X100 Test Review
Achieving national strategic objectives requires effective unified action resulting in unity of effort. This is accomplished by collaboration, synchronization, and coordination in the use of what?
"DIME" - instruments of national power
2010 National Space Policy
"Peaceful purposes" allows for space to be used for national and homeland securities; US will employ measures to assure the use of space for all responsible parties, inherent right of self-defense, deter others from interference and attack, defend our space systems, and contribute to defense of allied space systems and defeat efforts to attack them; All nations have the right to explore and use space for peaceful purposes, and for the benefit for humanity IAW INTL law
Sun Tzu's Definition of War
"a matter vital to the state; the province of life or death; the road to survival or ruin." To assess its essentials, he suggests that one analyze it in terms of five fundamental factors: moral influence, weather, terrain, command, and doctrine. He further posits that "what is of supreme importance in war is to attack the enemy's strategy."
At the national-strategic level, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS), in consultation with other members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS), performs joint strategic planning to:
(1) Advise and assist the President and SecDef regarding the strategic direction of the Armed Forces of the United States and the preparation of policy guidance (2) Advise the SecDef on program recommendations and budget proposals to conform to priorities established in strategic plans (3) Transmit the strategic guidance and direction of the President and SecDef to the combatant commands, military Services, and combat support agencies.
Key Attributes of a Joint Logistician
(1) Apply policy and doctrine to improve joint force readiness. (2) Plan logistics support and integrate the support into the CCDR's plan. (3) Assist commanders in defining requirements and translating the commander's intent into logistics-related tasks. (4) Assess the operational situation to determine if joint logistic processes are established and working. (5) Plan and execute joint logistics in a changing and uncertain environment. (6) Forecast and articulate logistic requirements, shortfalls, risks, and supportability of operation plans (OPLANs). (7) Coordinate Service, CSA, interagency, and multinational logistic capabilities. (8) Assist JFCs as they exercise authority and provide direction for the common support of forces. (9) Leverage commercial logistics best practices and processes. (10) Identify risks that must be assumed and actions required to mitigate those risks.
Additional Air Force Functions
(1) Conduct nuclear operations in support of strategic deterrence, to include providing and maintaining nuclear surety and capabilities.(2) Conduct offensive and defensive operations, to include appropriate air and missile defense, to gain and maintain air superiority, and air supremacy as required, to enable, the conduct of operations by U.S. and allied land, sea, air, space, and special operations forces. (3) Conduct global precision attack, to include strategic attack, interdiction, close air support, and prompt global strike. (4) Provide timely, global integrated ISR capability and capacity from forward deployed locations and globally distributed centers to support world-wide operations. (5) Conduct offensive and defensive operations to gain and maintain space superiority to enable the conduct of operations by U.S. and allied land, sea, air, space, and cyberspace forces. Conduct space operations to enhance joint campaigns, in coordination with the other Military Services, Combatant Commands, and USG departments and agencies. (6) Provide rapid global mobility to employ and sustain organic air and space forces and other Military Service and USSOCOM forces, as directed, to include airlift forces for airborne operations, air logistical support, tanker forces for in-flight refueling, and assets for aeromedical evacuation. (7) Provide agile combat support to enhance the air and space campaign and the deployment, employment, sustainment, and redeployment of air and space forces and other forces operating within the air and space domains, to include joint air and space bases, and for the Armed Forces other than which is organic to the individual Military Services and USSOCOM in coordination with the other Military Services, Combatant Commands, and USG departments and agencies. (8) Conduct global personnel recovery operations including theater-wide combat and civil search and rescue, in coordination with the other Military Services, USJFCOM, USSOCOM, and DoD Components. (9) Conduct global integrated command and control for air and space operations.
Additional Functions of the Navy
(1) Conduct offensive and defensive operations associated with the maritime domain including achieving and maintaining sea control, to include subsurface, surface, land, air, space, and cyberspace. (2) Provide power projection through sea-based global strike, to include nuclear and conventional capabilities; interdiction and interception capabilities; maritime and/or littoral fires, to include naval surface fires; and close air support for ground forces. (3) Conduct ballistic missile defense. (4) Conduct ocean, hydro, and river survey and reconstruction. (5) Conduct riverine operations. (6) Establish, maintain, and defend sea bases in support of naval, amphibious, land, air, or other joint operations as directed. (7) Provide naval expeditionary logistics to enhance the deployment, sustainment, and redeployment of naval forces and other forces operating within the maritime domain, to include joint sea bases, and provide sea transport for the Armed Forces other than that which is organic to the individual Military Services and USSOCOM. (8) Provide support for joint space operations to enhance naval operations, in coordination with the other Military Services, Combatant Commands, and USG departments and agencies. (9) Conduct nuclear operations in support of strategic deterrence, to include providing and maintaining nuclear surety and capabilities.
Functions of the Army
(1) Conduct prompt and sustained combined arms combat operations on land in all environments and types of terrain, including complex urban environments, in order to defeat enemy ground forces, and seize, occupy, and defend land areas. (2) Conduct air and missile defense to support joint campaigns and assist in achieving air superiority. (3) Conduct airborne and air assault, and amphibious operations. The Army has primary responsibility for the development of airborne doctrine, tactics, techniques, and equipment. (4) Conduct CAO. (5) Conduct riverine operations. (6) Occupy territories abroad and provide for the initial establishment of a military government pending transfer of this responsibility to other authority. (7) Interdict enemy sea, space, air power, and communications through operations on or from the land. (8) Provide logistics to joint operations and campaigns, including joint over-the-shore and intra-theater transport of time-sensitive, mission-critical personnel and materiel. (9) Provide support for space operations to enhance joint campaigns, in coordination with the other Military Services, Combatant Commands, and USG departments and agencies. (l0) Conduct authorized civil works programs, to include projects for improvement of navigation, flood control, beach erosion control, and other water resource developments in the United States, its territories, and its possessions, and conduct other civil activities prescribed by law. (11) Provide intra-theater aeromedical evacuation. (12) Conduct reconnaissance, surveillance, and target acquisition. (13) Operate land lines of communication.
Sustainment Function
(1) Coordinate the supply of food, operational energy (fuel and other energy requirements), arms, munitions, and equipment. (2) Provide for maintenance of equipment. (3) Coordinate and provide support for forces, including field services; personnel services support; health services; mortuary affairs; religious support; postal support; morale, welfare, and recreational support; financial support; and legal services. (4) Build and maintain contingency bases. (5) Assess, repair, and maintain infrastructure. (6) Acquire, manage, and distribute funds. (7) Provide common-user logistics support to other government agencies, international organizations, NGOs, and other nations. (8) Establish and coordinate movement services. (9) Establish large-scale detention compounds and sustain enduring detainee operations.
Movement and Maneuver function
(1) Deploy, shift, regroup, or move joint and/or component force formations within the OA by any means or mode (i.e., air, land, or sea). (2) Maneuver joint forces to achieve a position of advantage over an enemy. (3) Provide mobility for joint forces to facilitate their movement and maneuver without delays caused by terrain or obstacles. (4) Delay, channel, or stop movement and maneuver by enemy formations. This includes operations that employ obstacles (i.e., countermobility), enforce sanctions and embargoes, and conduct blockades. (5) Control significant areas in the OA whose possession or control provides either side an operational advantage.
C2 function
(1) Establish, organize, and operate a joint force HQ. (2) Command subordinate forces. (3) Prepare, modify, and publish plans, orders, and guidance. (4) Establish command authorities among subordinate commanders. (5) Assign tasks, prescribe task performance standards, and designate OAs. (6) Prioritize and allocate resources. (7) Manage risk. (8) Communicate and maintain the status of information across the staff, joint force, and with the public as appropriate. (9) Assess progress toward accomplishing tasks, creating conditions, and achieving objectives. (10) Coordinate and control the employment of joint lethal and nonlethal capabilities. (11) Coordinate, synchronize, and when appropriate, integrate joint operations with the operations and activities of other participants. (12) Ensure the flow of information and reports to higher authority.
Types of Campaigns
(1) Global Campaign. (2) Theater Campaign. (3) Subordinate Campaign.
Logistics Functions
(1) Materiel acquisition, receipt, storage, movement, distribution, maintenance, evacuation, and disposition. (2) In-transit visibility and asset visibility. (3) Common-user logistics support to other USG departments and agencies, international organizations, NGOs, and other nations. (4) Logistic services (food, water, and ice, contingency basing, and hygiene). (5) OCS (synchronization of contract support for operations and contract management). (6) Disposal operations. (7) Engineering support. (8) Facilities and infrastructure acquisition, construction, maintenance, operation, and disposition. (9) Infrastructure assessment, repairs, and maintenance. (10) Detention compounds (establish and sustain large-scale to support enduring detainee operations). (11) Host-nation support (HNS). (12) Personnel movement, including patient movement, evacuation, and hospitalization.
Responsibilities of a JFC
(1) Provide a clear commander's intent and timely communication of specified tasks, together with any required coordinating and reporting requirements. Tasks should be realistic yet leave subordinate commanders flexibility in their CONOPS and the ability to take the initiative as opportunities arise. (2) Transfer forces and other capabilities to designated subordinate commanders for accomplishing assigned tasks. (3) Provide all available information to subordinate JFCs and component commanders that affect their assigned missions and objectives. (4) Delegate authority to subordinate JFCs and component commanders commensurate with their responsibilities.
protection function
(1) Provide air, space, and missile defense. (2) Protect US civilians and contractors authorized to accompany the force. (3) Conduct defensive countermeasure operations, including MILDEC in support of OPSEC, counterdeception, and counterpropaganda operations. (4) Conduct OPSEC, cyberspace defense, cybersecurity, defensive EA, and electronic protection activities. (5) Conduct PR operations. (6) Establish antiterrorism programs. (7) Establish capabilities and measures to prevent friendly fire incidents. (8) Secure and protect combat and logistics forces, bases, JSAs, and LOCs. (9) Provide physical protection and security for forces and means, to include conducting operations to mitigate the effects of explosive hazards. (10) Provide chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) defense. (11) Mitigate the effects of CBRN incidents through thorough planning, preparation, response, and recovery. (12) Provide emergency management and response capabilities and services. (13) Protect the DODIN using cybersecurity and cyberspace defense measures. (14) Identify and neutralize insider threats. (15) Conduct identity collection activities. These include security screening and vetting in support of I2.
The functions the Marine Corps performs
(1) Seize and defend advanced naval bases or lodgments to facilitate subsequent joint operations. (2) Provide close air support for ground forces. (3) Conduct land and air operations essential to the prosecution of a naval campaign or as directed. (4) Conduct complex expeditionary operations in the urban littorals and other challenging environments. (5) Conduct amphibious operations, including engagement, crisis response, and power projection operations to assure access. The Marine Corps has primary responsibility for the development of amphibious doctrine, tactics, techniques, and equipment. (6) Conduct security and stability operations and assist with the initial establishment of a military government pending transfer of this responsibility to other authority. (7) Provide security detachments and units for service on armed vessels of the Navy, provide protection of naval property at naval stations and bases, provide security at designated U.S. embassies and consulates, and perform other such duties as the President or the Secretary of Defense may direct. These additional duties may not detract from or interfere with the operations for which the Marine Corps is primarily organized.
Responsibilities of Subordinate Commanders
(1) The accomplishment of missions or tasks assigned by the plans and orders of the superior. Authority normally is given to the subordinate commander to select the methodology for accomplishing the mission; however, this may be limited by establishing directives issued by the superior JFC to ensure effective joint operations. Any departure from the plan by a subordinate commander should, if possible, be coordinated with other commanders prior to departure from the plan. In addition, the departure must be communicated as soon as practicable to the superior. (2) Advice to the superior JFC regarding employment possibilities of and consequences to achieving the subordinate commander mission objectives, cooperation with appropriate government and nongovernmental agencies, and other matters of common concern. (3) Timely information to the superior JFC relating to the subordinate commander's situation and progress.
Core Competencies
(1) training and equipping Soldiers and growing leaders; and (2) providing relevant and ready land-power capability to the Combatant Commanders as part of the Joint Force.
Specific Coast Guard Functions
(a) Conduct coastal sea control and maritime and air interception and interdiction operations. (b) Conduct maritime homeland security and counterterrorism operations. (c) Provide for port operations, security, and defense. (d) Provide maritime operational threat response. (e) Conduct counter-illicit trafficking operations. (f) Conduct military environmental response operations. (g) Conduct theater security cooperation operations. (h) Conduct search and rescue operations. (i) Conduct ice operations. (j) Provide for marine safety, including aids to navigation. (2) The Coast Guard will coordinate with the Department of Defense, including the Department, of the Navy to provide specialized Coast Guard units, or obtain Navy units, including designated ships and aircraft, for deployment as requested by Military Service component or joint commanders.
four primary considerations for writing a desired effect statement
(a) Each desired effect should link directly to one or more objectives. (b) The effect should be measurable. (c) The statement should not specify ways and means for accomplishment. (d) The effect should be distinguishable from the objective it supports as a condition for success, not as another objective or a task.
(7) With respect to CAO, MISO, and SFA, and in coordination with the Military Service Chiefs:
(a) In coordination with the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, develop joint training, doctrine, and education, and identify required joint capabilities across all warfighting domains. (b) Establish standards to ensure interoperability of DoD special operations and conventional forces and equipment. (c) Collaborate with the Joint Staff and the United States Joint Forces Command, in coordination with the Military Services and geographic Combatant Commands, to develop global joint sourcing solutions that recommend the most appropriate forces for validated requirements to the Global Force Management Board. (d) Coordinate through the OSD and the Joint Staff to consult with other USG departments and agencies on future initiatives, strategies, concepts, and plans (except interagency activities and responsibilities which have been approved by the Department of Defense under the USSOCOM Interagency Partnership Program).
Strategic Concepts (ways)
(yarger article)
Nongovernmental Organization (NGO
) private, self-governing, not for profit, i.e. Red Cross, Salvation Army
What are the ten elements of Operational Art
- End State and Conditions - Center of Gravity - Decisive Points - Lines of Efforts and Lines of Operations - Operational Reach - Basing - Tempo - Phasing and Transitions - Culmination - Risk
National Security Act of 1947
- Established National Security Council - Created National Military Establishment - Created the post of Secretary of Defense - Defined Unified and Specific commands - Legitimized the Joint Chiefs
What is the Functional Structure of the Army?
- Operating Forces - Generating Force
Types of Forces
-Assigned -Allocated -Apportioned
Goldwater-Nichols Act (1986)
1) CJCS elevated to principle military advisor (to Pres, SecDef, NSC, HSC) 2) JCS senior advisors to CJCS 3) CJCS gets a Vice 4) CJCS granted authority over JCS 5) Joint duty requirements 6) SecDef uses CJCS as channel to CCDRs
The 4 Steps to IPB
1) Define the OE. 2) Describe the Environmental Effects on Operations. 3) Evaluate the Threat. 4) Determine Threat/Adversary COAs.
What are the 5 Phases of the Army Force Development Process?
1) Develop Capabilities 2) Design Organizations 3) Develop Organizational Models 4) Determine Authorizations 5) Document Organization Authorizations
Joint Common Operating Precepts
1) Inform domestic audiences; influence foreign audiences 2) Unity of Effort 3) Leverage benefits of partners 4) Integrate Joint Capabilities to be complementary 5) Avoid combining capabilities if unneeded 6) Freedom of action 7) Maintain Flexibility 8) Plan transitions (time and space) 9) Drive synergy to the lowest echelon
What are the 4 steps in the Material Acquisition Process?
1) Initial Capabilities Document (ICD) 2) Analysis of Alternatives (AoA) 3) Capabilities Development Document (CDD) 4) Capabilities Production Document (CPD)
Principles of Joint Operations (MOOSE-MUSS +RPL)
1) Mass 2) Objective 3) Offensive 4) Security 5) Economy of Force 6) Maneuver 7) Unity of Command 8) Surprise 9) Simplicity 10) Restraint 11) Perseverance 12) Legitimacy
Categories of ROMO (Range of Military Operations)
1) Ongoing Security and Cooperation 2) Crisis Response and contingencies 3) Large Scale military operations
Organizational Options within CCMDs
1) Service Component Commands (rq'd) 2) Function component commands 3) Subordinate unified commands 4) Single Service Forces 5) Specific operational forces 6) JTFs
Five Domains of Joint Doctrine
1) Space and 2) Information (includes Cyber) 3) Air 4) Maritime 5) Land
5 military Revolutions that changed Western history
1. 17th century creation of the modern nation state, which created the large scale organization of disciplined military power 2. The French Revolution, which merged mass politics and warfare 3. Industrial Revolution, making it possible to arm, clothe, feed, pay and move swiftly to battle the resulting masses 4. The First World War, which combined the legacies of the French and Industrial Revolutions and set the pattern for twentieth century war 5. The advent of nuclear Weapons
Three Levels of Culture
1. Artifacts 2. Espoused Beliefs and Values 3. Basic Underlying Assumptions
What are the four planning levels for Contingency Planning?
1. Commander's Estimate 2. Base Plan 3. Concept 4. Operation What is the process for Crisis Action Planning? 1. Warning Order 2. Planning Order 3. Operation Order 4. Alert Order 5. Execute Order
Four steps of JIPOE
1. Define the OE 2. Define the impact of the OE 3. Evaluate the Adversary 4. Determine the Adversary COA
Executing an Area Defense
1. Gain and Maintain enemy contact, 2. Disrupt the enemy, 3. Fix the enemy, 4. maneuver, 5. follow through (counter attack)
Balance of power concept
1. It prevents the system from being transformed by conquest into a universal empire; 2. Localized balances of power serve to protect actors from absorbtion by a dominant regional actor; 3. Most important, the blance of power has helped create the conditions in which other features of the international system can develop
3 Tactics Created from World War 1
1. Pioneering submarine warfare; 2. carrier operations; 3. Amphibious Warfare (Gallipoli)
Sovereign Equality
1. States are legally equal; 2. Every state enjoys the rights inherent in full sovereignty; 3. Every state is obligated to respect the fact of the legal entity of other states; 4. The territorial integrity and political independence of a state are inviolable; 5. Each state has the right to freely choose and develop its own political, social, economic, and cultural systems; 6. Each state is obligated to carry out its international obligations fully and conscientiously and to live in peach with other states
Pitfalls of Studying military history
1. Taking something out of context, 2. The tendency to generalize a situation and apply something to a situation that does not apply; 3. Compressing the past into distinctive patterns; 4. Using example from history as proof; 5. frequent association with a set of military principles or doctrine
What are the most significant global trends for the military professional
1. The rich are aging, the poor are not; 2. The global economy is shifting; 3. Technology is accelerating but causing discontinuities; 4. Ideas and Identities are driving a wave of exclusion; 5. Governing is getting harder; 6. The nature of conflict is changing; 7. Climate change, environment, and health issues will demand attention
6 contexts or future contexts that will define warfare in 2035
1. Violent Ideological Competition; 2. Threatened US Territory and Sovereignty; 3. Antagonistic Geopolitical Balancing; 4. Disrupted Global Commons and A Contest for CyberSpace; 5. Shattered and Reordered Regions; 6 Context of Future Conflict
4 Primary considerations for an Objective
1. establishes a single desired result, 2. should link directly or indirectly to higher level objective or to the end state 3. is specific and unambiguous 4. does not infer way and or means - it is not written as a task.
Dangers of associating history with Doctrine
1. history can only illustrate something already perceived as being true; it cannot prove its validity or lead to new discoveries; 2. Weakness in linking history to doctrine is the natural tendency to let doctrine sit in judgement of historical events; 3. ease and frequency with which faith in doctrine has actually distorted history
Globally Integrated Operations
1. requires a commitment to the use of mission command; 2. Must provide the ability to seize, retain, and exploit the initiative in time and across domains; 3. enable and premised upon global agility; 4. place a premium on partnering; 5. provide for more flexibility in how Joint Forces are established and employed; 6. Future Joint Forces will leverage better integration to improve cross-domain synergy; 7. flexible, low signature or small footprint capabilities such as cyberspace, space, special operations, global strike, and intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) will paly more pronounced roles in future joint operations; 8. Future joint operations will be increasingly discriminate to minimize unintended consequences
JPP Seven Steps
1:Planning Initiation 2:Mission Analysis 3:Course of Action (COA) Development 4:COA Analysis and Wargaming 5:COA Comparison 6:COA Approval 7:Plan or Order Development
DSR is reviewed and updated when?
4 years
A Marine Expeditionary force (MEF) can sustain operations for how many days
60
What principles guides the national security staff in developing policies and security strategy?
A Strategic Process
Operational Approach
A broad description of the mission, operational concepts, tasks, and actions required to accomplish a mission. This allows the commander to continue the JPP and translate broad strategic and operational concepts into specific missions and tasks and produce and executable plan
Specified Combatant Command
A command that has broad continuing missions and is established by the President, through SECDEF, with the advice and assistance of the CJCS
JTF Formation
A cut from the CCMD's staff initially until the JTF staff is manned up fully
Operational Art
A deliberate process designed to Understand and Visualize the Environment in order to develop a strategy. It is a vision that links tactical actions to strategic objectives.
International Organizations (IO)
A formal institutional structure that transcends national boundaries via states creating them with a multilateral agreement. They differ from states in that they only have the power granted to them by the states that entered into the treaty. Examples are NATO, UN, and the European Union (EU).
Alliances
A formal security agreement between two or more states. States enter into these to protect themselves against a common threat. This allows states to supplement the alliance with their military. These are typically formal and longer lasting, i.e. NATO and the UN
System
A functionally, physically, or behaviorally related group of regularly interacting or interdependent elements forming a unified whole. Built through cross-functional participation by other joint force staff elements and collaboration with various intelligence organizations, USG departments, and agencies, and nongovernmental centers that possess expertise. A system understanding shows how relationships will change over time will increase the JFC's knowledge of how action within a system can affect other system components. It facilitates identification of operational design elements such as COGs, LOOs, and decisive points.
Organization
A group (i.e., a front company, corporation, etc.) that provides a function for the adversary
Line of effort (LOE)
A line that links multiple tasks and missions using the logic of purpose rather than geographic reference to focus efforts toward establishing operational and strategic conditions. Think Irregular Warfare.
