.
Ultimatum
a final proposal or statement of conditions
League of Nations
a general associations of nations with the task of resolving international disputes
baron von Ricktovin
a german soldier "Red Baron".
armistice
a state of peace agreed to between opponents so they can discuss peace terms
Communism
a type of government where the government controls everything (this is what China currently has)
Zeppelins
aircrafts used to bomb allied cities
Armistice
an agreement to end the fighting
What was one result of militarism
an arms race
League of Nations
an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations
ypres
battle in World War I (1914) ex. heavy but indecisive fighting as the Allies and the Germans both tried to break through the lines of the others
Trench Warfare
both sides built trenches that protected the soldiers from flying bullets and artillery shells
alliance system
defense agreement among nations
Propaganda Tools
emotional appeal a (hate,anger and fear), demonization of the enemy, and moral justification
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
ended the hostilities between Germany and Russia
Alliance
friendship or agreement between nations
ludendorff
general who assisted Hindenburg, he helped to defeat the Russians at Tannenburg and the Masurian Lake
lost generation
generation lost because of the casualties caused by the war, disease and starvation
French representative to the paris peace conference who demanded that germany be punished
georges Clemenceau
technology of WWI
germany used poison gas; other things include machine guns, long range artillery, airplanes, tanks, the draft, zepplin
Russia
had an alliance with Serbia
Archduke Franz Ferdinan
heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne who was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist member of the "Black Hand" over competition for territory between Austro-Hungary and Serbia.
around 20 million
how many civilians and soldiers were wounded in WW1?
Contraband
illegal trade; smuggling; smuggled goods.
Who did the Sedition Act target?
immigrants involved in labor unrest and German-Americans
George Creel
in charge of the CPI
Great Britain
in the allied powers.
Propaganda
information designed to influence opinion.
propaganda
information that is spread for the purpose of promoting some cause
Armored tanks
invented by the British and wroked at penetrating the enemy lines. This crushed barbed wire and provided a easy route for troops to follow
What does "Dulce et decorum est Pro patria mori" mean?
it is sweet and right to die for your country
Vladimir Lenin
leader of the Bolsheviks
petain
leader of the new French government which sued for armistice from Germany
enver pasha
leader who took an army of Turks to fight the Russians but the army was destroyed by the Russian winters and under supplied
The Reservationists
liked the Treaty of Versailles
Balkan Peninsula
located in the southeastern part of Europe
weapon that caused stalemate
machine gun
Great Migration
movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920
What drew Europe into the war?
nationalism, imperialism, arms race, alliances and the assassination of Franz Ferdinand
Causes of World War I
nationalism, imperialism, militarism, creation of alliances (Central and Allied Powers); immediate cause: assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand (heir to Austrian throne) by a Serb on June 28, 1914
reparations
payment for damages after a war
Reparations
payments for damages caused during the war
Shell Shock
phrase used during WW1 to describe the psychological scars of those who fought such as sweats, nightmares, headaches and fear from something.
militarism,
policy of building up strong armed forces to prepare for war
nationalism
pride in one's country
PLan xvii
put bulk of army on German border and fight a lot. French plan of attack
Poisonous gasses
released by the Germans in April of 1915, that became really common and is used today
Autocracy
rule by one person with unlimited power
tsar nicholas
the Romanov ruler of Russia who was forced to abdicate his throne and flee with his family
armenian genocide
the Turkish government organized the department of the armenians in the Ottoman Empire and over a million were murdered or starved - one of the first genocides of the 20th centuries
What caused the domino effect into starting World War 1?
the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Serbia
the country that Franz Ferdinand was assassinated in - They got into war because they were in agreement to back Russia up
Which of the following was a cost of WW1
the deaths of 8.5 million people
What does the poem "Dulce Et Decorum Est" express?
the mental and physical conditions of the soldiers are weak and fatigue as they are attacked by a "sea of green" toxin gas showing the war in a different light than the song Over There by saying that war is a really terrible thing. Written by Wilfred Owen.
