space econ test 2 C7
How much did SpaceX raise in 2022?
$2 billion
What was the budget for NASA in 2023?
$25 billion.
What was the budget for the Space Force in 2023?
$26 billion.
What is the total investment in the space sector since 2013?
$272.3 billion
When was the first satellite launched by Russia?
1957.
When did Yuri Gagarin become the first human in space?
1961.
When did France launch its own satellite?
1965.
When was the first lander on Mars launched by Russia?
1971.
When was the first space station launched by Russia?
1971.
When did India launch Chandrayaan-3 to the Moon's South Pole?
2023.
How much did investment in space decline in 2022?
58%
What is the International Telecommunication Union (ITU)?
A UN body responsible for coordinating satellite frequency usage.
What is NASA's Lunar Landers Program?
A program encouraging bids from commercial firms for lunar landers, with SpaceX and Blue Origin awarded contracts for Artemis missions to the moon.
What is Blue Origin's role in the broadband internet sector?
A significant player in the LEO satellites race
What is OneWeb's role in the broadband internet sector?
A significant player in the LEO satellites race
What is satellite internet?
A technology that aims to connect the world's population without internet access
What is the focus of the proposed spaceports in the United Kingdom?
Across the country.
What did NASA rely on for ISS transportation after the Space Shuttle Program ended?
After the Space Shuttle Program ended, NASA relied on Russia's Soyuz for ISS transportation.
What is Starlink's potential in navigation?
Alternative to GPS for precise positioning and timing.
What is the current distribution of satellites in LEO?
Approximately 80% of operating satellites are in LEO.
What is the replacement for ESA's Ariane-5 launcher?
Ariane-6.
What happened during Israel's moon landing attempt?
Attempted but did not succeed in landing on the Moon.
Who is the current NASA Administrator?
Bill Nelson, critical of Cost Plus contracts, advocating for more financially accountable approaches in space program contracts.
Who are the significant players in the LEO satellites race?
Blue Origin, OneWeb, and SpaceX's Starlink
Which companies were awarded contracts under the Commercial Crew Program?
Boeing and SpaceX.
What challenges did Boeing face in the Commercial Crew Program?
Challenges in completing missions.
What happened during China's Anti-Satellite Missile Test in 2007?
China destroyed its own defunct weather satellite, creating a significant amount of space debris.
Tianwen-1
China's Mars mission that included an orbiter, lander, and rover.
Zhurong
China's Mars rover that successfully landed on Mars as part of the Tianwen-1 mission.
China's Space Industry and International Collaboration
China's collaboration with European aerospace companies and the development of its own satellite navigation system, Beidou, with technology transfers.
Hypersonic Missiles
China's development of hypersonic missiles capable of carrying nuclear warheads and evading most air defenses.
What is Dong Fang Hong 1?
China's first satellite, launched in April 1970, making it the fifth country to launch a satellite into orbit.
Chang'e 4
China's lunar lander mission that successfully landed on the far side of the moon.
Chang'e 3
China's lunar lander mission that successfully landed on the moon.
Chang'e 5
China's lunar sample return mission that successfully brought back lunar soil.
What is the Tiangong Space Station?
China's modular space station project started in April 2021, including core module Tianhe and experimental modules Wentian and Mengtian.
Beidou
China's satellite navigation system similar to GPS.
Aerospace Companies
Companies involved in the design, development, and production of aircraft and spacecraft.
What is the Beidou Navigation Satellite System?
Completed in June 2020 with 55 satellites, providing global navigation coverage.
What did SpaceX challenge in relation to NASA?
Contract award to Kistler.
Fixed-Price Contracts
Contractor bears all risks of cost overruns.
What are the differences between Cost Plus and Fixed Price Contracts?
Cost Plus contracts guarantee profit regardless of cost overruns, while Fixed Price contracts impose financial discipline on contractors.
What is the purpose of the Commercial Crew Program (CCP)?
Crewed flights to the ISS.
What are the space ambitions of the United Kingdom?
Developing domestic space launch capability.
What are NASA's procurement strategies?
Development contracts with private firms, focusing on fixed-price contracts for efficiency and cost-effectiveness, encouraging competition and innovation.
What is the ongoing research in global navigation technology?
Development of a new technology independent of GPS.
What is the potential benefit of SpaceX's cooperation in global navigation technology?
Enhanced accuracy.
What was India's achievement in Mars exploration?
First Mars orbit entry on first attempt.
What were Russia's space achievements?
First satellite, first human in space, first space station, first lander on Mars.
Risk-Bearing in Government Contracts
Government often bears more risk in Cost-Plus contracts.
Cost-Plus Contracts
Government pays contractor for expenses plus profit.