Planning and Execution Considerations
A matter weighed or taken into account when formulating an opinion; ten general considerations; 15 operational considerations; 8 other considerations
Virtual
A medium (i.e., non-tangible entities) that provides a function that contributes to a target system's capability
A force composed of military elements of nations who have formed an alliance or coalition for some specific purpose. (JP 1-02)
A multinational force
Adversary:
A party acknowledged as potentially hostile to a friendly party and against which operations may be envisioned
Nongovernmental organization
A private, self-governing, not-for-profit organization dedicated to alleviating human suffering; and/or promoting education, health care, economic development, environmental protection, human rights, and conflict resolution; and/or encouraging the establishment of democratic institutions and civil society.
Strategy
A prudent idea or set of ideas for employing the instruments of national power in a synchronized and integrated fashion to achieve theater, national, and/or multinational objectives
Enforcement of Exclusion Zones
A sanctioning body establishes an exclusion zone to prohibit specified activities in a specific geographic area. Exclusion zones usually are imposed due to breaches of international standards of human rights or flagrant violations of international law regarding the conduct of states. Freedom of navigation by aircraft through international airspace is a well established principle of international law
What is a Campaign?
A series of related military operations aimed at accomplishing strategic or operational objectives within a given time and space...
What is a Major Operation?
A series of tactical actions conducted by combat forces of a single or several services, coordinated in time and space, to achieve strategic or operational objectives in an operational area. These actions are conducted simultaneously or sequentially in accordance with a common plan and are controlled by a single commander. JP 1-02
End State and Conditions
A set of desired future conditions the commander wants to exist when an operation end; outcomes endure.
Balance
A state joins a weaker alliance to counter the influence of power of a stronger state or groups of states
Rogue State
A state that frequently violates international standards of acceptable behavior.
Economic
A strong US economy with free access to global markets and resources is a fundamental engine of the general welfare, the enabler of a strong national defense
C2 of Space Operations
A supported JFC normally designates a space coordinating authority (SCA) to coordinate joint space operations and integrate space capabilities.
What is a target?
A target is an entity with a function, usually falling into one of five target types
Theater of War
A theater of war is a geographical area established by the President, SecDef, or GCC for the conduct of major operations and campaigns involving combat. A theater of war is established primarily when there is a formal declaration of war or it is necessary to encompass more than one theater of operations (or a JOA and a separate theater of operations) within a single boundary for the purposes of C2, sustainment, protection, or mutual support. A theater of war does not normally encompass a GCC's entire AOR, but may cross the boundaries of two or more AORs.
Bandwagon
A weaker state or states joining a stronger state, alliance or coalition
What are the primary products of mission analysis?
A: Staff Estimates, the mission statement, a refined operational approach, the commander's intent statement, updated planning guidance, and commander's critical information requirements.
Adaptive Planning and Execution System (APEX)
APEX integrates the planning activities of the JPEC and facilitates the transition from planning to execution. The APEX enterprise operates in a networked, collaborative environment, which facilitates dialogue among senior leaders, concurrent and parallel plan development, and collaboration across multiple planning levels. APEX incorporates policies and procedures to facilitate a more responsive planning process. APEX fosters a shared understanding of the current OE and planning through frequent dialogue between civilian and military leaders to provide viable military options to the President and SecDef. The difference between JOPES and APEX is the IPR process.
Joint Strategic Planning System
APEX is part of this system,
What is power?
Ability to influence the behavior of other actors IAW one's objectives
Power
Ability to influence the behavior of other actors in accordance with one's own objective (Jablonsky). The ability to achieve one's purposes or goals (Nye).
Ends
According to yarger, these matter most(yarger article)
Facilitate Unity of Effort
Achieving national strategic objectives requires the effective and efficient use of diplomatic, informational, military, and economic instruments of national power supported by inter-organizational coordination.
What 3 program parameters are documented in an APB?
Acquisition Program Baseline: Key Cost, Schedule, and Performance thresholds
APEX is the department-level system of joint policies, processes, procedures, and reporting structures, and is the acronym for ______________________.
Adaptive Planning and Execution
Integrated Command Structure
Advantages: Single Combined CDR has either OPCON/TACON of both US and partner forces
Describe
After commanders visualize an operation, they describe it to their staffs and subordinates to facilitate shared understanding and purpose.
Acquisition
After the Congress authorizes, and the Department of Defense (DOD) provides, the budget and the End Strength (ES) guidance, the Army must then acquire the people and materiel specified in the requirements and authorizations documents necessary to accomplish specified missions. Part of Life Cycle Functions
Principle organizational structure the Air Force uses to deploy its forces
Air and Space Expeditionary Task Force (AETF)
Domains
Air, Land, Sea, Space, Cyber
5 Common Cells within Echelon's Above Brigade
Aligned with warfighting functions there is a M2, Intelligence, Fires, Protection, Sustainment and others. No Mission Command Cell, because it is fed by all the other cells.
An _____ is the result of formal agreements or treaties between two or more nations for broad long-term objectives which further the common interests of the members. (JP 1-02)
Alliance
Typically, what type of command structures have been carefully developed over extended periods of time and have a high degree of stability and consensus
Alliance
What does the Joint Operation Planning and Execution System (JOPES) provide? - verify
Allows for rapid transmission of data, to allow contingency and crisis action planning and execution to be performed globally
Collaboration
Although the value of face-to-face interaction is indisputably preferred, capabilities that improve long-distance, asynchronous collaboration among dispersed forces can enhance both planning and execution of joint operations.
Forms of the Attack
Ambush, Counterattack, Demonstration, Feint, Raid, and Spoiling Attack
Intergovernmental
An organization created by a formal agreement between two or more governments
Private sector
An umbrella term that may be applied to any or all of the nonpublic or commercial individuals and businesses, specified nonprofit organizations, most of academia and other scholastic institutions, and selected nongovernmental organizations.
What are the two fundamental strategies in the use of military force?
Annihilation and Erosion
What are the six functions of Marine Aviation
Anti-air warfare;Assault support; Electronic warfare; Offensive air support; Air reconnaissance; Control of aircraft and missiles
Functions
Appropriate assigned duties, responsibilities, missions, or tasks of an individual, office, or organization.
Defensive Tasks
Area Defense, Mobile Defense, Retrograde
Primary Defensive Tasks
Area Defense, Mobile Defense, Retrograde
Control Measure for Attack
Areas of operations for subordinate units of battalion size or larger. A phase line as the line of departure (LD), which may also be the line of contact (LC). The time to initiate the operation. The objective.
Army Command
Army Materiel Command, TRADOC, FORSCOM; An ACOM is an Army force, designated by the SECARMY, performing multiple Army Service Title 10 functions (3013b) across multiple disciplines. Command responsibilities are those established by the SECARMY.
A Theater Army's primary role is?
Army Service component command to a GCC
The Army Plan
Army Vision, Army Strategic Plan, Army Planning Guidance, Army Program Guidance Memorandum, Army Campaign Plan,
Army Planning Methodologies
Army design methodology. The military decisionmaking process (MDMP). Troop leading procedures (TLP).
Generating Forces
Army organizations whose primary mission is to generate and sustain the Operating Forces capabilities for employment by joint force commanders. As a consequence of its performance of functions specified, and implied by law, the GF also possesses operationally useful capabilities for employment by, or in direct support of, joint force commanders. Generating forces are required by the service secretaries/MILDEPs to build and sustain the Army to ensure the OF is ready for employment by the combatant commanders. They are also known as service retained forces and generally associated with TDA units; i.e. ROTC, USMA, TRADOC, AMC, ARSTAF are examples.
Army Authority is dictated in
Article 1 Section 8 US Constitution Title 10 USC
Force Management
As the first phase of the organizational life cycle model, force management becomes the key activity underlying all other functions. The process involves decision-making, and execution of activities encompassing conceptual development, capabilities requirements generation, force development, organizational development, force integration functions, and resourcing. Part of Life Cycle Functions
The process that evaluates changes in the environment and measures progress of the joint force towards mission accomplishment is ________________.
Assessment
What comes from the analysis of adversary doctrine & capabilities?
Assets that the enemy commander requires for the successful completion of his mission HIGH VALUE TARGETS
Global Force Management
Assignment. Title 10, USC, Sections 161, 162, and 167 outline force assignment guidance and requirements. POTUS, through the UCP, instructs the SECDEF to document POTUS direction for assigning forces in the "Forces For" memo. Pursuant to Title 10, USC, Section 162, the Secretaries of the MILDEPs shall assign forces under their jurisdiction to unified and specified CCMDs to perform missions assigned to those commands. b. Allocation. Pursuant to Title 10, USC, Section 162, [a] force assigned to a CCMD...may be transferred from the command to which it is assigned only by authority of the SECDEF; and under procedures prescribed by the SECDEF and approved by POTUS. Under this authority, the SECDEF allocates forces between CCDRs, or between a MILDEP and CCMD. c. Apportionment. Apportionment is the distribution of forces and capabilities as a starting point for planning. Pursuant to Title 10, USC, Section 153, the CJCS shall be responsible for...[p]reparing strategic plans, including plans which conform with resource levels projected by the SECDEF to be available for the period of time for which the plans are to be effective. Pursuant to the JSCP, apportioned forces represent capabilities provided to CCDRs for planning purposes only. Apportionment supports the overlapping requirements of the DRS and the NMS. The CJCS apportions forces to CCMDs based on the SECDEF's GEF.
What does the Unified Command Plan (UCP) do?
Assigns missions; planning, training, & operational responsibilities; & geographical AOR to COCOMs.
Four Planning Pitfalls
Attempting to forecast and dictate events too far into the future; Trying to plan in too much detail; Using the plan as a script for execution; Institutionalizing rigid planning methods.
Attitudes and Perceptions
Attitudes are affinities for and aversions to groups, persons, and objects. They affect perception, which is the process by which and individual selects, evaluates, and organizes information from the external environment.
Key component of any successful offensive action
Audacity
Characteristics of the conduct of offensive tasks and components of the initiative
Audacity, concentration, surprise, and tempo
Two way states use alliances and coalitions
Balance or Bandwagon
JIPOE and the decision making supports the JFC needs in operational planning and is the
Basis for ISR direction and integration
What is defined as the sequencing and execution of actions and events within a joint force headquarters that are regulated by the flow and sharing of information that support all decision cycles?
Battle Rhythm
AORs are broken down into these zones
Battle, Disruption, and support
What are the seven-steps of the vision process?
Begin - initial assessment, Develop initial organizational-level vision, Establish goals, complete vision, refine goals, establish prioritized tasks, implement change
Four Foundations of ULO
Begins and ends with the initiative. Executed through DA. By means of Army Core Competencies. Guided by Mission Command.
Organization of a J-Staff
Boards and Bureaux; Centers and Cells; Working Groups; Planning Teams; integrative bodies within the staff, members of the staff may fill in for various functions;
Requirements of commander to conduct a pursuit
Bold action, calculated initiative, and accounting for the associated risks are required in the conduct of a pursuit
What are the six principles of mission command
Build cohesive teams through mutual trust. Create shared understanding. Provide a clear commander's intent. Exercise disciplined initiative. Use mission orders. Accept prudent risk.
Six Fundamental Principles of Mission Command
Build cohesive teams, create shared understanding, provide a clear commander's intent, exercise disciplined initiative, use mission orders, and accept prudent risk
Key Leader Engagement (KLE)
Building relationships to the point of effective engagement and influence usually takes time. When commanders and other leaders engage key local and regional leaders to affect their attitudes and gain their support.
CBRN Response
CBRN response is DOD support to USG actions that plan for, prepare for, respond to, and recover from the effects of domestic and foreign CBRN incidents.
Subordinate and Supporting Plans
CCMDs and subordinate unified commands prepare subordinate campaign plans for regions or functions, as the CCDR considers necessary to carry out the missions assigned to the command and as directed in the GEF and JSCP. The Military Departments / Services prepare Service campaign support plans (CSPs) at the discretion of their Secretaries or Service Chiefs, or as directed in the GEF and JSCP.
Counterdrug (CD) Operations
CD operations provide DOD support to LEAs to detect, monitor, and counter the production, trafficking, and use of illegal drugs.
Intelligence Community
CIA, DIA, FBI, NGIA, NRO, and NSA; the JFC can request a National Intelligence Support Team (NIST); Services are going to bring their own intelligence capabilities
Command Authority
COCOM, OPCON, TACON and Support
Command Relationship
COCOM, OPCON, TACON, Support;
Systems Warfare
COG, CC, CR, CV
COIN
COIN is an operation that encompasses comprehensive civilian and military efforts taken to defeat an insurgency and to address any core grievances.
Products used to visualize Time, Space and Purpose
CONOPS Phasing, CONOPS Sequencing, Graphic visualization of how the JOA will play out
What is a primary source document used by the CJCS to develop the JSCP?
CPG (along with NMS, GFM Guidance)
Identity
Can be national, racial, and religious, secondary includes past times and personal preferences
Priority Intelligence Requirements (PIR)
Category of CCIR; designated by the commander to focus information collection on the enemy or adversary and the OE to provide information required for decision making.
Friendly Force Information Requirements (FFIR)
Category of CCIR; focus on information the JFC must have to assess the status of the friendly force and supporting capabilities.
A source of moral or physical strength, power and resistance. (JP 5-0)
Center of Gravity (CoG)
Unified Actions
Central synchronization coordination and/or integration of the activities of governmental and non-governmental entities with military operation to achieve unity of effort
Statutory Members of the Joint Chief's of Staff
Chairman Joint Chief's of Staff, VCJCS, Commandant of the Marine Corps, Chief of Staff of the Army, Chief of Naval Operations, Chief of Staff of the Air Force, and the Chief of the National Guard Bureau
By whom is the Unified Command Plan (UCP) prepared?
Chairman of the Joint Chief of Staff (CJCS)
Who provides strategic direction to the military through the National Military Strategy consistent with the Quadrennial Defense Review and the National Defense Strategy
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
Risk Assessment
Chance, friction, second/third order effects (yarger article)
United Nations Security Council permanent members
China, Russia, France, U.K., U.S.,
CMOC
Civil Military Operations Center
A _____ is an ad hoc arrangement between two or more nations for common action. (JP 1-02)
Coalition
What are the three types of Joint Forces?
Combatant Command, Subordinate Unified Command, Joint Task Force (JP 3-33, Joint Task Force Headquarters)
2 main branches of Operational DOD
Combatant Commands & Service Departments
Combating Terrorism
Combatting terrorism is actions, including antiterrorism (defensive measures taken to reduce vulnerability to terrorist acts) and counterterrorism (CT) (actions taken directly against terrorist networks) to oppose terrorism.
What are the Army's core competencies
Combined arms maneuver Wide area security
Corps Key tasks
Command Marine Corps and multinational brigades and divisions; As a supported component, integrate supporting joint capabilities with landpower within a joint operations area; As a supporting component, integrate Army capabilities with supported component operations; Exercise ADCON over Army forces in a joint operations area as specified by the ASCC; Integrate special operations forces (SOF) with conventional force operations; Provide ASOS as required by the JFC.
What are the joint functions?
Command and control, intelligence, fires, movement and maneuver, protection, and sustainment
Army Division Key Tasks
Command two to five BCTs together with supporting brigades in decisive action; Serve as the joint or multinational land component headquarters under a JTF (or multinational JTF) in crisis response and limited contingency operations; Exercise tactical control (TACON) over Marine Corps and multinational forces; Exercise ADCON over attached Army forces.
What are the three planning detail levels of a contingency plan? List from least detailed to most detailed.
Commander's Estimate, Base Plan (BPLAN), Concept Plan (CONPLAN), and Operational Plan (OPLAN).
Commander's Express Visualization
Commander's intent, Planning guidance (including operational approach), CCIRs, EEFIs
Global Perspective
Commander, US Northern Command, and Commander, US Pacific Command, have specific responsibilities for HD and DSCA.
C2 of Joint Cyberspace Operations (CO)
Commanders conduct CO to retain freedom of maneuver in cyberspace, accomplish the JFC's objectives, deny freedom of action to enemies, and enable other operational activities.
Leadership Styles
Commitment: Visionary, Affiliative, Democratic, Coaching; Compliance: Pacesetting and Commanding
The physical dimension of the information environment focuses on
Communication systems (C2, Infrastructures, physical platforms, etc.)
4 Stability Mechanisms
Compel Control Influence Support
Stability Mechanism
Compel, Control, Influence, and Support
Stability Mechanisms
Compel, control, Support and Influence
What are the four stability mechanisms
Compel, control, influence, and support
Smart Power
Complementing a states military and economic might with greater investments in soft power.
Building Partnership Capacity (BPC).
Complicated supply lines, finite resources, the challenges of providing robust logistics in austere environments, and shared lines of communications (LOCs) require the ability to establish and foster nontraditional partnerships. BPC is important for sharing the costs and responsibilities, improving information flow, and establishing PN agreements. BPC includes coordination of resources with multinational partners, IGOs, and NGOs.
Beliefs
Concepts and ideas accepted as true; Core beliefs are part of an individuals primary cultural identity and are highly resistant to change
Fires Functions
Conduct Joint Targeting, Provide Joint Fire Support, Countering Air and MIssile Threats, Inderdict enemy capabilities, Conduct Strategic attack, Employ IRC, Assess the Results of Employing Fires.
What are the challenges associated with multinational command and control
Conflict of Interests Different Training Levels
Compliance
Conforming to a specific requirement or demand
According to the JOE 2035, what will define the future security environment?
Contested norms and Persistent disorder
Contingency Plans
Contingency plans are branches of campaign plans that are deliberately planned for designated threats, catastrophic events, and contingent missions without a crisis at-hand, pursuant to the direction in the UCP, GEF, and JSCP, and of the CCDR. The GEF and JSCP may direct multiple CCMDs to prepare contingency plans for a designated threat or problem set. The Secretary establishes support relationships in his planning guidance; and the Chairman organizes the JPEC to enable the supported and supporting CCDRs to plan these joint operations.
What does JIPOE analysis focus on during High Intensity Conflict (HIC)?
Conventional Composition Disposition Strength Tactics and operation Training Logistics Operational effectiveness Electronic technical data Personalities Miscellaneous data
Unity of Effort
Coordination and cooperation toward common objectives, even if the participants are not necessarily part of the same command or organization, which is the product of successful unified action.
Unity of effort
Coordination and cooperation toward common objectives, even if the participants are not necessarily part of the same command or organization, which is the product of successful unified action.
Countering Air and Missile Threats
Counterair integrates offensive and defensive operations to attain and maintain a desired degree of air superiority and protection by neutralizing or destroying enemy aircraft and missiles, both before and after launch. Offensive counterair (OCA) operations are the preferred method of countering theater air and missile threats. OCA typically seeks to dominate enemy airspace and destroy, disrupt, or neutralize enemy aircraft, missiles, launch platforms, and their supporting structures as close to their sources as possible before and after launch.
Non-Moral Virtue
Courage, optimism, rationality, self-control, patience, endurance, industry, musical talent, cleanliness, and wit L102RA
The National Economic Council
Created by Executive Order in January 1993, President Clinton created the council to fulfill a presidential campaign pledge to address the growing influence of international economic issues on the nation by bringing economic planning to the front of government policy making. Four principal functions: to coordinate policy-making for domestic and international economic is-sues; to coordinate economic policy advice for the President; to ensure that policy decisions and programs are consistent with the President's economic goals; and to monitor implementation of the President's economic policy agenda.
Department of Defense (DOD)
Created by the National Security Act of 1947; The Secretary of Defense is a statutory member of the National Security Council and the Home-land Security Council and a regular attendee of the Principals Committee of both Councils.
Affiliative
Creates harmony and builds emotional bonds
Termination
Criteria are the specified standards approved by the President and/or SecDef that must be met before military operations can be concluded. Key element in establishing a military end state. It describes the conditions that must exist in the OE at the cessation of military operations. Conditions must be achievable and measurable.
Key concepts in the Army Design Methodology
Critical and creative thinking (see chapter 1). Collaboration and dialogue (see chapter 1). Framing. Narrative construction. Visual modeling.
That point in time and/or space at which the operation can no longer maintain momentum.
Culmination
Combat Support Agencies (CSA)
DLA, DIA, NSA, DISA, DTRA, NGA, DCMA. Work for the CCDR as part of Unity of Effort.
Army's Executive Agent Responsibilities
DOD Detainee Operations Policy, Armed Services Blood Program Office, Chemical and Biological Defense Program, Chemical Demilitarization, DOD Combat Feeding Research and Engineering Program, Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center, DOD Level III Corrections, Explosives Safety Management.
Support to CD Operations
DOD supports federal, state, and local LEAs in their effort to disrupt the transport and/or transfer of illegal drugs into the US.
Concept of friction in war
Danger, physical effort, and ambigous information
Planning, Programming, Budgeting, Execution (PPBES
Decides on Future Capabilities. Provides and Opportunity to reexamine prior decisions in light of evolving threats, economic conditions and security. Primary objective is acquisition and allocation of resources to meet the operational requirements of combatant commanders. Provides the best mix of forces. Allows mission requirements to be balanced against available and projected resources. Mitigates service shortfalls. conduct joint operations effectively and efficiently
"a geographic place, specific key event, critical factor, or function that, when acted upon, allows a commander to gain a marked advantage over an adversary or contributes materially to achieving success (e.g., creating a desired effect, achieving an objective)."
Decisive Point
What is a geographical place, specific key event critical factor or function that gives a commander an advantage over the adversary
Decisive Point
Three operational frameworks
Decisive-Shaping-Sustaining. Deep-Close-Security. Main Effort-Supporting Effort.
Commitment
Dedication or allegiance to a cause or organization
Main purposes of the offense
Defeat, detroy, or neutralize the enemy force
What s the DAES and what is its purpose? Who submits it to whom? How often?
Defense Acquisition Executive Summary (DAES) Report. Purpose: -Report program information, assessments, and comments from the PM, PEO, and CAE. -Highlight both potential and actual program problems to the USD(AT&L) before they become significant.
What is DAS - Verify
Defense Acquisition System (DAS). A management process to translate user needs and technological opportunities into reliable and sustainable systems
Forms of Defense
Defense of a Linear Obstacle, Perimeter Defense, Reverse Slope Defense. Remember DPR
What is essential to solving a problem?
Defining the problem
Coercive
Demand immediate compliance
What five sets of characteristics will enhance the Army's operational adaptability
Depth and Versatility. Adaptive and Innovative. Flexibility and Agility. Integrated and Synchronized. Lethal and Discriminate.