Bolsheviks
the name for a Russian communist
expansionism
the practice of expanding
Woodrow Wilson
the president that was in office during WW1
polish corridor
the strip of territory cut through Germany to allow Poland access to seaport, from Versailles, led to Baltic Sea
Triple Alliance, Triple Entente
the triple alliance was made up of germany, italy, and austria hungary and the triple entente was made up of russia france and great britain. Italy eventually switched sides to the tiple entante, which made up the majority of the world power
What drew America into the war?
the u-boat campaign, sinking of the Lusitania and the Zimmerman Note
western front
the war with France
British Blockades
this made it impossible to trade with Germany.
wilson's peace plan
this was called the fourteen points. this was meant to pervent international problems from causing another war. the first point in this was to end secret agreements. next the on wilson thought was most important was the league of nations which was to protect any nation large or small for independence.
Artists' Goals
to encourage Americans to enlist in the armed forces. To encourage conservation efforts on the home front. To gain support for organizations like the Red Cross. To encourage Americans to financially support the war by purchasing victory and liberty bonds. To paint war dissenters in a negative light. To evoke feelings of fear and hatred towards the enemy.
In waging a _______ a nation channels all of its resources into the war effort
total war
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
treaty in which Russia lost substantial territory to the Germans. This ended Russian participation in the war.
treaty of brest litovsk
treaty in which Russia lost substantial territory to the Germans. This ended Russian participation in the war.
Battle of the Argonne Forrest
turning point as Germans began to retreat
unrestricted submarine
type of warfare used by Germany in WWI where they attacked any ship with no warning
After the assassination, Austria sent Serbia an ____________ or final set of demands.
ultimatum
Which of the following helped to persuade the Americans to enter the war?
unrestricted submarine warfare
Air planes
used for watching troop movement and bombing heavily forfeited targets
Siegfried Sasson
was a soldier at war wrote a poem called "does it matter" that talks about the PTSD disorder (shell shock)
Kaiser Wilhelm II
was the Kaiser of Germany at the time of the First World War reigning from 1888-1918. He pushed for a more aggressive foreign policy by means of colonies and a strong navy to compete with Britain. His actions added to the growing tensions in pre-1914 Europe.
Belgium in ww1
was used as a back door for germany after they conquered it but belgium had britan allies so english got into the war
Concientious Obejectors
were people whose moral or religious beliefs forbid them to fight in wars. There religious belief were widely ignored and many were drafted.
Revenge
what did the allied powers want following the war?
Germany
who was in the lead when America entered the war?
US, Britian, FRance, Italy
who was there at the Paris Peace Conference?
Sedition Act/Disloyal Act
you can't go agains't America. You can't support a foreign enemy. You can't interfere with the buying and selling of bonds. To simply put it, if you betray your country or anything associated with it the punishment is $10,000 or 20 years in prison or both.
ultimatum
(n.) a final proposal or statement of conditions
Problems with Treaty of Versailles
- The US did not sign the treaty - Many parts of the treaty left a bitterness and hatred with the Germans - Japan and Italy were upset because they gained less territory than they hoped - The League of Nations was in no position to take action on any complaints
independent countries after WWI
-Ethiopia/Liberia stayed independent
Why did the U.S. enter World War I?
-Germany was attacking American ships -Violating international law (germany) - The Zimmerman note
Provisions of the Treaty of Versailles?
1)stripped Germany of all military 2) Germany had to repair war damages($33 billion) 3) Germany had to acknowledge guilt for causing WWI 4) Germany could not manefacture any weapons.
provisions of treaty of versailles
1)stripped Germany of all military 2) Germany had to repair war damages($33 billion) 3) Germany had to acknowledge guilt for causing WWI 4) Germany could not manefacture any weapons.
Main Causes
1.Militarism 2.Alliance System 3.Imperialism 4.Nationalism
Time span of WW1
1914-1918
Lusitania
A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war.
U-boat
A German submarine that was the first submarine employed in warfare, initially used during WW1.