What do the budgets of the Space Force and NASA reflect?
Growing importance of space in national defense and exploration.
What was the UAE's Mars mission?
Hope probe arrived at Mars in 2021.
What is China's Crewed Space Program?
Initiated in the 1950s by Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai, leading to the launch of Shenzhou 1 in 1999.
What are Rwanda's space industry aspirations?
Invested in OneWeb, filed application for satellite constellations.
What does the ITU do?
It grants spectrum rights and prioritizes satellite constellations with early approval.
What are South Korea's space achievements?
Launched satellites with own rocket, homegrown lunar orbiter.
What are the potential benefits of LEO satellite constellations?
Low-cost, highly accurate, and difficult-to-jam alternative to GPS
What was the name of the first lander on Mars launched by Russia?
Mars-3.
What are some of the space programs led by NASA?
NASA has led various space programs including Apollo, Space Shuttles, and Artemis missions.
Why was NASA established?
NASA was established in response to the Soviet Union's Sputnik launch.
What program did SpaceX win a contract under?
NASA's Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) program.
What is NASA?
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is a space agency established in 1958.
What are the challenges for Starlink in navigation?
Need for extremely accurate satellite clocks.
What is Canada's involvement in space?
Partner in ISS, actively involved in space research and exploration.
What are Japan's space contributions?
Partner in ISS, completed Hayabusa2 mission, developing space debris removal technology.
What was France's role in the creation of ESA?
Played a key role.
What is the impact of long-term relationships between government agencies and legacy contractors?
Preference for Cost-Plus contracts, impacting efficiency and cost.
Which private companies are involved in the Commercial Crew Program?
Private companies like SpaceX and Boeing are involved in the Commercial Crew Program.
What is the current situation of ESA's launcher crisis?
Relies on the US for launches.
What is the current status of ESA's Ariane-5 launcher?
Retired in 2023.
What was the name of the first space station launched by Russia?
Salyut 1.
What is the current status of India's space sector?
Significant growth in space-tech startups.
What type of satellite launches is the United Kingdom focusing on?
Small satellite launches.
Who won contracts for the Commercial Resupply Services (CRS) Award?
SpaceX and Orbital ATK (now Northrop Grumman).
Which rocket did NASA contract for Artemis missions?
SpaceX's Starship rocket.
Hypersonic
Speeds greater than Mach 5, or five times the speed of sound.
China's Mars Mission
Successful Tianwen-1 mission to Mars in 2021, including an orbiter, lander, and rover Zhurong.
China's Lunar Exploration Program
Successful landings on the moon with Chang'e 3, Chang'e 4, and the return of lunar soil with Chang'e 5.
Air Defenses
Systems and measures designed to detect, track, and intercept airborne threats.
What challenges did the Boeing Starliner Project face?
The Boeing Starliner Project faced delays and cost overruns.
What is the Boeing Starliner Project?
The Boeing Starliner Project is part of NASA's Commercial Crew Program and is intended for transporting astronauts and cargo to the ISS.
What is the Commercial Crew Program?
The Commercial Crew Program is a NASA initiative to develop crew-carrying space capsules and re-enable U.S. astronaut launches from domestic soil.
Who grants spectrum rights?
The ITU.
When did the Space Shuttle Program end?
The Space Shuttle Program ended in 2011.
When did the Space Shuttle Program start?
The Space Shuttle Program started in 1981.
Mergers and Acquisitions
The combining of companies through buying or selling of assets.
National Strategic Buyer
The concept that China, as a national strategic buyer, seeks to further national interests through mergers, acquisitions, and technological advancements in space and defense sectors.
What was the first shuttle launched under the Space Shuttle Program?
The first shuttle launched under the Space Shuttle Program was Atlantis.
National Interests
The goals and objectives of a nation in relation to its own well-being and security.
Technology Transfers
The sharing of technology between countries for mutual benefit.
What are satellite spectrum rights?
They are granted by the ITU and are essential for satellite operations.
What are ITU satellite licenses?
They are licenses granted by the ITU.
What advantage do holders of spectrum rights have in the LEO industry?
They have an edge in the industry.
What are China's satellite internet ambitions?
To potentially rival Starlink in size and scope
Unique Defense and Space Products
US defense and space products designed for specific government use.
Competitive Bidding in Government Contracts
US government selects contractors through competitive bidding.
What is SpaceX's contribution to the Commercial Crew Program?
Under the Commercial Crew Program, SpaceX developed Falcon 9, a reusable rocket for transporting astronauts and payloads to the ISS.
What are the projections for the number of satellites in LEO by 2030?
Up to 100,000 satellites.
Who was the first human in space?
Yuri Gagarin.