Commander's Planning Guidance
Describe the OE. Describe the problem. Describe the operational approach. Give the CDR's Initial Intent.
Unified Land Operations
Describes how the Army seizes, retains, and exploits the initiative to gain and maintain position of relative advantage in **sustained land operations through simultaneous **offensive, **defensive and **stability operations in order to prevent or deter conflict, prevail in war and create conditions for favorable conflict resolution
Liberalism
Describes the political and economic systems. Actors - States/Democratic Institutions; Assumptions - Individuals (states) are good by nature; Source of War - States wish to cooperate with each other and avoid conflict; World View - Anarchy system can be mitigated through laws and institutions; State of Peace - Peace is obtained through collective security/democracy; Endstate - Progress via cooperation
Defeat mechanisms
Destroy, Disintegrate, Dislocate, and Isolation
4 Defeat Mechanisms
Destroy, Isolate, Disintegrate, Dislocate
What are the four defeat mechanisms
Destroy, dislocate, disintegrate, isolate
Define "Means"?
Determine types and levels of resources that are necessary to support the concepts of strategy.
Thomas Schelling's Vicious Diplomacy
Deterrence, compellence, coercion, and brute force
Coaching
Develops people for the future
Parallel Command Structure
Different lines of command and somehow has to be coordinated. Greater staff integration within each nation. Command structure makes it difficult to make a decision. Coordination and synchronization is more difficult between the US and other countries.
What does DIME stand for
Diplomatic Informational Military Economic
What are the four instruments of national power?
Diplomatic, Informational, Military, and Economic (DIME).
What are the 3 levels of leadership
Direct- face to face leadership Organizational- leaders that influence several hundred or thousand people. They do this indirectly, generally trough levels of subordinates Strategic- include military and DA civilian leaders at the major command through department of defense levels.
Who are the Statutory / Principle advisors of the National Security Council?
Director of National Intelligence (DNI) Chairman of the Joint Chief of Staff (CJCS)
Characteristics of the Defense
Disruption, Flexibility, Maneuver, Massing effects, Operations in Depth, Preparation, and Security
What is the purpose of doctrine?
Doctrine serves as a starting point for thinking about and conducting operations. In other words, it serves as a common professional language for amongst service members and as a common frame of reference for discussing operations.
What are the component parts of strategy
Domestic ; External
Describe a system
Each system has an actor, Each actor has a relationship, each relationship has a function, and each relationship has it's own tension
Lead Nation Structure
Easy to organize due to less integration, smaller HQ staff required. Legitimacy issue is suspect of the lead nation. Difficult to share information or intelligence.
Social Determinants of Power
Economic, Military, Political, Psychological, Informational,
Which principle of Joint Operations has the purpose to expend minimum essential combat power on secondary efforts in order to allocate the maximum possible combat power on primary efforts?
Economy of Force.
What is a physical/behavioral state of a system
Effect
Physical and/or behavioral state of a system that results from an action, a set of actions, or another effect.
Effects
Target System:
Enables the adversary to engage in hostile acts
The set of required conditions that defines achievement of all military objectives. It normally represents a point in time and/or circumstances beyond which the President does not require the military instrument of national power as the primary means to achieve remaining national objectives.
End State
Elements of Operational Art
End state and condtions, COG, Decisive Points, Lines of Operation/Effort, Operational Reach, Basing, Tempo, Phasing and Transitions, culmination, risk
1648 Treaty of Westphalia
Ended the 30 year War and Europe and brought about the concept of Sovereignty.
What three things does strategic planning seek to align?
Ends, ways, and means
Reconnaissance Fundamentals
Ensure continuous recon, Do not keep recon assets in reserve, orient on recon objective, report all information repaid and accurately, Retain freedom of maneuver, gain and maintain enemy contact, develop the situation rapidly
Forms of Maneuver
Envelopment, Turning movement, frontal attack, penetration, infiltration, flank attack
What are the eight-steps of the Kotter Model?
Establish a sense of urgency, Creating a guiding coalition, Developing a vision and strategy, Communicating the change vision, Empowering broad-based action, Generate short-term wins, Consolidating gains and producing more change, Anchoring new approaches in the culture.
5 primary stability tasks
Establish civil security; Establish Civil Control; Restore essential services; Support to governance; Supports to economic and infrastructure development
C2 Funtion
Establish, organize and operate a JF HQ, Command subordinate Forces; prepare, modify and publish plans, orders, and guidance; establish command authorities among subordinate commanders; assign tasks, prescribe task performance standards, and deignate OAs; Prioritize and allocate resources; manage risk; communicated and maintain the status of information across the staff, joint force and with the public as appropriate
Insights from Support
Establishing authority provide clear direction and prioritization. Be the referee; Supported vs Supporting relationship
How often is the Unified Command Plan (UCP) reviewed and updated?
Every two years
Common User Logistics
Executive Agency, Inter Service Support Agreement; Direct authority for Logistics; ACSA
Mission Command Philosophy
Exercise of authority and direction by the commander using mission orders to enable disciplined initiative within the commander's intent to empower agile and adaptive leaders in the conduct of unified land operations.
Commander's Intent
Expanded purpose, key tasks, and End State
Inter-organizational coordination aids in
Facilitate Unity of Effort, Achieve Common Objectives, and Provide Common Understanding
Updated Considerations when Running Estimates are updated
Facts. Assumptions. Friendly force status. Enemy activities and capabilities. Civil considerations. Conclusions and recommendations.
Theological Virtues (St Paul)
Faith, hope, and charity L102RA
Joint Fires
Fires delivered during the employment of forces from two or more components in coordinated action to produce desired effects in support of a common objective.
Multi-National Logistics
First, are a collective responsibility of participating nations and the MNFC, although nations are inherently responsible for supporting their forces. A second principle is that MNFCs should be given sufficient authority over logistic resources to ensure that the force is supported in the most efficient and effective manner. Third, cooperation and coordination are necessary among participating nations and forces, which should make use of multinational logistic support arrangements in order to reduce the logistic footprint in the OA. Finally, synergy results from the use of multinational integrated logistic support; to ensure this, the MNFC must have visibility of the logistic activity during the operation.
Strategic Aspects
First, understanding the strategic objective helps avoid actions that may have adverse diplomatic or political effects. Second, commanders should remain aware of changes not only in the operational situation, but also in strategic objectives that may warrant a change in military operations.
Differences Between Virtue Based Ethics and Principal based Ethics
First, virtue based ethics is based upon learning from others rather than by the individual coming to the realization of what is ethical; this process is learned from others. Second, in applying principles-based and consequences-based ethics, there is a right answer and a wrong answer. L102RB
What are the foundations and tenets of unified land operations
Flexibility Integration Lethality Adaptability Depth synchronization
What are the Joint logistics principles
Flexibility, Economy, Availability, Responsiveness, Supportability, Survivability, and Simplicity
What are preplanned, detailed actions that are carefully tailored to support the instruments of national power
Flexible Deterrent Options
Why is Force Management important?
Force Management is important because it ensures that today's Army can rapidly respond to the challenges of today and the future.
Protection
Force protection, force health protection, and other protection activities.
Movement to Attain Operational Reach
Forces, sometimes limited to those that are forward-deployed or even multinational forces formed specifically for the task at hand, can be positioned within operational reach of enemy COGs or decisive points to achieve decisive force at the appropriate time and place.
Democratic
Forges consensus through participation
Power and Authority
Formal an d informal power are apportioned and used within society. Informal power holders, i.e. social elites, ethnic leaders, and religious figures, are more important than formal power holders. They can use Coercive Force, Social Capital, Economic Power, Authority or persuasive communication.
What are the expanded core capabilities of the Navy
Forward presence deterrence; sea control ; power projection; maritime security; humanitarian assistance; disaster response
The _____ is built on initiative, decisive action, and mission command—linked and nested through purposeful and simultaneous execution of both combined arms maneuver and wide area security (Army Core Competencies)—to achieve the commander's intent and desired end state.
Foundations of Unified Land Operations
International System
Frames the forces and trends in the global environment; it also frames the workspace of national security policy and makers of strategy
Freedom of Navigation and Overflight
Freedom of navigation operations are conducted to protect US navigation, overflight, and related interests on, under, and over the seas, against excessive maritime claims. International law has long recognized that a coastal state may exercise jurisdiction and control within its territorial sea in the same manner that it can exercise sovereignty over its own land territory.
What type of combatant command is U.S. Special Operations Command?
Functional
Military Revolutions
Fundamentally changes the framework of war
The Importance of Time, Space and Purpose
GFM manages capabilities; mitigate risks - understand limitations from a holistic view; Framework for making a large problem manageable; integrate/synchronize joint functions; helps commander visualize, describe and understand the problem; manage transitions; putting the force in a position of advantage; affects how the JFC arranges operations (phasing)(Theater of Operations)
United Nations 6 Main Bodies
General Assembly, Trusteeship council, International Court of Justice, Economic Social Council, Security Council
Country Plans
Geographic CCMDs prepare selected country plans2 in collaboration with their respective Senior Defense Officials/Defense Attachés (SDOs/DATTs)(works for Embassy), security cooperation organizations (SCOs)(works for CCDR), Services, and Defense agencies. A country plan describes how the CCMD, working with the U.S. country team, will engage with the partner country, utilize required resources to achieve both U.S. and partner country security objectives, and the role the partner has agreed to play or is expected to play in the campaign; and, it must be consistent with the bilateral security agreements that govern the U.S.-partner country relationship. A country plan complements its corresponding ICS. The ICS is the Chief of Mission's (COMs) ways and means to integrate all USG activities in-country over a timeframe of 3 years to achieve the Mission's goals.
Posture Plans
Geographic CCMDs prepare theater posture plans (TPPs), as directed in the GEF and JSCP, which outline their posture strategy, link national and theater objectives with the means to achieve them, and identify posture requirements and initiatives to meet campaign objectives. The TPP is the primary document used to advocate for changes to posture and to support resource decisions, the posture management process, and Departmental oversight responsibilities. Functional CCMDs prepare posture plans to enable their assigned missions and support the geographic CCMDs. The GPEC facilitates senior leader posture decision-making, enables the CCMDs, Military Departments and Services, and Defense agencies to collaborate in the Department's global defense posture planning, and oversees the implementation and assessment of the Department's posture plans.
Campaign Plans
Geographic Combatant Commanders (GCCs), as directed in the UCP, GEF, and JSCP, prepare campaign plans for their UCP-assigned area of responsibility (AOR) and are responsible for integrating the planning of designated missions assigned to functional Combatant Commanders (FCCs) into their theater campaigns. FCCs, as directed in the UCP, GEF and JSCP, prepare campaign plans for their UCP-assigned missions and responsibilities and are responsible for synchronizing (See references a, b, c and e for additional guidance on synchronizing) planning across CCMDs, Services, and Defense agencies for designated missions.
What are the two types of Combatant Commanders?
Geographic and Functional
Types of Army Combatant Commands
Geographical & Functional
Natural Determinants of Power
Geography, Population, Natural Resources,
What is the Joint Operation Planning and Execution System (JOPES) - verify
Global Command Control System; system for command and control of joint and coalition forces.
Unified Action Partners
Governments, NGOs, IGOs, MNCs, MN (allies/partners), IA (Embassies), and Joint Force
What are the levels of strategy as they pertain to the military element of power within the state
Grand Strategy; National Security Strategy; National Military Strategy; Theater Strategy
Situation Templates are
Graphic depiction of expected adversary force dispositions within the constraints of weather and terrain
What documents go to the Combat Command under strategic guidance?
Guidance for Employment of the Force (GEF) Joint Strategic Campaign Plan (JSCP)
What power reflects the military and economic might to get others to change their position
Hard Power
3 Types of Influence Techniques
Hard, soft, and rational
USSOCOM ADCON relationship
Has service components (ARSOF, MARSOC, AFSOC, NSW). The TSOC elements will ADCON back to the service components under USSCOM. A JSOTF will go to TSOC to service component under USSOCOM. JSOC is a Sub Unified Command of USSOCOM.
States (nation-states)
Have a legal character and posses certain rights and duties under the tenets of international law.
Clausewitz's Definition of War
He defined war as a "duel on a larger scale," "an act of force to compel our enemy," and a "continuation of politics by other means." Distilled to its essence, war is a violent struggle between two (or more) hostile and independent wills, each trying to impose itself on the other. As Clausewitz states, "war is a violent clash of wills
The purpose of CoG Analysis
Help JFCs and staffs analyze friendly and adversary sources of strength as well as weaknesses and vulnerabilities.
social contract theory
Hobbes' view was that people have a common knowledge of natural laws-of the principles that all should understand. His writings described the theory that there is a "natural law" in which man's nature is determined by the sum of all his experiences and abilities, yet as a result of these experiences there is a common understanding of what is right and wrong. Hobbes defines natural law, or a law of nature, as "a precept or general rule, found out by reason, by which a man is forbidden to do what is destructive of his life or takes away of preserving the same." L102RB
Moral Virtues
Honesty, benevolence, non-malevolence, fairness, kindness, conscientiousness, and gratitude. L102RA
Define "Ways"?
How objectives are to be accomplished by the employment of DIME.
HACC
Humanitarian Assistance Coordination Center
What are the 7 steps to problem solving
ID the problem Gather information Develop criteria Generate possible solutions Analyze possible solutions Compare possible solutions Make and implement the decision
UN Principles of International Space Law
INTL Law applies to outer space Space is free for use by all countries Space objects must be registered with the UN (otherwise no detailed, governing laws)
Integrating Process
IPB, Targeting, Risk Management
Employ IRCs.
IRCs are tools, techniques, or activities employed within the information environment to create effects and operationally desirable conditions. In the context of the fires function, this task focuses on the integrated employment of IRCs in concert with other LOOs and LOEs, to influence, disrupt, corrupt, or usurp an enemy's decision making.
Joint Strategic Campaign Plan (JSCP) _____ the "WHAT".
Implements
Montevideo Convention on Right and Duties of States
In 1933, Declared states possess the following characteristics: permanent population, defined territory, and government capable of maintaining effective control over its territory and conducting international relations with other states. In addition, the government must possess a monopoly on the legitimate use of force in the state, and other states in the internations system must recognize the sovereignty of that government.
Maritime Operations
In a multinational environment, an operational aim for maritime forces is to exercise sea control or project power ashore; synchronize maritime operations with the other major MNF operational functions of land forces, air forces, and special operations forces (SOF); and support the MNFC's intent and guidance in achieving the MNF mission.
Authority to Establish
In accordance with the National Security Act of 1947 and Title 10, USC, and as described in the UCP, CCMDs are established by the President, through SecDef, with the advice and assistance of the CJCS.
The Functions of the Marine Corps
In addition to the common military service functions listed in paragraphs 2.a. through 2.n. of this enclosure, and pursuant to section 5063 of Reference (e), the Marine Corps, within the Department of the Navy, shall develop concepts, doctrine, tactics, techniques, and procedures and organize, train, equip, and provide forces, normally employed as combined arms air ground task forces, to serve as an expeditionary force-in-readiness.
Air Apportionment.
In the context of joint fires, air apportionment is part of the targeting process. Air apportionment is how the JFACC ensures the weight of joint force air effort is consistent with the JFC's intent and objectives. After consulting with other component commanders, the JFACC recommends air apportionment to the JFC, who makes the air apportionment decision.
ARFOR ASOS
Includes items like Missile defense, Fire support, Base defense, Transportation, Fuel distribution, General engineering, Intratheater medical evacuation, Veterinary services, Logistics management, Communications, Chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear defense, Consequence management capability, Explosive ordnance disposal.
What's the difference between incremental and spiral development acquisition strategy approaches?
Incremental Development: End-state is known; requirements met over time in several increments. Spiral Development: End-state is not known; requirements for increments dependent upon technology maturation and user feedback.
Failed State
Indicators are breakdown of law, order, and basic services, such as education and health for the population. It can also no longer maintain itself as a workable political and economic entity.
Informational
Information remains an important instrument of national power and a strategic resource critical to national security
Initiative in DA
Initiative gives all operations the spirit, if not the form, of the offense. Initiative is used to gain a position of advantage that degrades and defeats the enemy throughout the depth of an organization.
What makes the conduct of decisive offensive tasks possible?
Initiative within the commanders intent combined with maneuver and fires
Forms of IW
Insurgency, terrorism, disinformation, propaganda and organized criminal activity based on the objective specified
What are the types of organizational structures in multinational commands
Integrated Command Structure; Lead Nation Command Structure; Parallel Command Structure
Joint Reception Staging and Onward Integration
Integrates the deploying forces into joint operations; Responsibility of supported Combatant Commander
How do combatant commanders employ operational art
Integrating ends, ways and means
Whole government
Integrations of USG with a plan that identifies and aligns USG Goals, objectives, tasks, and supporting structures with designation of lead, primary, coordinating, cooperating, and supporting agencies What has a powerful presence that the entire US Liberalism political spectrum, from neoconservatives to human rights advocates, assumes it as largely self evident
Interdict Enemy Capabilities.
Interdiction diverts, disrupts, delays, or destroys the enemy's military surface capabilities before they can be used effectively against friendly forces, or to otherwise achieve their objectives.
Islands
Investigates a restructuring of the global economy that leads to long periods of slow or no growth, challenging both traditional models of economic prosperity and the presumption that globalization will continue to expand
Special Operations Mission Criteria BIG 5
Is it an appropriate SO mission? Does it support the COCOM campaign plan / JFC OPLAN/ GCC/ JTF? Is it operationally feasible? Are the required resources available? Does the expected outcome justify the risk?
Theater Contingency Command Post
Is something available in the ASCC if they are to assume the role of JTF or LCC
Describe 'operational approach'.
It is a commander's description of the broad actions the force must take to achieve the desired military end state.
What is the Army Force Development Process?
It is a five-phase process that is the start point, rationale and underlying basis for defining the Army's force structure. The force development process consists of defining required military capabilities, designing force structures to provide these capabilities, and translating organizational concepts into a trained and ready Army.
What is doctrine?
It is the body of professional knowledge that guides how Soldiers employ land power in a distinctly American way.
What is the PPBE Process?
It is the primary system to manage the Army's financial systems. Its purpose is to provide civilian control and strategic direction to DOD and the US Army.
What is the UJTL useful for?
It provides a list of tasks across the Joint Functions that are common to the Joint Force. It is great for a planner, because it provides general tasks for Component Commands.
What is a key feature in the Marine Air-Ground Task Force MAGTF
Its expandability
What is the JCIDS relationship to DAS?
JCIDS is related to the DAS by the MDD
C2 of JEMSO
JEMSO are those activities consisting of electronic warfare (EW) and joint EMS management operations used to exploit, attack, protect, and manage the electromagnetic environment (EME) to achieve the commander's objectives. The electronic warfare control authority (EWCA), the senior electronic attack authority in the OA, develops guidance to execute electronic attack (EA) on behalf of the JFC. EWCA can either be retained by the JFC or executed by the JFC's designated representative, normally the J-3.
Area of Operations and Functional considerations
JFACC is normally the supported commander for the JFC's overall air interdiction effort, while JFLCCs and JFMCCs are supported commanders for interdiction in their AOs.
Area of Operations
JFC's defend them as surface and subsurface
HNS
JFC's interact with the HN government to establish procedures to request support and negotiate support terms. Logistic planners should analyze the HN economic capacity to supplement the logistic support to US or multinational forces, and identify and limit adverse effects on the HN economy.
C2 of Joint Maritime Operations
JFCs establish maritime AOs to achieve unity of command over the execution of maritime component operations involving the interrelated employment of joint air, surface, and subsurface forces.
C2 System
JFCs exercise authority and direction through a C2 system, which consists of the facilities; equipment; communications; staff functions and procedures; and personnel essential for planning, preparing for, monitoring, and assessing operations. Requires JF Staff, LNO, Control and coordination measures, Communications and ISR systems,
Oversight.
JFCs may task their staff to accomplish broad targeting oversight functions or may delegate the responsibility to a subordinate commander. Typically, JFCs organize joint targeting coordination boards (JTCBs).
CI and Human Intelligence:
JFCs rely on intelligence acquired through CI and HUMINT capabilities throughout all phases of joint operations. CI and HUMINT both use human sources to collect information, and while their activities may at times be overlapping, each has its own distinct purpose and function. CI support is used to protect the force and must be fully integrated into planning and execution. CI collection gathers information that will assist in identifying, exploiting, and neutralizing threats posed by terrorists and foreign intelligence entities. HUMINT collection strives to satisfy commander's PIRs. CI attempts to deny or shape the enemy's or adversary's knowledge of the US while HUMINT shapes the joint force's understanding of the enemy or adversary. HUMINT collection strives to satisfy commander's PIRs. CI attempts to deny or shape the enemy's or adversary's knowledge of the US while HUMINT shapes the joint force's understanding of the enemy or adversary.
JIPOE
JFCs use assigned and attached intelligence forces and coordinate supporting interagency intelligence capabilities to develop a current intelligence picture and analyze the OE. These supporting capabilities include combat support agencies (e.g., National Security Agency, Defense Intelligence Agency, and National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency [NGA]) and national intelligence agencies (e.g., Central Intelligence Agency). National intelligence support may be provided to the J-2 as requested to integrate national intelligence capabilities into a comprehensive intelligence effort designed to support the joint force. As part of the JIPOE process, JFCs focus intelligence efforts to determine or confirm enemy COGs and refine estimates of enemy capabilities, dispositions, intentions, and probable COAs within the context of the current situation.
Who's responsible for JIPOE / IPB?
JIPOE / IPB is the commander's, each staff officer's and subject matter experts responsibility
J2 Make-Up
JISE/JIOC, Joint Document Exploitation Center, Joint Interrogation and Debriefing Center, Joint Captured Material Exploitation Center, Joint Collecitons Board, Joint Collections for the Targeting Board
Who is the primary advisor to the President
Joint Chiefs of Staff
What document is developed by the manpower and personnel directorate to identify all manpower requirements essential to the command and control of a joint force headquarters organization?
Joint Manning Document (JMD)
What is the acronym JOPES?
Joint Operation Planning and Execution System
What is used by the JFC to deconflict space
Joint Space tasking Order
What document formally task GCC's with contingency and posture planning
Joint Strategic Campaign Plan
Joint Servicing
Jointly Staffed and financed
What are some of the ethical issues that influence the conduct of joint operations
Just Cause, Legitimate Authority, Public Declaration, Just Intent, Proportionality, Last Resort, Reasonable Hope of Success
Jus Post Bellum
Justice after war
French Revolution
Late 18th century; Napoleon organized the entire country to go to war. Married men forged weapons and transport, young men will go to battle, women will make tents and uniforms, children will make old clothes into bandages, and old men will motivate people in the square.
What does "Strategy" do?
Lays down what is important and to be achieved, sets the parameters for the necessary actions, and prescribes what the state is willing to allocate in terms of resources.
What do we Analyze to determine the adversary system for potential COG:
Leadership ; Systems essentials ; Infrastructure ; Population ; Fielded forces
8 Elements of Combat Power
Leadership, information, mission command, movement and maneuver, intelligence, fires, sustainment, and protection
Chief of Mission (COM)
Leads a diplomatic mission provides recommendations and considerations for CAP directly to the GCC and CJTF
Which principle of Joint Operations has the purpose to maintain legal and moral authority in the conduct of operations?
Legitimacy.
Continuing Activities
Liaison. Information collection. Security operations. Protection. Terrain management. Airspace control.
Limitations of SOF
Limited number of SF Soldiers time to train new Soldiers cannot be created after conflict starts limited organic CS and CSS - requires integrated and interoperable support Not substituted w / conventional forces
What are the actions on decisive points and or nodes that lead to an objective
Line of Operation
The information dimension of the information environment focuses on
Linking the physical and cognitive dimensions and focuses on computers, software, human operators and data
OCS
Logistic support requirements are often met through contracts with commercial entities inside and outside the OA. Most joint operations will require a level of contracted support. Certain contracted items or services could be essential to deploying, sustaining, and redeploying joint forces effectively.
Institutions
Long term building blocks of societies
Mission Variables
METT-TC is a tool that enables US ARMY leaders to synthesize operational information and local knowledge relevant to their missions and tasks in a specified AO.
Goldwater Nichols Act of 1986
Made clear the chain of command, JPME requirement, joint assignements, CJCS elevated to principle military advisor to President, NSC, SecDef; JCS become senior military advisors to the CJCS; CJSCS acquires a Vice Chairmen; CJCS gains unfettered authority over the joint staff; SECDEF authorized to use CJCS as his channel of communications between NCA and combatant commanders
What are the Ranges of Military Operations?
Major Operations and Campaigns, Crisis Response and Limited Contingency Operations, Military Engagement, Security Cooperation, and Deterrence. (JP 3-0, Joint Operations)
Two Things Traditional Warfare Focuses On
Maneuver and Firepower
Which principle of Joint Operations has the purpose to place the enemy in a position of disadvantage through the flexible application of combat power?
Maneuver.
4 Types of MAGTFs
Marine Expeditionary Force - MEF; Marine Expeditionary Brigade - MEB; Marine Expeditionary Unit - MEU; Special Purpose Marine Air Ground MAGTFs - SPMAGTF
Which principle of Joint Operations has the purpose to concentrate the effects of combat power at the most advantageous place and time to produce decisive results?
Mass.
Measures project, end state of effect
Measure of Effectiveness (MOE)
Measures Tasks
Measure of Performance (MOP)
The part of a plan when the President deems that the need of military force is no longer necessary
Military End State
Ends
Military Objectives
Difference between Military Revolutions and RMA
Military Revolutions are due in part to a changing time period; RMA is developed based of their ability to adapt to the Military Revolutions
Connection between Military Engagement and Security Cooperation
Military engagement occurs as part of security cooperation, but also extends to interaction with domestic civilian authorities.
CCDR's Theater Campaign Plan
Military engagement, security cooperation, and deterrence activities provide the foundation. The goal is to prevent and deter conflict by keeping adversary activities within a desired state of cooperation and competition.
Army War-fighting functions
Mission Command; Protection; Movement and Maneuver; Intelligence; Fires; Sustainment;
Authoritative
Mobilizes people toward a vision
Collective Security
More of a liberalist concept, the group takes care of an issue
Collective Defense
More of a realist concept, things like not NATO, States ban together to combat a threat
Fallacy of the Single Factor
Morgenthau calls the mistaken attempt to define national power in terms of one element of that power. Failure to distinguish between potential and actual power.
Army Corps
Most versatile headquarters. Functions as the principal integrator of landpower into campaigns and is the link between the operational and tactical levels of war. Prefered Army HQ for joint augmentation and employment as a JTF. Functions as the ARFOR for deployed Army Forces, exercising command over Army forces in a joint operations area and prioritizing the extensive support provided by the theater army against the tactical needs and multinational forces. The Army has 3 Corps headquarters. If a Corps is tasked with the LCC he will get plused up with capability to perform Theater Opening. Don't forget the JECC capability for the LCC.
Reconnaissance Methods
Mounted, dismounted, aerial, and reconnaissance by fire
A collective term to describe military actions conducted by forces of two or more nations, usually within the structure of a coalition or alliance. (JP 1-02)
Multinational operations
Important IOs
NATO, EU, UN, AU, OSCE
Process of the Counsels
NSC/HSC to Primary Council to Deputy council to Policy coordination committee
Who decides in America when the Military goes to war
National Command Authority and Congress
Why should military officers study just war tradition or military ethics?
National Interests, Expectations for Military Officers, The magnitude of the Responsibilities, and the cost of ethical failure. L102RA
Policy Councils
National Security Counsel, Homeland Security Counsel, and National Economic Counsel
Strategic level COG is a source of power that provides moral or physical strength, freedom of action, or will to act, which include
National Will Military Force Governance Legitimacy Influence War-making capacity Territory
Flow of strategy
National objectives to what with the effects of the CCMD objectives with the effects of the strategic concepts (ways), which ties to means (tangible/intangible). Ties to the strategic perspective. (yarger article)
What factors determine the employment of special operations forces
National policy Geographic combatant commander requirements Joint force commander requirements Ambassador requirements The character of the operational environment The nature of the threat
The general characteristics of multinational organizations, functions, responsibilities, and command and control
Nations pick and choose if, when and where they will join effort Nations also choose the manner and extent of their foreign involvement The nature of their national decisions, in turn, influences the multinational task force's (MNTF's) command structure Training of forces within the MNTF command for specific mission standards enhances unified action.
Elements of National Power
Natural determinants (geography, resources, and population) are concerned with the number of people in the nation and with their physical environment. Social determinants (economic, political, military, psychological, and more recently informational) concern the ways in which the people of a nation organize themselves and the manner in which they alter their environment.
What branch of service has the mission to deter aggression and violence
Navy
The nations principle maritime force is comprised of
Navy & Marine Corps
Joint Task Forces
Need to have an ARFOR, NAVFOR, AFFOR, MARFOR. OPCON relationship to the JTF, but an ADCON relationship to the Military Department. They can also be organized into functional components LCC, ACC, MCC, and SOCC (potentially JSOTF).
Revolutions in Military Affairs
New ways of destroying their opponents; coming to grips with fundamental changes in the social, political and military landscapes;
Intelligence Sharing
Notional Multinational Intelligence Architecture; the challenge of sharing intelligence with multi-national partners is part of the challenge
What are the 12 principles of Joint Operations?
Objective, Offensive, Mass, Maneuver, Economy of Force, Unity of Command, Security, Surprise, Simplicity, Restraint, Perseverance, Legitimacy
Which principle of Joint Operations has the purpose to direct every military operation toward a clearly defined, decisive, and achievable goal?
Objective.
What is the objective of the Defense Acquisition System?
Objective: Acquire quality products that satisfy user needs with measurable improvements to mission capability and operational support, in a timely manner, and at a fair and reasonable price.
Interagency
Of or pertaining to United States Government agencies and departments, including the Department of Defense.
What are the four elements of "decisive action" operations
Offense Defense Stability Defense support of civil authorities
Which principle of Joint Operations has the purpose to seize, retain, and exploit the initiative?
Offensive.
The ethical triangle
One perspective comes from the view that desirable virtues such as courage, justice, and benevolence define ethical outcomes. A second perspective comes from the set of agreed-upon values or rules, such as the Army values or Constitutional rights. A third perspective bases the consequences of the decision on whatever produces the greatest good for the greatest number as most favorable. L102RB
The theater army is not designed to
Operate as the JTF, JFLCC, or ARFOR for major operations within a single JOA.
Army Division
Operates as a tactical hq under OPCON of an Army corps or Marine Expeditionary Force HQ.
Consists of units organized, trained, and equipped to deploy and fight
Operating Forces
Movement and Maneuver Consider
Operation Reach and culmination
How is operational art applied?
Operational Art is applied to all aspects of joint operations and integrates ends, ways, and means, while accounting for risk, across....
_____ supports commanders and staffs in their application of operational art with tools and a methodology to conceive of and construct operations and campaigns.
Operational Design
Which level of war links the tactical employment of forces to the national and military strategic objectives?
Operational Level
What is the term that describes the distance and duration across which a joint force can successfully employ its military capabilities?
Operational Reach
What is the maximum limit that a military can go while sustaining itself
Operational reach
Coalition Operations
Operations conducted with units from two or more coalition members.
Soft Power
Originates with the more indirect means of moral authority, diplomacy, culture, and history..
Interorganizational
Outside the US Government, NGOs, IOs
Operational Variables
PMESII-PT analysis of the operational environment provides the relevant information that senior commanders require to frame operational problems.
The J9 (Joint Interagency control group)
Part of the CCDR's staff for interagency coordination
Global Force Management Allocation Plan
Part of the GEF, it provides orders to Forces. From SECDEF.
Examples of Decisive Points
Participation in elections by a certain group, Electric power restored in a certain area, Police and emergency service re-established
Innocent Passage
Passage is "innocent" as long as it is not prejudicial to the peace, good order, or security of the coastal state. The high seas are free for reasonable use of all states.
To qualify as a state you must meet all of these
Permanent population Government Capacity to enter into relations with other states
Which principle of Joint Operations has the purpose to ensure the commitment necessary to attain the national strategic end state?
Perseverance.
2 Types of Power
Personal (commitment) and Positional (compliance)
Realism
Perspective sees struggle, conflict and competition as inevitable in the international system. Actors - States; Assumption - Individuals are selfish by nature; Source of War - States are guided by national interests and pursuit of power; World View - Relations among states are anarchic; State of Peace - Peace is obtained through a balance of power; Endstate - Zero-sume game
What are some CCDR's roles and responsibilities?
Plan for contingencies as directed. Plan, conduct and assess security cooperation activities.
What is the Joint Operations Planning Process?
Planning Initiation Mission Analysis COA Development COA Analysis and War Gaming COA Comparison COA Approval Plan and Order Development
DOD's Three Primary Decision Support Systems
Planning Programming budgeting execution system; JCIDS; Defense Acquisition System
6 Intelligence Functions
Planning and direction of intelligence activities, collection of data, processing and exploitation of collected data to produce relevant information, analysis of information and production of intelligence, dissemination and integration of intelligence with operations, and evaluation and feedback regarding intelligence effectiveness and quality
JFACC ( Joint Force Air Component CDR) does what
Plans, Tasks, and Controls Air assests
Soft power of a country rests primarily on these resources
Political values Foreign Policies Culture
Position Power
Position power is derived from a particular office or rank in a formal organization. According to taxonomy of social psychologists John R.P. French and Bertram Raven, it is divided into further subcategories such as legitimate, reward, and coercive. L103RA
Operational Environment + Adversary Doctrine =
Possible Courses of Action
JTF Commander selection factors
Preponderance of forces and ability to conduct C2. Corps is the HQ of choice for the Army. Most likely will have Augmentation (Services, MN, IA, CCMD HQ, Joint Enabling Capabilities Command (JECC), LNOs; they bring capabilities and reach back)
What is the difference between prescriptive and descriptive doctrine?
Prescriptive doctrine must be followed to comply with law, common language, control measures, reports, while descriptive doctrine leaders should apply judgement with the OE and mission variables in mind and deviate when need and justified.
Who signs off on / approves the Unified Command Plan (UCP)
President
Who are the five statutory members of the National Security Council
President Vice President SEC of STATE SEC of DEF SEC of ENERGY
What are some factors in developing the command and control of multinational organizations?
President will never relinquish command of US Forces No single command structure meets the needs of every multinational command but one absolute remains constant political considerations will heavily influence the ultimate shape of the command structure
Who are the Statutory / Principle members of the National Security Council?
President, Vice President, Secretary of State, Secretary of Energy, Secretary of Defense
What are the US defense objectives under the QDR
Prevail in todays war, prevent and deter conflict, prepare to defeat adversaries, preserve and enhance the all volunteer force
What is the Army's roles as part of the joint forces
Prevent Shape Win
Three Strategic roles
Prevent; Shape; Win;
Five Kinds of Battle Positions
Primary, Alternate, Supplementary, Subsequent, and Strong Point (PASS-S)
What is the difference between principles and precepts
Principles are enduring concepts Precepts guide organizational conduct
What are the elements of the ethical triangle?
Principles: Act in accordance with the established values and principles. Virtues: Golden Rule; Do unto others as you would have them do to you. Consequences: Do the greatest good for the greatest number.
Key outputs of Army design methodology
Problem statement. Initial commander's intent. Planning guidance, to include an operational approach.
What are Exit Criteria?
Program-specific accomplishments that must be satisfactorily demonstrated before a program can progress further in the current acquisition phase or transition to the next acquisition phase.
Ethical Consideration for Targeting
Proporitionality, discrimination, Military necessity
Employment of Logistics Forces Considerations
Protection, Facilities, Environmental considerations, Operational Energy, Health services, HNS, OCS, disposal operations, Legal Support, and Financial Management
Defense Support of Civil Authorities
Provide support for domestic disasters; Provide support for domestic chemical biological, radiological, and nuclear incidents; Provide support for domestic civilian law enforcement agencies; Provide other designated support. Purposes: Save lives; Restore essential services; Maintain or restore law and order; Protect infrastructure and property; support maintenance or restoration of local government; shape the environment for intergovernmental success
Corps' Four Roles
Provide the ARFOR within a joint force for campaigns and major operations; Serve as the joint or multinational land component command headquarters (with augmentation) in campaigns and major operations; Serve as a JTF headquarters (with augmentation) for crisis response and limited contingency operations; Serve as a tactical headquarters commanding 2 to 5 Army divisions together with supporting brigades and commands in campaigns and major operations.
JFACC (Joint Force Air Component Commander)
Provide unity of effort for air and space OPNS can be any component CDR (USN, USMC, USAF) Preponderance of air assets Capability to plan, task and control
Guidance For Employment of the Force (GEF) _____ the "WHAT".
Provides
The services and USSOCOM
Provides Interoperable Forces. Equips special operations forces in areas of special operations.
joint interagency coordination group (JIACG)
Provides the CCDR and subordinate JFCs with an increased capability to coordinate with other USG agencies and departments? an element of a CCDR's staff, is an interagency staff group that establishes regular, timely, and collaborative working relationships between civilian and military operational planners
Event Matrix Supportsthe Event Template by
Providing details on activity type in NAI Activity times Associated adversary COA's
Unity Of Command
Purpose is to ensure unity of effort under one responsible commander for every objective.
Explain the purpose and name two activities of the Production and Deployment phase.
Purpose: Achieve an operational Capability that satisfies mission needs. Activities (LRIP/IOT&E): IOT&E, LFT&E and Interoperability Testing of Production or Production-Representative Articles; IOC possible. Activities (Full-Rate Production & Deployment): Full-Rate Production; Fielding and Support of Fielded Systems; IOC/FOC
Explain the purpose and name two activities of the Materiel Solution Analysis phase.
Purpose: Assess potential materiel solutions Activities: Conduct AoA, develop Technology Development Strategy (TDS) & draft CDD.
Explain the purpose and name two activities of the Engineering and Manufacturing Development phase.
Purpose: Develop a system or increment of capability, develop an affordable manufacturing process, minimize logistics footprint. Activities (Integrated System Design): Define System of System Functionality & Interfaces, Complete Detailed Design, System-Level PDR (as needed)/CDR, Establish Product Baseline. Activities (System Capability & Manufacturing Process Demonstration): Developmental Testing (DT) Assesses Progress Against Technical Parameters, and Operational Assessments (OA) Against CDD.
What is the purpose of the Defense Acquisition System?
Purpose: Manage the nation's investment in technology, programs, and product support necessary to achieve the National Security Strategy
Explain the purpose and name two activities of the Technology Development phase.
Purpose: Reduce Technology Risk, determine and mature appropriate set of technologies to be integrated into a full system, and to demonstrate Critical Technology Elements on Prototypes. Activities: Competitive prototyping; Develop RAM strategy; conduct Preliminary Design Review (PDR)
________ follows a successful attack or exploitation when the enemy cannot conduct an organized defense and attempts to disengage
Pursuit
This document looks out 20 years and is due every 4 years
QDR
The National Defense Guidance comes out of what document
Quadrennial Defense Review
The Army Organization is comprised of the following:
RA AND AR Army Civilian Corps Contractors
What are the elements of system's prespective?
RAFT - Relationships, Actors, Functions, Tension.
International Relations Theories
Realism, Liberalism and Idealism (Constructivism)
Clausewitz Trinity
Reason (the government), chance (the military), and passion (the people)
Ad bellum
Reasonable hope for success
Interests
Refer to the core motivations that drive behavior; physical security, essential services, economy, and Political participation
Common Servicing
Reimbursement is not required
Cross-Service
Reimbursement is required
Nations
Represent groupings of a people that claim certain common bonds, such as descent, language, history, or culture. Collectively such an aggregation would constitute a national entity
Public Declaration
Requirment has both a moral purpose and legal one
The key tenets and considerations in planning and executing military operations with coalition partners
Respect, Rapport, Knowledge of Partners , Patience, Coordination
Intelligence Key considerations
Responsibilities: JFCs and their component commanders are the key players in planning and conducting intelligence tasks.
Army Service Component Command
Responsible for recommendations to the joint force commander on the allocation and employment of Army forces within a combatant command
Principles of Logistics
Responsiveness, Simplicity, Flexibility, Economy, Attainability, sustainability, survivability
Which principle of Joint Operations has the purpose to limit collateral damage and prevent the unnecessary use of force?
Restraint.
National Caveats
Restrictions on how countries will operate as part of a Multi-national Force
Legitimate Authority
Restricts the number of agents who may authorize use of force
What are the five Operational planning Considerations when planning to provide space services and capabilities to the joint force
Revisit Rates; Access Windows; Currency of Predictive Data; Electromagnetic Interference; Lack of Serviceability
Who can form a JTF
SECDEF, CCDR or JTF CDR
Functional Combatant Commands
SOCOM, STRATCOM, TRANSCOM
Five Forms of Security
Screen (stationary or moving), guard, cover, area security (including convoy or route security), and local security
Security Cooperation Planning
Security cooperation comprises DoD activities, including DoD interactions with foreign defense and security establishments and DoD-administered security assistance programs, to encourage and enable international partners to take action in support of U.S. goals; provide the United States with access to territory, information, and resources; and develop and apply capability and capacity consistent with U.S. defense objectives.
Protection Key considerations
Security of forces and means, DCA (Active Missile Defense and Passive air/missile defense)
Which principle of Joint Operations has the purpose to prevent the enemy from acquiring unexpected advantage?
Security.
**Unified Land Operations
Seize, retain, and exploit the initiative to gain and maintain a position of relative advantage in sustained land operations in order to create the conditions for favorable conflict resolution
What is a SAR and what is its purpose? Who submits it to whom? How often?
Selected Acquisition Report (SAR): Provides standard, comprehensive summary reporting of cost, schedule, and performance information for major defense acquisition programs (MDAPs), both ACAT IC and D programs, within the Department of Defense (DoD) and to Congress. Required Annually for all ACAT 1 programs, Quarterly if there is a breach (6 month schedule slip or 15% cost increase) Submitted by PM to SECDEF (Ultimately goes to Congress)
Emotional Intelligence (EQ)*
Self Awareness: Knowing one's emotions; Self-Management: Managing one's emotions; Social Awareness: Recognizing emotions in others; Social Skill: Handling relationship
What are the three factors that drive motivation?
Sense of purpose, Autonomy (Self-directions), Mastery (Success)
Army Division Roles
Serve as a tactical headquarters in campaigns and major operations; Serve as the joint and multinational land component headquarters under a JTF in crisis response and limited contingency operations; Serve as a JTF headquarters (with augmentation) for limited contingency operations; Serve as the ARFOR within a JTF in crisis response and limited contingency operations.
Organizational Option within Combatant Command
Service Component Commands, Functional component Commands, subordinate unified commands, single service forces, specific operational forces, joint task forces
Pacesetting
Sets high standards for performance
Anticipation
Shared common understanding of the OE aids commanders and their staffs in anticipating opportunities and challenges
Information and Intelligence Sharing
Sharing of information and intelligence with relevant USG departments and agencies, foreign governments and security forces, interorganizational participants, NGOs, and members of the private sector is vital to national security.
Communities
Show how growing public expectations but diminishing capacity of national governments open space for local governments and private actors, challenging traditional assumptions about what governing means
Which principle of Joint Operations has the purpose to increase the probablity that plans and operations will be executed as intended by preparing clear, uncomplicated plans and concise orders?
Simplicity.
Tenets of Unified Land Operations
Simultaneity, Depth, Synchronization, and Flexibility
The four elements of Emotional intelligence are.
Social Awareness, Social Skill, Self-awareness, and Self-management
What power reflects getting others to want the outcomes that you want without coercing them
Soft power
What are the tensions and issues involved in civilian control of the military
Split between the executive and legislative branch.
What is the umbrella term for various military missions, tasks, and activities conducted outside the United States in coordination with other instruments of national power to maintain or reestablish a safe and secure environment and to provide essential governmental services, emergency infrastructure reconstructions, and humanitarian relief?
Stability Operations
Idealism
States derive interests from ideas and norms.
The course of action accepted as the result of the estimate of the strategic situation which is a statement of what is to be done in broad terms.
Strategic Concept
What are the three levels of warfare?
Strategic, operational, and tactical.
Course of Actions Tests
Suitable, Feasible, Acceptable, Distinguishable Complete
Core Ideas for Winning Wars
Superior Technology, discipline, Continuity of Western Military traditions, Challenge and Response Dynamic, and Unique System of War Finance
Geoffrey Parker's Factors of the 'Western Way of War
Superior use of Technology, disicipline, continuity traditions, challenge and response dynamics, system of war finance
Enabling Competencies
Support security cooperation; tailor forces for the combatant commander; Conduct entry operations; Provide Flexible mission command; Support joint and Army forces; Support domestic civil authorities; Mobilize and integrate the reserve component
Joint Operations
Support the National Security Strategy, National Defense Strategy, and National Military Strategy
Which principle of Joint Operations has the purpose to strike at a time or place or in a manner for which the enemy is unprepared?
Surprise.
Surveillance and Reconnaissance:
Surveillance and reconnaissance support information collection across the OA. These activities focus on planned collection requirements, but are also sufficiently flexible to respond to time-sensitive and emerging requirements.
What is the theory of Joint Operations and Unified Action?
Synchronizing plans and actions across DIME
What is the STA and what is its purpose? Who prepares it?
System Threat Assessment: Describes the threat to be countered and the projected threat environment. The threat information must be validated by the DoD components for Acquisition Category (ACAT) II programs. Prepared by the appropriate Service or intelligence agency.
Resources (means)
Tangible versus intangible (yarger article)
Analysis of specific target composition and vulnerability enables
Target systems analysts to develop the specific battle damage indicators and MOPs to assess task accomplishment
Considerations for the Fires Functions
Targeting, Oversight, Delegation of Joint Targeting Process Authority, and Air apportionment
Stability
Tasks: Establish civil security, establish civil control, restore essential services, support to governance, support to economic and infrastructure development, conduct security cooperation. Purposes: Provide a security environment; secure land areas; meet the critical needs of the population; gain support for host-nation government; shape the environment for interagency and host-nation success; Promote security, build partner capacity, and provide access; refine intelligence
Defense
Tasks: Mobile defense, Area Defense, Retrograde. Purposes: Deter or defeat enemy offense; gain time; achieve economy of force; retain key terrain; protect the population, critical assets, and infrastructure; refine intelligence
Offense
Tasks: Movement to contact, attack, exploitation, pursuit. Purposes: Dislocate, isolate, disrupt, and destroy enemy forces; Seize key terrain; Deprive the enemy of resources; refine intelligence; deceive and divert the enemy; provide a secure environment for stability tasks
The specified standards approved by the President and or the Secretary of Defense that must be met before a joint operations can be concluded. (JP 1-02)
Termination Criteria
Elements of Operational Design
Termination, Military end state, objectives, effects, center of gravity, decisive points, lines of operation and lines of effort, direct and indirect approach, anticipation, operational reach, culmination, arranging operations, forces and functions
Military Revolution 1
The 17th century creation of the of the modern state and of the modern military institutions
When is the APB updated and formally briefed/approved?
The APB is updated and briefed at each Milestone Decision Brief
What is an Analysis of Alternatives?
The AoA evaluates potential materiel solutions to satisfy validated capabilities and supports a decision on the most cost effective, affordable solution to meet the validated capability requirement(s).
Force Management Model
The Army Force Management Model is a roadmap divided into seven distinct modules, as follows: (1) Determine strategic and operational requirements. The strategy module includes national-, defense-, joint-, and Army laws, leaders, documents, and processes, including global force management (GFM) demands. (2) Develop required capabilities / doctrine, organization, training, materiel, leadership and education, personnel, facilities, and policy (DOTMLPF-P) solutions. This module includes the joint capabilities integration and development system (JCIDS). (3) Design organizations, develop organizational models, and document organizational authorizations all combine to make-up the structure module. (4) Acquire Materiel Solutions. The Defense Acquisition System (DAS) is at the heart of this module. (5) Determine Authorizations. This module includes total Army analysis (TAA) and planning, programming, budgeting and execution (PPBE). (6) Acquire, Train, and Distribute Personnel. (7) Acquire and Distribute Equipment.
The key concepts within the Army's operational doctrine are:
The Army Operation Concept of unified land operations; The operational environment (OE); **Range of Military Operations (ROMO); Decisive Action; Combat Power (Eight Elements); Operational Art; **Information Superiority; **Strategic and Operational Reach
Army Organizational Life Cycle Model
The Army Organizational Life Cycle Model (AOLCM) graphically captures the continuous cycle of developing, employing, maintaining, and eliminating organizations. The Army force management approach recognizes the need to understand modernization and change as a complex adaptive system. AOLCM provides a conceptual framework to both analyze and assess Army change efforts.
2 Staffs of HQDA
The Army Secretariat (ARSEC) consists of the Assistant Secretaries of the Army (ASAs) and the Army Staff (ARSTAF) consisting of the G-Staff. These staffs serve the Secretary of the Army and their respective bosses by integrating across the staff. The Chief of Staff of the Army and the elements of the Army Staff serve as the military advisors to the Secretariat Staff.
Land power for the Nation
The Army gives the United States land power.
The Operation Process
The Army's Framework for exercising mission command
How do you develop good ethical decision makers?
The Army's leadership manual states that "leaders will be better prepared to face tough decisions" by "embracing the Army values to govern personal actions, developing an understanding of regulations and orders, learning from experiences, and applying ethical reasoning. They will use a Multidimensional and a continuous process to involve reasoning for an open minded inquiry to perform an examination of all available information that looks at the big picture acquired through experience, commitment and an active sense of curiosity
Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS)
The CJCS is the principal military adviser to the President, the National Security Council, and the Secretary of Defense as designated by the Goldwater-Nichols Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1986. The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2006 made the Chair-man the statutory military advisor to the Homeland Security Council
Principals Committee (NSC/PC)
The Cabinet-level senior interagency forum for consideration of policy issues affecting national security.
Functions of the Coast Guard
The Coast Guard is a unique Military Service residing within the Department of Homeland Security while simultaneously providing direct support to the Department of Defense under its inherent authorities under References (e) and (h). In addressing the Coast Guard when it is not operating in the [Department of the] Navy, this issuance is descriptive in nature and does not purport to be either directive or regulatory. As directed by the President, and in accordance with Memorandum of Agreement between the Department of Defense and Department of Homeland Security on the use of Coast Guard Capabilities and Resources in Support of the National Military Strategy (Reference (ab)), the Department of the Navy shall coordinate with the Department of Homeland Security regarding Coast Guard military functions in time of limited war or defense contingency, without transfer of Coast Guard authority to the Secretary of the Navy. As directed, the Department of the Navy will provide intelligence, logistical support, and specialized units to the Coast Guard, including designated ships and aircraft, for overseas deployment required by naval component commanders, maritime search and rescue, integrated port security, and coastal defense of the United States. The Coast Guard shall maintain a state of readiness to function as a specialized Military Service in the Department of the Navy in time of war or national emergency. If specified in a declaration of war by Congress or if directed by the President, the Coast Guard shall operate as a Military Service in the Department of the Navy, and shall continue to do so until the President transfers the Coast Guard back to the Department of Homeland Security by Executive order pursuant to section 3 of Reference (h).
Defense Strategy Review
The DSR articulates a defense strategy consistent with the most recent NSS by defining force structure, modernization plans, and a budget plan allowing the military to successfully execute the full range of missions within that strategy for the next 20 years.
Department of the Air Force Functions
The Department of the Air Force is composed of air, space, and cyberspace forces, both combat and support, not otherwise assigned. The Air Force is the Nation's principal air and space force, and is responsible for the preparation of forces necessary for the effective prosecution of war. The Department of the Air Force shall organize, train, equip, and provide air, space, and cyberspace forces for the conduct of prompt and sustained combat operations, military engagement, and security cooperation in defense of the Nation, and to support the other Military Services and joint forces. The Air Force will provide the Nation with global vigilance, global reach, and global power in the form of in-place, forward-based, and expeditionary forces possessing the capacity to deter aggression and violence by state, non-state, and individual actors to prevent conflict, and, should deterrence fail, prosecute the full range of military operations in support of U.S. national interests.
Functions of the Army
The Department of the Army includes land combat, and service forces, and such aviation, water transport, and space and cyberspace forces as may be organic therein, and shall be organized, trained, and equipped primarily for prompt and sustained combat incident to operations on land, and to support the other Military Services and joint forces. The Army is responsible for the preparation of land forces necessary for the effective prosecution of war and military operations short of war, except as otherwise assigned. The Army is the Nation's principal land force and promotes national values and interests by conducting military engagement and security cooperation; deterring aggression and violence; and should deterrence fail, compelling enemy behavioral change or compliance. The Army shall contribute forces through a rotational, cyclical readiness model that provides a predictable and sustainable supply of modular forces to the Combatant Commands, and a surge capacity for unexpected contingencies.
Functions of the Navy
The Department of the Navy is composed of naval, land, air, space, and cyberspace forces, both combat and support, not otherwise assigned, to include those organic forces and capabilities necessary to operate, and support the Navy and Marine Corps, the other Military Services, and joint forces. The Navy and Marine Corps comprise the Nation's principal maritime force. They employ the global reach, persistent presence through forward-stationed and rotationally-based forces, and operational flexibility to secure the Nation from direct attack; secure strategic access and retain global freedom of action; strengthen existing and emerging alliances and partnerships; establish favorable security conditions; deter aggression and violence by state, non-state, and individual actors and, should deterrence fail, prosecute the full range of military operations in support of U.S. national interests.
Military Revolution 2 and 3
The French and Industrial Revolutions;
Guidance for Employment of the Force
The GEF, signed by SecDef, and its associated Contingency Planning Guidance, signed by the President, convey the President's and the SecDef's guidance for contingency force management, security cooperation, and posture planning. The GEF translates NSS objectives into prioritized and comprehensive planning guidance for the employment of DOD forces. Part of how CCDRs start their planning.
Global Force Management Implementation Guidance (GFMIG)
The GFMIG provides SecDef's direction for global force management (GFM) to manage forces from a global perspective. Part of the GEF. Puts all the forces into a basket. It also assigns forces to combatant commands, provides allocation, and apportionment. The only person that can change and assignment is the SECDEF. Apportionment comes down to planning for the CCDR.
The Embassy
The HQ of the mission is the US embassy, usually located in the capital city of the HN. Although the various USG departments and agencies that make up the mission may have individual HQ elsewhere in the country, the embassy is the focal point for interagency coordination within that country.
Principals Committee (HSC/PC)
The HSC/PC is the senior interagency forum under the HSC. The National Security Advisor serves as the Chair, but may designate the Homeland Security Advisor to perform that function, and in consultation with other members determines the agenda while the Executive Secretary of the NSCS ensures materials are prepared for the meetings
Physical Factors
The JFC and staff must consider many factors associated with operations in the air, land, maritime, and space domains, and the information environment (which includes cyberspace). These factors include terrain (including urban settings), population, weather, topography, hydrology, EMS, and other environmental conditions in the OA; distances associated with the deployment to the OA and employment of joint capabilities; the location of bases, ports, and other supporting infrastructure; the physical results of combat operations; and both friendly and enemy forces and other capabilities.
Delegation of Joint Targeting Process Authority.
The JFC is responsible for all aspects of the targeting process and may conduct joint targeting at the joint force HQ level or authorize a component commander to do so. The JFC normally appoints the deputy JFC or a component commander to chair the JTCB. When the JFC does not delegate targeting authority and does not establish a JTCB, the JFC performs this task at the joint force HQ with the assistance of the J-3.
ACA
The JFC is ultimately responsible for airspace control within the OA, but normally delegates the authority to the ACA. The ACA, in conjunction with the Service and functional components, coordinates and integrates the use of the airspace and develops guidance, techniques, and procedures for airspace control and for units operating within the OA. The ACA establishes an airspace control system (ACS) that is responsive to the JFC's needs, integrates the ACS with the HN, and coordinates and deconflicts user requirements. The airspace control plan (ACP) and airspace control order (ACO) express how the airspace will be used to support mission accomplishment.
C2 of Joint Air Operations
The JFC may designate the JFACC as the supported commander for strategic attack; air interdiction; personnel recovery (PR); and airborne intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) (among other missions).
C2 of Joint Air Operations
The JFC normally designates a JFACC to establish unity of command and unity of effort for joint air operations. The JFC delegates the JFACC the authority necessary to accomplish assigned missions and tasks. The JFC may also establish support relationships between the JFACC and other components to facilitate operations. The JFACC conducts joint air operations IAW the JFC's intent and CONOPS. The JFC may designate the JFACC as the supported commander for strategic attack; air interdiction; personnel recovery (PR); and airborne intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) (among other missions). As such, the JFACC plans, coordinates, executes, and assesses these missions for the JFC. Additionally, the JFC also normally designates the JFACC as the area air defense commander (AADC) and airspace control authority (ACA) because the three functions are integral to one another and require an OAwide perspective. When appropriate, the JFC may designate a separate AADC or ACA. In those joint operations where separate commanders are designated, close coordination is essential for unity of effort, prevention of friendly fire incidents, and deconfliction of joint air operations.
Land Operations
The MNFC may assign the responsibility for land operations to an overall MNF land component commander or a task force (TF) within the MNF command structure.
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY AND DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE: THE NGB
The NGB is a joint activity of the Department of Defense. The NGB performs certain Military Service-specific functions and unique functions on matters involving non-federalized National Guard forces
JIATF
The President or SECDEF can establish
How to CCDR get additional forces
The SECDEF can ATTACH (temporary) or ASSIGN (give it to them permanently) those forces to the CCDR, it will be an OPCON C2 authority, but it could be TACON. The CCDR sends up a RFF through the JCS via the GFM
Army operations are characterized by
The Tenets of Unified Land Operations
Unified Command Plan
The UCP, signed by the President, establishes CCMD missions and CCDR responsibilities, addresses assignment of forces, delineates geographic AORs for GCCs, and specifies responsibilities for FCCs.
INFLUENCE
The US Army's definition of leadership is no exception: Leadership is the process of influencing people by providing purpose, direction, and motivation while operating to accomplish the mission and improving the organization. Hard tactics are generally associated with positional power and include coalition, legitimate requests, and pressure. •
Military
The US employs the military instrument of national power at home and abroad in support of its national security goals.
Land Power
The ability---by threat, force, or occupation---to gain, sustain and exploit over land, resources and people
Joint Intelligence Preparation of the Operational Environment (JIPOE) is:
The analytical process used to produce intelligence assessments, estimates, and other intelligence products in support of the JFC's decision making process.
What is an RMA? - Verify
The assembly of a complex mix of tactical, organizational, doctrinal, and technological innovations in order to implement a new conceptual approach to warfare or specialized sub-branch of warfare
Power
The capacity an individual has to influence the attitude or behavior of others
Center of Gravity (COG):
The characteristic, capability, or locality from which a military force derives its freedom of action, physical strength, or will to fight
Deputies Committee (NSC/DC)
The committee reviews and monitors the work of the NSC interagency process, focusing on policy implementation and conducting periodic reviews of major foreign policy initiatives. It also ensures that issues brought before the NSC/PC or the NSC have been fully analyzed, facts are fairly and adequately set out, a full range of views and options are considered, and the prospects, risks, and implications of each option is satisfactorily assessed.
Operating Environment
The composite of the conditions, circumstances, and influences that affect the employment of capabilities and bear on the decisions of the commander
Operational Design
The conception and construction of the framework that underpins a campaign or operation and its subsequent execution
Cultural Forms
The concrete expression of the belief systems shared by members of a particular culture. Include language, rituals, symbols, ceremonies, myths, and narratives are the medium for communicating ideologies, values, and norms that influence thought and behavior.
Country Team
The country team, headed by the COM, is the senior in- country interagency coordinating body. It is composed of the COM, DCM, section heads, the senior member of each USG department or agency in country, and other USG personnel, as determined by the COM. Each member presents the position of the parent organization to the country team and conveys country team considerations back to the parent organization. The COM confers with the country team to develop and implement foreign policy toward the HN and to disseminate decisions to the members of the mission. Senior Defense Officer for the Country (DATT).
Policy Coordination Committees (NSC/PCCs)
The development and implementation of national security policies by multiple agencies is accomplished by NSC/PCCs. These are established by the Deputies Committee and are the main day-to-day for interagency coordination of national security policy.
The Land Domain
The distinguishing characteristic of the land domain is the presence of humans in large numbers
Simultaneity
The execution of related and mutually supporting tasks at the same time across multiple locations and domains
CCMDs coordinate with civilian department and agency representatives in two primary ways
The first is through an LNO, where the individual retains parent agency identity and a direct reporting relationship (e.g., a member of one of the CCDR's cross- functional staff organizations such as the JIACG). The second is through direct assignment (i.e., civilian agency detail) to the command in the same capacity as a DOD employee. USG departments and agencies may deploy relatively junior personnel compared to their military counterparts.
Military Revolution 4
The first world War combined it's three predecessors; combined arms tactics and operations; blitzkrieg, strategic bombing, carrier warfare, submarine warfare, amphibious warfare, radar and signals intelligence
Virtues-based ethics
The focus in virtue ethics is not on "what one should do" but rather "what kind of person should one be?" Good character, or virtues, is central to virtue theory.28 According to Plato, men must be given the right instruction on what is good: "given the right instruction, it must grow to the full flower of excellence; but if a plant is sown and reared in the wrong soil, it will develop every contrary defect."29 Morality and virtue are skills learned from others-not theoretical knowledge, but knowledge put into practice. L102RB
Physical Areas
The fundamental physical area in the OE is the JFC's assigned OA. This term encompasses more descriptive terms for geographic areas in which joint forces conduct military operations. OAs include, but are not limited to, such descriptors as AOR, theater of war, theater of operations, JOA, AOA, joint special operations area (JSOA), and AO.
Military Engagement, Security Cooperation, and Deterrence
The general strategic objective is to protect or further US interests at home and abroad by enabling support from PNs, enhancing their capacity or capability for security and stability, and maintaining or establishing operational access.
Interagency Activities
The instruments of national power (DIME-diplomatic, informational, military and economic) Complement and reinforce each other
Interorganizational cooperation
The interaction that occurs among elements of the Department of Defense; participating United States Government departments and agencies; state, territorial, local, and tribal agencies; foreign military forces and government agencies; international organizations; nongovernmental organizations; and the private sector.
Key Organizations in JLent
The key DOD organizations in the JLEnt include the Services, CCMDs, Defense Logistics Agency (DLA), United States Transportation Command (USTRANSCOM), the Joint Staff J-3 [Operations Directorate], and the Joint Staff J-4 [Logistics Directorate] (see Figure I-2).
C2 in an AO
The land and maritime force commanders are the supported commanders within their designated AOs
Personal Power
The leader, using his or her expertise or force of personality, earns it by gaining the trust, admiration, and respect of the followers. It is divided into two categories, expert power and referent power. Expert power is based on the knowledge and expertise one has in relation to followers. It is being the subject matter expert (SME). The second category of personal power is that of referent power. Leaders can offset a lack of expert power by leveraging their referent power. Referent power refers to the strength of the professional relationship and personal bond leaders develop with their followers.
Policy Coordination Committees (HSC/PCCs)
The lowest organizations are the HSC/PCCs, which coordinate the development and implementation of homeland security policies throughout the Federal government and coordinate those with State and local government. They provide policy analysis for consideration by the more senior commit-tees of the HSC system and ensure timely responses to decisions made by the President.
Visualize
The mental process of developing situational understaind, determining a desired end state, and envisioning an operation approach by which the force will achieve that end state
Large-Scale Combat Operations
The nature and scope of some missions may require joint forces to conduct large-scale combat operations to achieve national strategic objectives or protect national interests. Such combat typically occurs within the framework of a major operation or campaign. A major operation is series of tactical actions (battles, engagements, strikes) conducted by combat forces of a single or several Services, coordinated in time and place, to achieve strategic or operational objectives in an OA.
What is the purpose of JCIDS?
The objective is to develop a balanced and synchronized DOTMLPF-P solution that is affordable, useful, effective, supportable, and based on mature technology
What is the over-riding factor in any country's decision to engage in coalition operations?
The only constant is that a decision to "join in" is, in every case, a calculated political decision by each potential member of a coalition or alliance.
DOS Plans
The overall global plan is the DOS/USAID Joint Strategic Plan. The Quadrennial Diplomacy and Development Review is a study completed by DOS every four years that analyzes the short-, medium-, and long-term blueprint for the US diplomatic and development efforts abroad.
Diplomatic
The principal instrument for engaging with other states and foreign groups to advance US values, interests, and objectives, and to solicit foreign support for US military operations
Economy of Force
The purpose is to expend minimum essential combat power on secondary efforts in order to allocate the maximum possible combat power on primary efforts.
Offensive
The purpose of an offensive action is to seize, retain, and exploit the initiative.
Legitimacy
The purpose of legitimacy is to maintain legal and moral authority in the conduct of operations.
Maneuver
The purpose of maneuver is to place the enemy in a position of disadvantage through the flexible application of combat power.
Mass
The purpose of mass is to concentrate the effects of combat power at the most advantageous place and time to produce decisive results
Perseverance
The purpose of perseverance is to ensure the commitment necessary to achieve national objectives.
Restraint
The purpose of restraint is to prevent the unnecessary use of force.
Security
The purpose of security is to prevent the enemy from acquiring unexpected advantage.
Simplicity
The purpose of simplicity is to increase the probability that plans and operations will be executed as intended by preparing clear, uncomplicated plans and concise orders.
Objective
The purpose of specifying the objective is to direct every military operation toward a clearly defined, decisive, and achievable goal.
Surprise
The purpose of surprise is to strike at a time or place or in a manner for which the enemy is unprepared.
Army Vision
The purpose of the ASP, section II of TAP, is to articulate a strategy that directs how the Army will fulfill its Title 10 responsibilities and additional statutory requirements over a 10-year time horizon. Its primary inputs are relevant NCA guidance (e.g., DSG; NSS; etc.) and the AV. (1) Building on the AV and other senior leader guidance, the ASP re-emphasizes the Army's "ends" and defines and describes the strategic goals and objectives of senior leaders. Additionally, the ASP provides a strategic assessment of the operating environment, explicitly articulates key assumptions in its strategy formulation, and identifies key areas of risk. The ASP serves as the unifying document for all other Army strategic documents and plans (e.g., Army Modernization Strategy; Army Facility Strategy; etc.). Strategic guidance from the ASP directs planning and programming across multiple Future Years Defense Programs (FYDP), including Total Army Analysis (TAA), and guides changes to Doctrine, Organization, Training, Materiel, Leadership and Education, Personnel, Facilities, and Policy (DOTMLPFP). SECARMY and CSA
Army Campaign Plan
The purpose of the Army Campaign Plan (ACP), section V of TAP, is to establish and monitor annual priorities and initiatives from the SECARMY and CSA that require measurable end states or decision in the year of execution. (1) The ACP is composed of Strategic Efforts (SE), an Operational Design, Strategy Map, and a published document. The ACP document describes two distinct, but interrelated, efforts. The SEs identify priorities and initiatives that require integration across the Army and assist in aligning objectives, resources and time. Generally, no more than six SEs will be identified for execution in a single FY. G357
Army Planning Guidance
The purpose of the Army Planning Guidance (APG), section III of TAP, is to initiate the Army's annual PPBE process by identifying and providing guidance for key planning issues that require resolution or additional guidance before the POM build is complete. These planning issues may be identified from the previous year's POM, throughout program review, or as a result of decisions from other external actors (e.g., Congress, OSD, the White House, etc.). (1) The APG will address near-, mid-, and far-term planning issues that apply to a specific budget year, later in the FYDP, or endure throughout it. The APG identifies each issue, provides a detailed description and applicable senior leader guidance, and identifies a responsible body for adjudication of that issue. (e.g., the Army Management Action Group (AMAG), Planning Program Budget Committee (PPBC), Army Requirements Oversight Council (AROC), etc.). G357
Army Strategic Plan
The purpose of the Army Planning Guidance (APG), section III of TAP, is to initiate the Army's annual PPBE process by identifying and providing guidance for key planning issues that require resolution or additional guidance before the POM build is complete. These planning issues may be identified from the previous year's POM, throughout program review, or as a result of decisions from other external actors (e.g., Congress, OSD, the White House, etc.). (1) The APG will address near-, mid-, and far-term planning issues that apply to a specific budget year, later in the FYDP, or endure throughout it. The APG identifies each issue, provides a detailed description and applicable senior leader guidance, and identifies a responsible body for adjudication of that issue. (e.g., the Army Management Action Group (AMAG), Planning Program Budget Committee (PPBC), Army Requirements Oversight Council (AROC), etc.). G357
Army Program Guidance Memorandum
The purpose of the Army Program Guidance Memorandum (APGM), section IV of TAP, is to codify decisions made throughout the planning process in order to resolve each of the issues identified in the APG. (1) The APGM signals the end of the Army's planning phase and beginning of the Army's programming phase for the annual PPBE process, and provides specific programming guidance that informs the POM build. (2) The Director, PA&E (DCS, G-8) serves as the proponent of the APGM, and coordinates with the other co-chairs of the PPBC and other members of the PPBC throughout the staff process. (3) The APG is published following the POM Off-site, but not later than mid-January, each year. Specific technical guidance will be published during the PPBE process, as required Handled by the G-8
US Army Operational Art Approach
The pursuit of strategic objectives, in whole or in part, through the arrangement of tactical actions in time, space, and purpose.
Industrial Revolution
The rapid ability to build, arm, and increase lethality of an army through improvements in manufacturing and technology in the late 18th century; financial and economic power based on industrialization, technological revolution in land warfare and transport), the fisher revolution in naval warfare: the all big gun battleship and battle fleet
Mission Command War-fighting functions
The related task and systems that develop and interpret those activities enabling a commander to balance the area of command and the span of control in order to integrate the other war fighting functions
End State
The set of required conditions that defines achievement of the commander's objectives
Define Organizational Culture
The shared beliefs of a group used to solve problems and manage internal anxiety
Moral or Ethical Relativism
The social norms dictate what is right. This perspective is rather old in terms of practice but new in terms of our analysis and understanding. Cultures have had social norms for millennia, but only in the last two hundred years have social scientists studied how those norms affect ethical thinking and decisions. In fact, we all use relativist ethics to some degree. Limitations: First, every society has norms which demand scrutiny, and which may very well be distorted. If the society determines what is morally right then it becomes impossible to criticize societies' behaviors. This implies that whatever behavior a society displays is beyond reproach, preventing moral progress. Second, this perspective slices the problem of ethics into a series of culturally separate worlds or discussions. Cultural relativism ignores universal truths and inhibits adoption of international law and norms. L102RA
Center of Gravity (doctrine)
The source of power that provides moral or physical strength, freedom of action, or will to act.
Ante Bellum
The state of affairs before the violation that provided the war's just cause
The Homeland Security Council
The statutory members of the HSC are the President, the Vice President, the Secretary of Homeland Security, the Attorney General, the Secretary of Defense, and others as designated by the President. The general function of the Council is to advise the President on homeland security matters and more specifically assess the objectives, commitments, and risks of the United States in the interest of homeland security and oversee and review homeland security policies of the Federal Government, making recommendations to the President as necessary.
Economy of Force.
The strategic environment requires the US to maintain and prepare joint forces for crisis response and limited contingency operations simultaneously with other operations, preferably in concert with allies and/or PNs when appropriate.
Joint Planning and Execution Community (JPEC)
The supported CCDR has primary responsibility for all aspects of a task assigned by the GEF, the JSCP, or other joint planning directives. Supporting commanders provide forces, assistance, or other resources to a supported commander in accordance with the principles set forth in JP 1, Doctrine for the Armed Forces of the United States.
Unified Action
The synchronization, coordination, and/or integration of the activities of governmental and nongovernmental entities with military operations to achieve unity of effort.
Unified action
The synchronization, coordination, and/or integration of the activities of governmental and nongovernmental entities with military operations to achieve unity of effort.
Target Development is
The systematic examination of potential target systems — and their components, individual targets, and even elements of targets — to determine the action on each target to create an effect consistent with the commander's specific objectives.
Belief Systems
The totality of the identities, beliefs, values, attitudes, and perception that an individual holds constitutes that person's belief system
Personal Initiative
The willingness to act in the absence of orders, when existing orders no longer make sense, or the unforeseen arises
Theater Army
Theater army for the geographic combatant command to which it is assigned; JTF headquarters (with augmentation) for a limited contingency operation in that AOR; Joint force land component (with augmentation) for a limited contingency operation in that AOR. Key Tasks: Serve as the primary interface between the Department of the Army, Army commands, and other ASCCs; Develop Army plans to support the theater campaign plan within that AOR; Tailor Army forces for employment in the AOR; Control RSOI for Army forces in the AOR. Involved in decisions with the GCC on the correct use of Army Forces. Setting the Theater for the Joint Force, JTF-PO.
Name the three levels of strategies
Theater wide Intercontinental Global
Military Engagement Activities
These activities build strong relationships with partners, increase regional awareness and knowledge of a PN's capabilities and capacity, and can be used to influence events in a desirable direction.
Crisis Response and Limited Contingency Operations
These operations can range from an independent, small-scale, noncombat operation, such as support of civil authorities, up to a supporting component of extended major noncombat and/or combat operations. The associated general strategic and operational-level objectives are to protect US interests and/or prevent further escalation.
Moral or Ethical Objectivism: Right Action is Rooted in Universal Moral Principles
These universal moral principles are objectively right or wrong independent of human opinion and are valid for all people at all times in all social environments. Thomas Aquinas was an immensely influential thirteenth century Italian philosopher and theologian who defined objective right and wrong in terms of the four cardinal virtues as prudence, temperance, justice, and fortitude. He argued that the cardinal virtues were revealed in nature and binding for everyone. Aquinas also distinguished four kinds of law; eternal, natural, human, and divine. Eternal law is the decree of God that governs all creation. Natural law is the human participation in the eternal law and is discovered by reason. Natural law, of course, is based on "first principles," this is the first precept of the law, that good is to be done and promoted and that evil is to be avoided. L102RA
Combining LOOs and LOEs
This combination helps commanders incorporate stability tasks into their operational approach that are necessary to reach the end state. It allows commanders to consider the less tangible aspects of the OE where the other instruments of national power or nontraditional military activities may dominate.
Movement and Maneuver
This function encompasses the disposition of joint forces to conduct operations by securing positional advantages before or during combat operations and by exploiting tactical success to achieve operational and strategic objectives. This function includes moving or deploying forces into an OA and maneuvering them to operational depths for offensive and defensive purposes.
Deputies Committee (HSC/DC)
This is chaired by the Deputy National Security Advisor, but the National Security Advisor may designate the Deputy Homeland Security Advisor perform this role. The HSC/DC is the senior sub-Cabinet interagency forum for consideration of policy issues affecting homeland security. It can task and review the work of the HSC interagency groups and helps ensure that issues brought be-fore the HSC/PC or the HSC have been properly analyzed and prepared for action.
Conduct Joint Targeting.
This is the process of selecting and prioritizing targets and matching the appropriate response to them, taking account of command objectives, operational requirements, and capabilities.
Situational Ethics: Right actions are Rooted in right Motives
This perspective is closely related to moral relativism and relatively new to the realm of ethics. An Episcopal priest, Joseph Fletcher, developed this view from his study of Jesus Christ in the Christian scriptures. The foundation of his system is very simple; the only ethical absolute is unselfish, absolute, unchanging, universal, and unconditional love for all people. This principle overshadows all other concerns. If a particular course of action rises from hatred, jealousy, or other polar opposites of love, it should be abandoned. This view looks carefully at an important component of ethical decision-making-our motives. L102RA
Divine Command: God Tells us What is Right to do
This religious perspective is also among the very oldest. We find it evident, for example, in Abraham's decision to sacrifice his son, Isaac, on an altar. Despite God's withdrawal of the command, God recognized Abraham for his obedient faith for following through to the point of God's intervention. This story from the Hebrew scriptures has had a profound effect on Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. limitations. First, by definition it is not open to rational inquiry or debate. If God has commanded it to be done there is no further discussion of the subject. Second, most people face a variety of decisions daily about which there is no apparent divine guidance. Thus, the field of application of this approach is fairly limited. Finally, despite its appearance as a universal ethic under the dominion of the one almighty God, there is significant disagreement among the various traditions within monotheism as to exactly what God commands people to do. L102RA
Assess the Results of Employing Fires.
This task includes assessing the effectiveness and performance of fires as well as their contribution to the larger operation or objective.
Provide Joint Fire Support.
This task includes joint fires that assist joint forces to move, maneuver, and control territory, populations, space, cyberspace, airspace, and key waters.
Conduct Strategic Attack.
This task includes offensive action against targets—whether military, political, economic, or other—which are selected specifically in order to achieve national or military strategic objectives.
Countering Air and Missile Threats.
This task integrates offensive and defensive operations and capabilities to attain and maintain a desired degree of air superiority and force protection. These operations are planned to destroy or negate enemy manned and unmanned aircraft and missiles, both before and after launch.
Defended Asset List
Those assets form the critical asset list prioritized by the joint force commander to be defended with the resources available; Considerations: Critically, Vulnerability, Threat, Available Protection assets
Preclusion
Threats will undermine relationships, raise political stakes, manipulate public opinion, and attack resolve in order to constrain or deny basing rights, overflight corridors, logistic support, and concerted allied action
How do the CCDR tie in?
Through the JCS J Staff
The Army Staff
Title 10 Section 3032 makes the Army Staff responsible for accomplishing the Title 10 functions listed in Section 3013 above. In addition, Title 10 also limits the size of the Army Staff in section 3014: Section 3014: (1) The total number of members of the armed forces and civilian employees of the Department of the Army assigned or detailed to permanent duty in the Office of the Secretary of the Army and on the Army Staff may not exceed 3,105. (2) Not more than 1,865 officers of the Army on the active-duty list may be assigned or detailed to permanent duty in the Office of the Secretary of the Army and on the Army Staff. (3) The total number of general officers assigned or detailed to permanent duty in the Office of the Secretary of the Army and on the Army Staff may not exceed 67. (4) The limitations in paragraphs (1), (2), and (3) do not apply in time of war or during a national emergency declared by the President or Congress. The limitation in paragraph (2) does not apply whenever the President determines that it is in the national interest to increase the number of officers assigned or detailed to permanent duty in the Office of the Secretary of the Army or on the Army Staff.
Army Title 10 Functions
Title 10, Section 3013 better delineates what is required for "the preparation of land forces": (b) Subject to the authority, direction, and control of the Secretary of Defense and subject to the provisions of chapter 6 of this title, the Secretary of the Army is responsible for, and has the authority necessary to conduct, all affairs of the Department of the Army, including the following functions: Recruiting, Organizing, Supplying, Training, Servicing, mobilizing, demobilizing, maintaining, equipping, administering, the construction, outfitting, and repair of military equipment
Chief of Staff of the Army
Title 10, USC, Subtitle B—Army, Part 1— Organization, Chapter 305—The Army Staff, Section §3033, Chief of Staff, the Chief of Staff performs his duties under the authority, direction, and control of the Secretary of the Army and is directly responsible to the Secretary. Subject to the authority, direction, and control of the SECARMY, the CSA shall: preside over the Army Staff (ARSTAF); transmit the plans and recommendations of the ARSTAF to the SECARMY and advise the SECARMY with regard to such plans and recommendations; after approval of the plans or recommendations of the ARSTAF by the SECARMY, act as the agent of the SECARMY in carrying them into effect; exercise supervision, consistent with the authority assigned to commanders of unified or specified combatant commands, over such of the members and organizations of the Army as the SECDEF determines; and also perform the duties prescribed for him as a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS). To the extent that such action does not impair the independence of the CSA in the performance of his duties as a member of the JCS, the CSA shall inform the SECARMY regarding military advice rendered by members of the JCS on matters affecting the DA. Subject to the authority, direction, and control of the SECDEF, the CSA shall keep the SECARMY fully informed of significant military operations affecting the duties and responsibilities of the SECARMY.
Secretary of the Army
Title 10, USC, Subtitle B—Army, Part 1—Organization, Chapter 303—Department of the Army, Section §3013, Secretary of the Army, the Secretary is the head of the Department of the Army (DA) and responsible for, and has the authority necessary to conduct, all affairs of the DA, including the following functions: recruiting; organizing; supplying; equipping (including research and development); training; servicing; mobilizing; demobilizing; administering (including the morale and welfare of personnel); maintaining; the construction, outfitting, and repair of military equipment; and the construction, maintenance, and repair of buildings, structures, and utilities and the acquisition of real property and interests in real property necessary to carry out the responsibilities specified in this section. Subject to the authority, direction, and control of the SECDEF, the Secretary of the Army is also responsible to the SECDEF for: the functioning and efficiency of the DA; the formulation of policies and programs by the DA that are fully consistent with national security objectives and policies established by POTUS or the SECDEF; the effective and timely implementation of policy, program, and budget decisions and instructions of POTUS or the SECDEF relating to the functions of the DA; carrying out the functions of the DA so as to fulfill the current and future operational requirements of the unified and specified combatant commands; effective cooperation and coordination between the DA and the other military departments and agencies of DOD to provide for more effective, efficient, and economical administration and to eliminate duplication; the presentation and justification of the positions of the DA on the plans, programs, and policies of DOD; and the effective supervision and control of the intelligence activities of the DA.
What is the purpose of a National Security Strategy? - verify
To Articulate national interest and basic policy direction and intent to the rest of the world.
Defensive Operations
To create conditions for counteroffensive that allows Army forces to gain the initiative
What is the goal of Force Management
To provide trained and ready units for the Combatant Commanders
operational art, the range of military operations, and the interconnected OE
Together, they provide broad context to consider the use of military capabilities in various circumstances across the conflict continuum.
What are the two basic forms of warfare that the U.S. military recognizes?
Traditional and Irregular
Remaining Life Cycle Functions
Training, Distribution, Deployment, Sustainment, Development, Separation,
What word describes the change of focus between phases or between the ongoing operations and execution of a branch or sequel?
Transition
TMM
Transregional, multi-modal, multi-national; encompasses I2
Operational Limitations
Treaties, host nation law, overflight
True or False. Assessments use Measures of effectiveness (MOE) and Measures of Performance. MOE assesses whether the joint force is "doing the right things" and MOP assesses if the joint force is "doing things right."
True
True or False. Contingency plans are developed in anticipation of a potential crisis outside of crisis conditions.
True
Space is free for use by all countries is part of what
UN Principles of International Space Law
Diplomatic Mission
US bilateral representation in foreign count or multilateral MSN to an IGO
conflict continuum
US national leaders can use military capabilities in a wide variety of activities, tasks, missions, and operations that vary in purpose, scale, risk, and combat intensity
Functions By Service
USAF-Air space (Global Vigilance (ISR), Global Reach (mobility), Global Power (Strike)); USN Maritime (Sea Control, Power Projection, Forward Presence, Maritime Security, HA/DR, Deterence); USMC Expeditionary cross domain (Combined Air/Ground Expeditionary Operations, Force in Readiness, Amphibious, Security Detachments); USA Land Domain (Sustained Unified Land Operations, Occupy Territories, Provide Logistics to the Joint Force); SOCCOM Global Domain (Counterterrorism, Unconventional Warfare, Foreign Internal, Defense/ SFA)
Last Resort
Ultima Ratio, the last resort, stems too from a commitment to restrict the use of force to cases of sad necessity
Planning and Plans Facilitate
Understand and develop solutions to problems. Anticipate events and adapt to changing circumstances. Task-organize the force and prioritize efforts.
Operational Methodology
Understand the strategic direction. Understand the OE. Understand the problem.
Commanders Role In the Operations Process
Understand, Visualize, Describe and Direct while assessing
What is the Operational Art Process?
Understanding Experience Intellect Creativity Intuition Education
What are the fundamentals of Joint Operations and Unified Action
Unified action synchronizes, coordinates, and/or integrates joint, single-Service, and multinational operations with the operations of other USG departments and agencies, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) (e.g., the United Nations)
CCDR is Concerned with 3 things
Unity of Action, Unity of Effort, and Unity of command
Which principle of Joint Operations has the purpose to ensure unity of effort under one responsible commander for every objective?
Unity of Command.
Coalitions
Usually less formal, represent a broad grouping of often very diverse states temporarily united for a specific purpose, typically military action. Desert Storm or OIF
Ways commanders achieve surprise
Varying the direction, timing, boldness, means, and force of the attack, being unpredictable, using military deception, cunning and guile also help to gain surprise
What is the relationship between virtue, principle and consequential ethics?
Virtue Ethics. Virtue based ethics should be easy to understand because it appeals to our innate sense of what is right and wrong. The virtuous person will do the right thing by acting consistent with his/her character. Principle or Duty Ethics: Right consists of fulfilling our obligations. Good is defined in this context by universally recognized principles of conduct. Consequentialism is often expressed as the greatest amount of good for the greatest number of people. The focus is on the results or consequences of an action for all concerned.
What are the major ethical approaches?
Virtue ethics, Principle or Duty Ethics, Consequentialism: The results desired drive the actions L102RA
Environmental Consideration
Volcanoes, Natural events, Toxic industrial material
Non-Government Organizations
Voluntary organizations of private individuals, both paid and unpaid, who are committed to a wide range of issues but not on the behalf of any specific state government. They fall into two categories nonprofit and nonpartisan focus or those motivated by self interest. Examples of the former are humanitarian aid organizations and the other is Multi-National Corporations, Like GM or IBM.
Bellum romanum
War without mercy
Define "Ends"?
What is to be accomplished (objectives)
A Vision statement must include.
What, why, and how
Lead Nation Command Structure
When all member nations place their forces under the control of one nation. (the largest contributors should be the lead).
Subordinate Unified Combatant Command
When authorized by SecDef through the CJCS, commanders of unified CCMDs may establish subordinate unified commands.
Command of National Guard and Reserve Forces
When mobilized under Title 10, USC, authority, command of National Guard and Reserve forces (except those forces specifically exempted) is assigned by SecDef to the CCMDs. They also receive Training and readiness oversight
Protection of Shipping
When necessary, US forces provide protection of US flag vessels, US citizens (whether embarked in US or foreign vessels), and US property against unlawful violence in and over international waters (such as Operation EARNEST WILL, in which Kuwaiti ships were reflagged under the US flag in 1987). Actions to protect shipping include coastal sea control, harbor defense, port security, countermine operations, and environmental defense
Theater Special Operations Command
While assigned to a GCC, the GCC has OPCON over a TSOC not COCOM
Integrating Air and Missile Defense.
While joint combat focuses on operations within one or more OAs, threats to joint forces can come from well outside assigned JOAs, and even outside a GCC's AOR. In particular, an enemy's ballistic and cruise missiles and long-range aircraft can pose significant challenges that require integration of defensive capabilities from both within and beyond a GCC's AOR.
List the five elements of a mission statement?
Who, what, when, where, and why
Cardinal virtues (Plato)
Wisdom, temperance, courage and justice. L102RA
What's the difference between single Step and Evolutionary development approaches?
With the Step approach, the user receives no useful capability until IOC (Initial Operational Capability). With the Evolutionary approach, the user receives incremental increases in capability as the technology base develops.
HQDA Support Specialty Commands
[Field Operating Agencies (FOA), Direct Reporting Units (DRU)]: FOAs and DRUs are a category of organizations within the Department of the Army that of produce special services that report directly to HQDA.
Joint Strategic Planning System (JSPS)
______ is the primary means by which the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS) CJCS performs joint strategic planning and carries out statutory responsibilities assigned in titles 6, 10, 22 and 50 of the United States Code (USC).is a system that enables the Chairman to effectively assess, advise, direct, and execute in fulfillment of these statutory responsibilities
Doctrine
a body of thought on how Army forces operate as an integral part of joint force. It establishes the following: How the Army views the nature of operations fundamentals by which Army forces conduct operations Methods by which commanders exercise mission command
All MAGTFs consist of four core elements
a command element, ground combat element (GCE), aviation combat element (ACE), logistics combat element (LCE)
Unity of command
a comprehensive approach that focuses on coordination and cooperation of the US military and other interorganizational participants toward common objectives, even if the participants are not necessarily part of the same command or organization.
Commanders choose to defend to create conditions for
a counteroffensive that allows army forces to regain the initiative
Operational Approach
a description of the broad action the force must take to transform current conditions into those desired at end state
Decisive Points
a geographic place, specific key event, critical factor, or function that, when acted upon, allows a commander to gain a marked advantage over an enemy or contributes materially to achieving success. usually not COGs, they are the keys to attacking or protecting them.
Decisive Point
a geographic place, specific key event, critical factor, or function that, when acted upon, allows commanders to gain a marked advantage over an adversary or contributes materially to achieving success.
mission command
a key component of the C2 function described in Chapter III, "Joint Functions"—enables military operations through decentralized execution based on mission-type orders. Mission command is built on subordinate leaders at all echelons who exercise disciplined initiative and act aggressively and independently to accomplish the mission. Mission-type orders focus on the purpose of the operation rather than details of how to perform assigned tasks. Commanders delegate decisions to subordinates wherever possible, which minimizes detailed control and empowers subordinates' initiative to make decisions based on the commander's guidance rather than constant communications. Subordinates' understanding of the commander's intent at every level of command is essential to mission command.
Commander's intent
a knowledge-based product that commanders use to share their insight and direction with the joint force.
Attack usually follows
a movement to contact or after conduct of exploitations and pursuits and the conduct of defensive tasks.
Joint Logistics Enterprise (JLent)
a multitiered matrix of key global logistics providers cooperatively structured to achieve a common purpose. collaborative agreements, contracts, policy, legislation, or treaties designed to make it function in the best interest of the JFC or other supported organization. The JLEnt includes organizations and partnerships from the Services, combatant commands (CCMDs), joint task forces (JTFs), CSAs, other US Government departments and agencies, and NGOs. Commercial partners also play a vital role in virtually all aspects of the JLEnt and function on a global scale providing comprehensive, end-to-end capabilities. The JLEnt may also include multinational partners.
What is JCIDS? - Verify
a need driven joint capabilities-based requirements generation process
Effects
a physical and/or behavioral state of a system that results from an action, set of actions.
Phase
a planning and execution tool used to divide an operation in duration or activity
Decision Point
a point in space or time the commander or staff anticipate making a key decision concerning a specific course of action.
Society
a population whose members are subject to the same political authority, occupy a common territory, have a common culture, or share a sense of identity; JIPOE must consider societies or societal links to groups outside the operational area and the impact of society on the overall OE
The International Civil Aviation Organization
a specialized agency of the UN, codifies the principles and techniques of international air navigation and fosters the planning and development of international air transport to ensure safe and orderly use of international airspace.
Culture
a system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts that members of a society use to cope with their world and with one another. It is habitual and perceived as "natural" by people within the society. Includes Identity, beliefs, Values, Attitudes and perceptions, Belief systems, Cultural forms
What is JIPOE?
a systematic approach used by intelligence personnel to analyze the adversary and other relevant aspects of the operational environment.
Phase
a way to view and conduct a complex joint operation in manageable parts. Should be condition driven and not time driven. Distinct in time, space, and/or purpose from one another, but must be planned in support of each other and should represent a natural progression and subdivision of the campaign or operation.
USSOCOM Functions
a. USSOCOM, within the Department of Defense, includes SOF, both Active and Reserve Components, not otherwise assigned. b. Commander, USSOCOM, in coordination with the Military Service Chiefs, is responsible for the preparation of SOF necessary for effective prosecution of all armed conflicts, however such conflicts are characterized, and in all other military operations, except as otherwise assigneed, and in accordance with integrated joint mobilization plans, for the expansion of USSOCOM to meet the demands of the full range of military operations. c. Subject to the authority, direction, and control of the Secretary of Defense, Commander,
Reasonable Hope of Success
ad bellum is reasonable hope of success
Stability Operations
aims to create conditions so that the local populace regards the situation as legitimate, acceptable, and predictable; aims to lessen the level of violence; aims to enable the function of governmental, economic, an societal institutions. encourages the general adherence to local laws, rules, and norms of behavior
At the tactical level, JIPOE support may
also include analysis of specific target composition and vulnerability.
Influence
alter opinions, attitudes and ultimately behavior
Attack types
ambush, counterattack, demonstration, spoiling attack, feint, and raid
Army Service Component Command
an Army force designated by the SECARMY, comprised primarily of operational organizations serving as the Army component for a CCDR. If designated by the CCDR, it serves as a Joint Forces Land Component Command (JFLCC) or a Joint Task Force (JTF). "The ASCC is responsible for providing administrative control (that includes logistics support) to all Army units and contractors in the theater. (a) U.S. Army Africa / Southern European Task Force (USARAF / SETAF), Vicenza, Italy. (b) U.S. Army, Europe (USAREUR), Wiesbaden, GE. (c) U.S. Army, Central (USARCENT), Shaw Air Force Base, SC. (d) U.S. Army North (USARNORTH), Fort Sam Houston, TX. (e) U.S. Army South (USARSO), Fort Sam Houston, TX. (f) U.S. Army Pacific (USARPAC), Fort Shafter, HI. (g) U.S. Army Special Operations Command (USASOC), Fort Bragg, NC. (h) Military Surface Deployment and Distribution Command (SDDC), Scott Air Force Base, IL. (i) U.S. Army Space and Missile Defense Command / Army Forces Strategic Command (USASMDC / ARSTRAT), Huntsville, AL. (j) *U.S. Army Cyber Command (ARCYBER), Fort Meade, MD
Theater of Operations
an OA defined by the GCC for the conduct or support of specific military operations. A theater of operations is established primarily when the scope of the operation in time, space, purpose, and/or employed forces exceeds what a JOA can normally accommodate. Typically has more than one campaign in it.
Field Operating Agencies
an agency with the primary mission of executing policy that is under the supervision of HQDA, but not an ACOM, ASCC or DRU. Listed below are some example FOAs under the staff principal they support— Examples: Center for Army Analysis is a FOA for the Army DCS, G-8; the Army Human Resources Command (HRC) is a FOA of the DCS, G-1; and, the Army Contracting Agency (ACA) is a FOA reporting to the Assistant Secretary of the Army for Acquisition, Logistics, and Technology (ASA(ALT)), Army Field Band to the Chief, PA; Logistics Innovation Agency to the G-4; USAFMSA. F101RA
JSOA
an area of land, sea, and airspace assigned by a JFC to the commander of SOF to conduct special operations activities. It may be limited in size to accommodate a discreet direct action mission or may be extensive enough to allow a continuing broad range of unconventional warfare (UW) operations. A JSOA is defined by a JFC who has geographic responsibilities. JFCs may use a JSOA to delineate and facilitate simultaneous conventional and special operations. The JFSOCC is the supported commander within the JSOA.
JOA
an area of land, sea, and airspace, defined by a GCC or subordinate unified commander, in which a JFC (normally a CJTF) conducts military operations to accomplish a specific mission.
Value
an enduring bleif that a specific mode of conduct is preferable to an opposite or converse mode of conduct. Include topics like toleration, stability, prosperity, social change, and self determination.
Information Management (IM)
an essential process that receives, organizes, stores, controls, and secures an organization's wide range of data and information. IM involves numerous decision support tools intimately integrated with the CCIRs. IM includes hard-copy decision support matrixes for the chief of staff and staff officers, wall-charts with PIR and FFIR statuses, report logs, call logs, video feeds, and information storage directives. IM is important for the commander's battle rhythm and the development and sharing of information to increase both individual and collective knowledge.
Defense Continuity Program
an integrated program composed of DOD policies, plans, procedures, assets, and resources that ensures continuity of DOD component mission-essential functions under all circumstances, including crisis, attack, recovery, and reconstitution.
Exploitation
an offensive task that usually follows the conduct of a successful attack and is designed to disorganize the enemy in depth
Delaying operation
an operation in which a force under pressure trades space for time by slowing down the enemy's momentum and inflicting max damage on the enemy without, in principle, becoming decisively engaged
Perimeter defense
an option when conducting an area or mobile defense. Oriented in all directions. Prerequisites are aggressive patrolling and security operations outside the perimeter. Secure the inner portion while focusing combat power on the perimeter.
Understand
analysis of the operational environment and mission variables provides this understanding
Physical Characteristics
analyzed to determine the target's susceptibility to damage, disruption, or other effect
Strategies of Warfare
annihilation and strategy of erosion. (1) The first is to make the enemy helpless to resist us, by physically destroying his military capabilities. This has historically been characterized as annihilation or attrition. It requires the enemy's incapacitation as a viable military force. (2) The second approach is to convince the enemy that accepting our terms will be less painful than continuing to aggress or resist. This can be characterized as erosion, using military force to erode the enemy leadership's or the enemy society's political will.
Sequels
anticipate and plan for subsequent operations based on the possible outcomes of the current operation—victory, defeat, or stalemate.
Stressor
any event or situation which requires a non-routine change of behavior
Troop leading procedures
are a dynamic process used by small-unit leaders to analyze a mission, develop a plan, and prepare for an operation. MDMP at the small unite level. Step 1 - Receive the mission. Step 2 - Issue a warning order. Step 3 - Make a tentative plan. Step 4 - Initiate movement. Step 5 - Conduct reconnaissance. Step 6 - Complete the plan. Step 7 - Issue the order. Step 8 - Supervise and refine.
Interdiction operations
are actions to divert, disrupt, delay, or destroy the enemy's military surface capability before it can be used effectively against friendly forces to achieve enemy objectives. Air interdiction is conducted at such distance from friendly forces that detailed integration of each air mission with the fire and movement of friendly forces is not required. The JFC plans and synchronizes the overall interdiction effort in the assigned JOA.
CMO
are activities that establish, maintain, influence, or exploit relationships between foreign military forces, indigenous populations, and institutions with the objective to reestablish or maintain stability in a region or HN.
Geographic Combatant Commands
are assigned a geographic area of responsibility (AOR) by the President with the advice of SecDef as specified in the UCP.
Rational tactics
are associated with both personal and positional power and include rational persuasion, exchange, apprising, and collaboration.
Soft tactics
are associated with personal power and include ingratiation, personal appeal, inspirational appeal, participation, relational, and building consultation.
Strikes
are attacks conducted to damage or destroy an objective or a capability. Strikes may be used to punish offending nations or groups, uphold international law, or prevent those nations or groups from launching their own attacks
PA
are communication activities with external and internal audiences. Joint PA plans, coordinates, and synchronizes US military public information activities and resources to support the CCS and operational objectives through the distribution of truthful, timely, and factual information about joint military activities. PA contributes to the achievement of military objectives by countering incorrect information and adversary and enemy propaganda through the dissemination of accurate information.
Inspiration or inspirational appeals
are designed to stir up the emotions and enthusiasm in others to gain their commitment.
Maritime interception operations
are efforts to monitor, query, and board merchant vessels in international waters to enforce sanctions against other nations such as those in support of UN Security Council resolutions and/or prevent the transport of restricted goods.
Critical requirements
are essential conditions, resources, and means the COG requires to perform the critical capability. Nouns. Link to CC
Personal appeals
are leader requests based on friendship, loyalty, or trust.
Joint operations
are military actions conducted by joint forces and those Service forces employed in specified command relationships with each other, which of themselves do not establish joint forces.
PO
are multiagency and multinational operations involving all instruments of national power—including international humanitarian and reconstruction efforts and military missions—to contain conflict, restore the peace, and shape the environment to support reconciliation and rebuilding and facilitate the transition to legitimate governance. PO encompass PKO, predominantly military PEO, predominantly diplomatic PB actions, PM processes, and conflict prevention.
Multinational operations
are operations conducted by forces of two or more nations, usually undertaken within the structure of a coalition or alliance. Other possible arrangements include supervision by an intergovernmental organization (IGO) such as the United Nations (UN), the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), or the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe.
NEO
are operations directed by DOS or other appropriate authority, in conjunction with DOD, whereby noncombatants are evacuated from locations within foreign countries to safe havens designated by DOS when their lives are endangered by war, civil unrest, or natural disaster.
Peace Operations (PO)
are operations to contain conflict, redress the peace, and shape the environment to support reconciliation and rebuilding and facilitate the transition to legitimate governance. PO include peacekeeping operations (PKO), peace enforcement operations (PEO), peacemaking (PM), peace building (PB), and conflict prevention efforts.
Raids
are operations to temporarily seize an area, usually through forcible entry, in order to secure information, confuse an enemy, capture personnel or equipment, or destroy an objective or capability (e.g., Operation RHINO, a raid led by US SOF elements on several Taliban targets in and around Kandahar, Afghanistan, in October 2001).
Security operations
are operations undertaken by a commander to provide early and accurate warning of enemy operations, to provide the force being protected with time and maneuver space within which to react to the enemy, and to develop the situation to allow the commander to effectively use the protected force
Encirclement operations
are operations where one force loses its freedom of maneuver because an opposing force is able to isolate it by controlling all ground lines of communication and reinforcement.
NGOs
are private, self-governing, not-for-profit organizations dedicated to alleviating human suffering; and/or promoting education, health care, economic development, environmental protection, human rights, and conflict resolution; and/or encouraging the establishment of democratic institutions and civil society.
Joint functions
are related capabilities and activities grouped together to help JFCs integrate, synchronize, and direct joint operations. Functions that are common to joint operations at all levels of warfare fall into six basic groups—C2, intelligence, fires, movement and maneuver, protection, and sustainment.
Roles
are the broad and enduring purposes for which the Services and the combatant commands (CCMDs) were established in law.
Acceptability
are the consequences of cost justified by the importance of the effects desired or, said another is the method proposed justified by the end achieved
instruments of national power
are the national-level means our national leaders can apply in various ways to achieve strategic objectives (ends). Institutions that represent these instruments of national power are active continuously as the President directs along a conflict continuum that ranges from peace to war.
Critical capabilities
are the primary abilities essential to the accomplishment of the objective. Verb
Countermobility operations
are those combined arms activities that use or enhance the effects of natural and man-made obstacles to deny an adversary freedom of movement and maneuver
Operating Forces
are those forces whose primary missions are to participate in combat and the integral supporting elements thereof." Operating forces are usually associated with MTOE units; i.e., BCTs and other Combat Arms, Combat Support and Combat Service Support units as well as SOF and other designated capabilities provided to combatant commanders.
Security operations
are those operations undertaken by a commander to provide early and accurate warning of enemy operations, to provide the force being protected with time and maneuver space within which to react to the enemy, and to develop the situation to allow the commander to effectively use the protected force
3 basic defensive tasks
area defense; mobile defense ; retrograde
wedge formation
arranges forces to attack an enemy appearing to the front and flanks
Just Cause
asks for a legitimate and morally weighty reason to go to war
Critical Vulnerability
aspects or components of critical requirements that are deficient and can be targeted
5 Options for Movement to Contact
attack, defend, bypass, delay, or withdraw
surprise
attacking the enemy at a time or place the enemy does not expect or in a manner that the enemy is unprepared for
Indirect Approach
attacks the enemy's COG by applying combat power against CRITICAL VULNERABILITIES that lead to the defeat of the COG while avoiding enemy strength.
Direct Approach
attacks the enemy's COG or principal strength by applying combat power directly against it.
In a large scale exploitation operation, the enemy may
attempt to draw forces from less active areas or bring forward previously uncommitted reserves.
Defeat Mechanisms
attrition, disruption, destroy, dislocate, disintegrate, Isolate
Difference between attack and a movement to contact
because, in an attack, the commander knows part of the enemy's disposition.
Consulates
branch offices of the mission located in key cities—may be established in large cities or commercial centers. Consulates are often far from the US embassy. A consulate is headed by a consul general.
How Does a CCDR Achieve Unity of Action
by combining Unity of Command and Unity of Effort
Joint task forces (JTFs)
can be established by SecDef, a CCDR, subordinate unified commander, or an existing JTF commander.
Feasibility
can the action be accomplished by the means available
Defensive Primary Task
cause the enemy attack to fail; alone they achieve no decision& must be followed or combined with offensive action
Effects
change to a condition, behavior, or degree of freedom
Joint Functions
command and control (C2), the joint functions include intelligence, fires, movement and maneuver, protection, sustainment, and information.
Lead
commanders provide purpose, direction, and motivation to subordinate commanders, their staff, and Soldiers.
FHP
complements force protection efforts by promoting, improving, preserving, or restoring the mental or physical well-being of Service members.
Advanced Standard
completes target characterization process to the degree that facilitates target engagement
Area defense
concentrates on denying enemy forces access to designated terrain for a specific time rather than destroying the enemy outright
Mobile defense
concentrates on the destruction or defeat of the enemy through a decisive attack by a striking force; allows enemy to advance into a position that exposes the enemy to counterattack by the striking force;
Aerial reconnaissance
conducted by Army or joint aviation assets serves as a link between sensors and mounted or dismounted reconnaissance and used to cue other reconnaissance methods to specific areas thereby increasing the overall tempo of the operation. Consider using this when: Weather permits. Time is extremely limited or information is required quickly. Ground reconnaissance elements are not available. The objective is at an extended range. Verifying a target. Enemy locations are known and extremely dangerous (high risk) to ground assets or are vague but identified as high risk to ground assets. Terrain is complex and weather conditions are favorable.
Defense
conducted to defeat an enemy attack, gain time, economize forces, and develop conditions favorable for offensive or stability tasks
Exploitation follows
conduction of successful attack
battle
consists of a set of related engagements that lasts longer and involves larger forces than an engagement.
Define Organizational Climate
consists of collective perceptions of the work environment formed by members of the organization based on actions, policies, and procedures of the leadership
Emergency preparedness
consists of measures taken in advance of an emergency to reduce the loss of life and property and to protect a nation's institutions from all types of hazards through a comprehensive emergency management program of preparedness, mitigation, response, and recovery.
The art of tactics
consists of three interrelated aspects: the creative and flexible array of means to accomplish assigned missions, decisionmaking under conditions of uncertainty when faced with a thinking and adaptive enemy, and understanding the effects of combat on Soldiers
Like exploitation, pursuit encompasses broad decentralization of
control and rapid movement
The higher commander can assign the security force the task of
cover, guard, screen or area security for the protected force
Battle Rhythm
daily operations cycle of briefings, meetings, and report requirements.
Applied ethics
deals with controversial moral problems such as capital punishment, abortion, civil obedience or disobedience, or even the just war tradition. L102RA
Defending commanders...
decieve the enemy as to the true dispositions and intentions of friendly forces; unravel the coordination of the enemy's supporting arms; break the tempo of the offense
The offense is the
decisive form of war
How to disrupt
defeating of misleading enemy reconnaissance forces and disrupting the attacker's combat formations so that they cannot fight as part of an integrated whole
Lines of Operation (LOO)
defines the interior or exterior orientation of the force in relation to the enemy or that connects actions on nodes and/or decisive points related in time and space to an objective(s). A series of decisive actions, typically combat operations. Tie offensive, defensive, and stability tasks to the geographic and positional references in the OA. A force operates on interior lines when its operations diverge from a central point. A force operates on exterior lines when its operations converge on the enemy.
Defending commanders conduct all three defensive tasks (area, mobile, and retrograde) to
delay, canalize and ultimately halt the attacker and dynamic elements (spoiling attacks and counterattacks) to strike at and destroy enemy forces
Three forms of retrograde
delay, withdrawal, and retirement
Isolate
deny an enemy or adversary access to capabilities that enable the exercise of coercion, influence, potential advantage, and freedom of action
Reverse Slope Defense
denying the enemy the topographical crest. Control the crest by fire
National Military Strategy
derived from the NSS and DSR, prioritizes and focuses the efforts of the Armed Forces of the United States while conveying the CJCS's direction with regard to the OE and the necessary military actions to protect national security interests. This should be turned into action by CCDRs and Service Chiefs
Effects
describe system behavior in the operational environment — desired effects are the conditions related to achieving objectives.
end state
describes the conditions that meet the termination criteria.
SCA
determines the joint force's space requirements, coordinates and integrates space capabilities in the OA, and plans and assesses joint space operations.
Tasks
direct friendly action designed to produce those effects or conditions
Three Reasons for NEC creation
disagreements over economic policy needed a forum for routine resolution short of everyone run-ning to the President to sort out arguments; the need to eliminate the increasingly arbitrary distinction between domestic and international eco-nomic policy, more and more these had intertwined domestic and international components and ramifications; the NEC sought to "promote consistency between the "spin" and the substance of policy
Enemy will more often attempt to
disengage, withdraw and reconstitute an effective defense as rapidly as possible
Exploitation is designed to
disorganize the enemy in depth
Disruption
disrupt the attackers tempo and synchronization by constantly seeking to wrest the initiative from the attack and preventing the attacker from massing overwhelming combat power against elements of the defending force
Disintegrate
disrupt the enemy's command and control system, degrading its ability to conduct operations
Characteristics of the defense
disruption, flexibility, mass and concentration, preparation and security
What is an Initial Capabilities Document?
documents the need for non-materiel and/or materiel solution approaches to resolve a specific high risk capability gap derived from the JCIDS C-BA process.
CCIRs
elements of information that the commander identifies as critical to timely decision making. Belong exclusively to the commander.
Clausewitz's Trinity of Forces
emotion (irrational), chance (nonrational), and reason (rational)— connected by principal actors that comprise a social trinity of the people, the military forces, and the government.
IPB is a microanalysis while JIPOE...
emphasizes a holistic approach
Dislocate
employing forces to obtain significant positional advantage, rendering the enemy's dispositions less valuable, perhaps even irrelevant
Operational Maneuver
employment of forces in the operational area through movement in combination with fires to achieve a position of advantages in respect to the enemy
Language skills, regional knowledge, and cultural awareness
enable effective joint operations. Deployed joint forces should understand and effectively communicate with HN populations, local and national government officials, and multinational partners. This capability is best built on analysis of national, regional, and local culture, economy, politics, religion, and customs.
Mounted Reconnnaissance
enables a more rapid tempo while in creasing the potential compromise of reconnaissance efforts. Consider using this when: Time is limited, distance require mounted movement, Stealn and security are not primary concerns, Detailed info is not required, enemy location is known
Countering Weapons of Mass Destruction (CWMD)
encompasses efforts against actors of concern to curtail the conceptualization, development, possession, proliferation, use, and effects of WMD, related expertise, materials, technologies, and means of delivery.
Cybersecurity
encompasses measures that protect computers, electronic communications systems and services, wired communications, and electronic communications by ensuring their availability, integrity, authentication, confidentiality, and nonrepudiation.
FID
encompasses participation by civilian and military agencies of a government in the action programs taken by another government or other designated organization to free and protect its society from subversion, lawlessness, insurgency, terrorism, and other threats to its security.
science of tactics
encompasses the understanding of those military aspects of tactics—capabilities, techniques, and procedures—that can be measured and codified
Surprise delays
enemy reactions, overloads and confuses enemy decisionmakers and command and control systems, induces psychological shock in enemy soldiers and leaders and reduces the coherence of the enemy defense.
Commanders use these forms of maneuver to orient on the ______ not the ______
enemy, not the terrain
CCS
entails focused efforts to create, strengthen, or preserve conditions favorable for the advancement of national interests, policies, and objectives by understanding and communicating with key audiences through the use of coordinated information, themes, messages, plans, programs, products and actions, synchronized with the other instruments of national power.
Mission
entails the task, together with the purpose, that clearly indicates the action to be taken and the reason therefore.
Forms of maneuver
envelopment, flank attack, frontal attack, infiltration, penetration, and turning movement
When restoring essential services, military forces will ______ or ______most essential civil services ( EX's)
establish or restore ; food, water, shelter, medical support
Support
establish, reinforce, or set conditions
Direct
establishing their commander's intent, setting achievable objectives, and issuing clear tasks to subordinate units. Throughout the operations process, commanders direct forces by— Preparing and approving plans and orders. Establishing command and support relationships. Assigning and adjusting tasks, control measures, and task organization. Positioning units to maximize combat power. Positioning key leaders at critical places and times to ensure supervision. Allocating resources to exploit opportunities and counter threats. Committing the reserve as required.
Defense of a Linear Obstacle
examples are mountain ranges and rivers. Commanders prefer area defense, so that the obstacle cannot be crossed.
Secretaries of the Military Departments
exercise authority over the Chiefs of the Services for those forces not assigned to the combatant commands
Multinational Force Commander MNFC
exercises CMD authority over a MIL force composed of elements from 2+ nations.
LN structure
exists when all member nations place their forces under the control of one nation. The LN command structure can be distinguished by a dominant LN command and staff arrangement with subordinate elements retaining strict national integrity.
Unlike ______, commanders can rarely anticipate pursuit so they do not normally hold forces in reserve solely to accomplish this mission
exploitation
Orbits
explores a future of tensions created by competing major powers seeking their own spheres of influence while attempting to maintain stability at home
The potential range of military activities and operations
extends from military engagement, security cooperation, and deterrence in times of relative peace up through major operations and campaigns that typically involve large-scale combat
In an exploitation, the attacker
extends the destruction of the defending force by maintaining offensive pressure
The defender interrupts the attacker's
fire support, sustainment, and command and control capabilities
Multinational Force
force composed of military elements of nations who have formed an alliance or coalition for some specific purpose
Assigned Forces
forces belong to CCDR
Apportionate forces
forces made available for deliberate planning as of a certain date
Retirement
form of retrograde in which a force out of contact moves away from the enemy
intelligence
function supports this understanding with analysis of the OE to inform JFCs about adversary capabilities, COGs, vulnerabilities, and future COAs and to help commanders and staffs understand and map friendly, neutral, and threat networks.
Core logistic
functions provide a framework to facilitate integrated decision making, enable effective synchronization and allocation of resources, and optimize joint logistic processes. The challenges associated with support cut across all core logistic functions, especially when multiple JTFs or multinational partners are involved.
If forces are not in contact then the central feature of the movement to contact is
gaining or reestablishing contact with the enemy
Dispersion
geographic distribution of the targets in a target system and/or target elements within a target
Interoperability
greatly enhances multinational operations. Nations whose forces are interoperable across material and nonmaterial capabilities can operate together effectively in numerous ways.
Functional Combatant Commands
have transregional responsibilities and are normally supporting CCDRs to the GCC's activities in their AOR.
The country team
headed by the COM, is the senior in- country interagency coordinating body. It is composed of the COM, DCM, section heads, the senior member of each USG department or agency in country, and other USG personnel, and determined by the COM.
ULO
how the Army seizes, retains, and exploits the initiative to gain and maintain a position of relative advantage in sustained land operations
Jointness
implies cross-Service combination wherein the capability of the joint force is understood to be synergistic, with the sum greater than its parts (the capability of individual components). C301RB
Control
imposing civil order
USSOCOM, is responsible for, and has the authority necessary to conduct
in addition to those specified, all affairs of such command relating to special operations activities, including: (1) In coordination with the Military Service Chiefs, organize, train, equip, and provide SOF, doctrine, procedures, and equipment for: (a) Counterterrorism operations. (b) Counterproliferation of weapons of mass destruction (c) Foreign internal defense. (d) Security force assistance (SFA). (e) Counterinsurgency. (f) Unconventional warfare. (g) Direct action. (h) Special reconnaissance. (i) Civil affairs operations (CAO). (j) Military information support operations (MISO). (k) Information operations. (l) Activities specified by the President or Secretary of Defense. (2) Acquire and/or develop, including through the conduct of research, special operations-peculiar equipment, and other special operations-peculiar material, supplies, and/or services. (3) Provide special operations-peculiar logistical support for SOF and for other forces assigned to USSOCOM, including procurement, distribution, supply, equipment, and maintenance, unless otherwise directed by the Secretary of Defense. (4) Conduct operational testing and evaluation of special operations-peculiar equipment; ensuring the interoperability of equipment and forces. (5) Prepare and submit, to the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Special Operations and Low-Intensity Conflict and Interdependent Capabilities, pursuant to section 138 of Reference (e), program recommendations and budget proposals for SOF and for other forces assigned to USSOCOM; justify before the Congress budget requests as approved by the President; and administer the funds made available. (6) Serve as the SOF joint force provider responsible for identifying and recommending global joint sourcing solutions to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, in coordination with the Military Service Chiefs and other Combatant ommanders, from all SOF and capabilities, and supervising implementation of (8) Serve as a source of SFA expertise to joint task forces or Combatant Command headquarters. (9) Coordinate on Military Department and Military Service personnel management policy and plans as they relate to accessions, assignments, compensation, promotions, professional development, readiness, retention, sustainment, and training of all SOF personnel. This coordination shall not interfere with the title 10 authorities of the Military Departments or Military Services. (10) Ensure the combat readiness of forces assigned to USSOCOM.sourcing decisions.
Characteristics of the offense
include audacity, concentration, surprise, and rapid tempo
mechanisms for victory in traditional warfare
include the defeat of an adversary's armed forces, the destruction of an adversary's war-making capacity, and/or the seizure or retention of territory.
Joint fire support
includes joint fires that assist air, land, maritime, cyberspace, and special operations forces to move, maneuver, and control territory, populations, airspace, cyberspace, EMS, and key waters. Joint fire support may include, but is not limited to, manned and unmanned fixed-wing, rotary-wing, and tiltrotor aircraft capabilities; naval surface fire support; artillery, mortars, rockets, and missiles; and other effects of some cyberspace attack, space control operations, EA, and other nonlethal capabilities.
Nonproliferation
includes use of military capabilities in conjunction with a whole-of-government effort, and within a state's legal authorities, to deter and prevent the acquisition of WMD by dissuading or impeding access to or distribution of sensitive technologies, material, and expertise by and between state and non-state actors of concern. Usually sanctions are established by UN Security Council resolutions.
Organization of Forces for an area defense
information collection, security, main battle area, reserve and sustainment missions
Tenets and core competencies
initiative, simultaneity, depth, adaptability, endurance, lethality, mobility, and innovation. Shape the Security Environment, Set the Theater, project national power, Combine Arms maneuver in the land, air, maritime, space and Cyber Domanins, Wide Area Security, Cyberspace operations and the land domain, and special operations.
Establish civil control purpose
institute rule of law and stable effective governance
Organizations
institutions with bounded membership, defined goals, established operations, fixed facilities or meeting places, and means of financial or logistic support.
Whole Government
integration of USG w/ a plan that identifies and aligns USG goals, objectives, tasks, and supporting structures w/ designation of lead, primary, coordinating, cooperating and supporting federal agencies
Five Eyes (FVEY)
intelligence alliance, UK, AUS, NZ, CAN, UK, US
Three integrating processes commanders and staffs use in planning defense
intelligence preparation of the battlefield, targeting, and risk management
Stress
internal processors for dealing with a stressor
Realism's core belief
international affairs are a struggle for power among self‐interested states
Combating terrorism
involves actions to oppose terrorism from all threats. It encompasses antiterrorism—defensive measures taken to reduce vulnerability to terrorist acts—and CT—offensive measures to prevent, deter, preempt, and respond to terrorism.
Security Cooperation
involves all DOD interactions with foreign defense establishments to build defense relationships that promote specific US security interests, develop allied and friendly military capabilities for self-defense and multinational operations, and provide US forces with peacetime and contingency access to the HN. a key element of global and theater shaping activities and critical aspect of communication synchronization. GCCs shape their AORs through security cooperation and stability activities by continually employing military forces to complement and support other instruments of national power that typically provide development assistance or humanitarian assistance to PNs.
Antiterrorism
involves defensive measures to reduce the vulnerability of individuals and property to terrorist acts, to include limited response and containment by local military and civilian forces.
Retrograde
involves organized movement away from the enemy
Foreign Humanitarian Assistance (FHA)
is DOD activities, normally in support of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) or DOS, conducted outside the US and its territories to relieve or reduce human suffering, disease, hunger, or privation.
SFA
is DOD's contribution to unified action by the USG to support the development of the capacity and capability of foreign security forces (FSF) and their supporting institutions, to achieve objectives shared by the USG. SFA is conducted with and through FSF.
A strategic attack
is a JFC-directed offensive action against a target—whether military or other—that is selected to achieve national or military strategic objectives. These attacks seek to weaken the enemy's ability or will to engage in conflict or continue an action and as such, could be part of a campaign or major operation, or conducted independently as directed by the President or SecDef.
A cover
is a brigade-level, force-oriented mission that protects the division or corps main body from detection or engagement by enemy forces attempting to delay or disrupt friendly operations. A covering force may be offensive or defensive in nature.
commander's intent
is a clear and concise expression of the purpose of the operation and the military end state that supports mission command, provides focus to the staff, and helps subordinate and supporting commanders act to achieve the commander's desired results without further orders, even when the operation does not unfold as planned
task
is a clearly defined action or activity assigned to an individual or organization.
operational framework
is a cognitive tool used to assist commanders and staffs in clearly visualizing and describing the application of combat power in time, space, purpose, and resources in the concept of operations
Tactical control
is a command authority over assigned or attached forces or commands, or military capability or forces made available for tasking, that is limited to the detailed direction and control of movements or maneuvers within the operational area necessary to accomplish missions or tasks assigned.
Operational control
is a command authority that may be exercised by commanders at any echelon at or below the level of combatant command
Unified Combatant Command
is a command with a broad continuing missions under a single commander and composed of significant assigned components of two or more Military Departments that is established and so designated by the President through SECDEF and with the advice and assistance of the CJCS
infiltration lane
is a control measure that coordinates forward and lateral movement of infiltrating units and fixes fire planning responsibilities
essential element of friendly information
is a critical aspect of a friendly operation that, if known by the enemy, would subsequently compromise, lead to failure, or limit success of the operation and therefore should be protected from enemy detection. Not CCIRs, they have the same priority.
striking force
is a dedicated counterattack force in a mobile defense constituted with the bulk of available combat power
area defense
is a defensive task that concentrates on denying enemy forces access to designated terrain for a specific time rather than destroying the enemy outright. Terrain Focused.
mobile defense
is a defensive task that concentrates on the destruction or defeat of the enemy through a decisive attack by a striking force. Enemey focused. Typically a Division level, because they need a BCT to performing the Striking Force.
retrograde
is a defensive task that involves organized movement away from the enemy
Reconnaissance in force
is a deliberate combat operation designed to discover or test the enemy's strength, dispositions, and reactions or to obtain other information
Battle rhythm
is a deliberate daily cycle of command, staff, and unit activities intended to synchronize current and future operations. Establishes a routine for staff interaction and coordination. Facilitates interaction between the commander, staff, and subordinate units. Facilitates planning by the staff and decisionmaking by the commander.
kill zone
is a designated area on the battlefield where the OPFOR plans to destroy a key enemy target.
route reconnaissance
is a directed effort to obtain detailed information of a specified route and all terrain from which the enemy could influence movement along that route
assailable flank
is a flank exposed to attack or envelopment.
A committed force
is a force in contact with an enemy or deployed on a specific mission or course of action which precludes its employment elsewhere.
An infiltration
is a form of maneuver in which an attacking force conducts undetected movement through or into an area occupied by enemy forces to occupy a position of advantage behind those enemy positions while exposing only small elements to enemy defensive fires.
Envelopment
is a form of maneuver in which an attacking force seeks to avoid the principal enemy defenses by seizing objectives behind those defenses that allow the targeted enemy force to be destroyed in their current positions
frontal attack
is a form of maneuver in which an attacking force seeks to destroy a weaker enemy force or fix a larger enemy force in place over a broad front.
penetration
is a form of maneuver in which an attacking force seeks to rupture enemy defenses on a narrow front to disrupt the defensive system.
turning movement
is a form of maneuver in which the attacking force seeks to avoid the enemy's principle defensive positions by seizing objectives behind the enemy's current positions thereby causing the enemy force to move out of their current positions or divert major forces to meet the threat.
flank attack
is a form of offensive maneuver directed at the flank of an enemy.
Area reconnaissance
is a form of reconnaissance that focuses on obtaining detailed information about the terrain or enemy activity a prescribed area
Zone reconnaissance
is a form of reconnaissance that involves a directed effort to obtain detailed information on all routes, obstacles, terrain, and enemy forces within a zone defined by boundaries
Range of Military Operations
is a fundamental construct that helps relate military activities and operations in scope and purpose. The potential range of military activities and operations extends from military engagement, security cooperation, and deterrence in times of relative peace up through large-scale combat operations.
MNFC
is a generic term applied to a commander who exercises command authority over a military force composed of elements from two or more nations.
decisive point
is a geographic place, specific key event, critical factor, or function that, when acted upon, allows commanders to gain a marked advantage over an adversary or contribute materially to achieving success
flanking position
is a geographical location on the flank of a force from which effective fires can be placed on that flank.
Security assistance
is a group of programs by which the US provides defense articles, military training, and other defense-related services to foreign nations by grant, loan, credit, or cash sales in furtherance of national policies and objectives. Foreign Military Sales, Foreign Military Financing program.
line of operations (LOO)
is a line that defines the directional orientation of a force in time and space in relation to the enemy and links the force with its base of operations and objectives. Think Major Combat Operations.
position of relative advantage
is a location or the establishment of a favorable condition within the area of operations that provides the commander with temporary freedom of action to enhance combat power over an enemy or influence the enemy to accept risk and move to a position of disadvantage.
Mobility -
is a measure of the time required to shift a target's function from one location to another
Army design methodology
is a methodology for applying critical and creative thinking to understand, visualize, and describe problems and approaches to solving them
Adversary
is a party acknowledged as potentially hostile to a friendly party and against which the use of force may be envisaged (JP 3-0).
enemy
is a party identified as hostile against which the use of force is authorized
neutral
is a party identified as neither supporting nor opposing friendly, adversary, or enemy forces.
stakeholder
is a person, organization, or entity who affects or can be affected by actions of the US military. Stakeholders do not necessarily have shared goals or objectives with the US Government or Department of Defense.
Nested concepts
is a planning technique to achieve unity of purpose whereby each succeeding echelon's concept of operations is aligned by purpose with the higher echelons' concept of operations.
planning horizon
is a point in time commanders use to focus the organization's planning efforts to shape future events.
Control of the air
is a prerequisite to success for modern operations or campaigns because it prevents enemy air and missile threats from effectively interfering with operations thus facilitating freedom of action and movement.
priority of support
is a priority set by the commander to ensure a subordinate unit has support in accordance with its relative importance to accomplish the mission.
Mobility
is a quality or capability of military forces which permits them to move from place to place while retaining the ability to fulfill their primary mission
Area security
is a security task conducted to protect friendly forces, installations, routes, and actions within a specified area.
Guard
is a security task to protect the main body by fighting to gain time while also observing and reporting information and preventing enemy ground observation of and direct fire against the main body. Units conducting a guard mission cannot operate independently because they rely upon fires and functional and multifunctional support assets of the main body
operation
is a sequence of tactical actions with a common purpose or unifying theme. An operation may entail the process of carrying on combat, including movement, supply, attack, defense, and maneuvers needed to achieve the objective of any battle or campaign.
campaign
is a series of related major operations aimed at achieving strategic and operational objectives within a given time and space.
The national strategic end state
is a set of strategic objectives typically established by the President and Secretary of Defense when a situation requires the use of military and interagency capabilities. The conclusion of a campaign or operation should result in the achievement of the national strategic end state and the attainment of the strategic objectives.
JSA
is a specific surface area, designated by the JFC as critical, that facilitates protection of joint bases and supports various aspects of joint operations such as LOCs, force projection, movement control, sustainment, C2, airbases/airfields, seaports, and other activities.
concept of operations
is a statement that directs the manner in which subordinate units cooperate to accomplish the mission and establishes the sequence of actions the force will use to achieve the end state. Deep-close-security. Decisive-shaping-sustaining. Main and supporting effort.
General support-reinforcing
is a support relationship assigned to a unit to support the force as a whole and to reinforce another similar-type unit.
Direct support
is a support relationship requiring a force to support another specific force and authorizing it to answer directly to the supported force's request for assistance.
Reinforcing
is a support relationship requiring a force to support another supporting unit. Only like units (for example, artillery to artillery) can be given a reinforcing mission.
Intelligence preparation of the battlefield (IPB)
is a systematic, continuous process of analyzing the threat and other aspects of an operational environment within a specific geographic area. 4 Steps: Define the operational environment. Describe environmental effects on operations. Evaluate the threat. Determine threat courses of action.
engagement
is a tactical conflict, usually between opposing, lower echelon maneuver forces
Counterreconnaissance
is a tactical mission task that encompasses all measures taken by a commander to counter enemy reconnaissance efforts
A defensive task
is a task conducted to defeat an enemy attack, gain time, economize forces, and develop conditions favorable for offensive or stability tasks
offensive task
is a task conducted to defeat and destroy enemy forces and seize terrain, resources, and population centers
Relationship building
is a technique in which leaders build positive rapport and a relationship of mutual trust, making followers more willing to support requests.
box formation
is a unit formation with subordinate elements arranged in a box or square, or two elements up and two elements back.
echelon formation
is a unit formation with subordinate elements arranged on an angle to the left or to the right of the direction of attack (echelon left, echelon right).
Exchange or quid pro quo
is a very common influence tactic. The leader knows the subordinate wants or desires something that is highly valued.
Defeat in detail
is achieved by concentrating overwhelming combat power against separate parts of a force rather than defeating the entire force at once.
Direct Reporting Units
is an Army organization comprised of one or more units with institutional or operational functions, designated by the SECARMY, providing broad general support to the Army in a normally, single, unique discipline not otherwise available elsewhere in the Army. DRUs report directly to a HQDA principal and/or ACOM and operate under the authorities established by the SECARMY. (a) Reporting to the CSA—U.S. Army Test and Evaluation Command (ATEC); U.S. Military Academy (USMA); U.S. Military District of Washington (MDW); and U.S. Army War College (USAWC). (b) Reporting to the Executive Director Army National Military Cemetery—Arlington National Cemetery (ANC) and Soldiers' and Airmen's Home National Cemetery. (c) Reporting to the ASA (M&RA)—U.S. Army Accessions Support Brigade (USAASB). (d) Reporting to Assistant Secretary of the Army (Acquisition, Logistics, and Technology) (ASA (ALT))—U.S. Army Acquisition Support Center (USAASC). (e) Reporting to Chief Information Officer (CIO) (Secretariat and Army Staff)—Second Army (Note: the Commander, U.S. Army Cyber Command is dual-hatted as the Commander, Second Army). (f) Reporting to Deputy Chief of Staff, G-2—U.S. Army Intelligence and Security Command (INSCOM). (g) Reporting to Assistant Chief of Staff for Installation Management (ACSIM)—U.S. Army Installation Management Command (IMCOM). (h) Reporting to The Surgeon General (TSG)—U.S. Army Medical Command (MEDCOM). (i) Reporting to the Chief of Engineers—U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). (j) Reporting to the Provost Marshal General—U.S. Army Criminal Investigation Command (USACIDC).
Information collection
is an activity that synchronizes and integrates the planning and employment of sensors and assets as well as the processing, exploitation, and dissemination of systems in direct support of current and future operations
mission partner
is an agency or other external stakeholder that the US military works with in a specific situation or operation, based on an agreement, commitment or willing arrangement, to advance their mutual interests. Mission partners broadly share mission goals and objectives.
coalition
is an arrangement between two or more nations for common action.
Ingratiation
is an attempt by the leader to make those being influenced feel better about the leader and the request he or she is making.
decisive engagement
is an engagement in which a unit is considered fully committed and cannot maneuver or extricate itself. In the absence of outside assistance, the action must be fought to a conclusion and either won or lost with the forces at hand.
commander's critical information requirement
is an information requirement identified by the commander as being critical to facilitating timely decisionmaking. The two key elements are friendly force information requirements and priority intelligence requirements. Specified by a commander for a specific operation. Applicable only to the commander who specifies it. Situation dependent—directly linked to a current or future mission. Time-sensitive.
priority intelligence requirement
is an intelligence requirement, stated as a priority for intelligence support, that the commander and staff need to understand the adversary or the operational environment
JIACG
is an interagency staff group that establishes regular, timely, and collaborative working relationships between civilian and military operational planners.
military decisionmaking process
is an iterative planning methodology to understand the situation and mission, develop a course of action, and produce an operation plan or order
pursuit
is an offensive task designed to catch or cut off a hostile force attempting to escape, with the aim of destroying it
Movement to contact
is an offensive task designed to develop the situation and establish or regain contact
attack
is an offensive task that destroys or defeats enemy forces, seizes and secures terrain, or both
sustaining operation
is an operation at any echelon that enables the decisive operation or shaping operation by generating or maintaining combat power
NEO
is an operation to evacuate noncombatants and civilians from foreign countries to safe havens or to the US when their lives are endangered by war, civil unrest, or natural disaster.
combat formation
is an ordered arrangement of forces for a specific purpose and describes the general configuration of a unit on the ground
international organization
is an organization created by a formal agreement (e.g., a treaty) between two or more governments on a global, regional, or functional basis to protect and promote national interests shared by member states.
Stability Activities
is an overarching term encompassing various military missions, tasks, and activities conducted outside the US in coordination with other instruments of national power to maintain or reestablish a safe and secure environment and to provide essential governmental services, emergency infrastructure reconstruction, and humanitarian relief.
A threat
is any combination of actors, entities, or forces that have the capability and intent to harm United States forces, United States national interests, or the homeland.
Sanction enforcement
is any operation that employs coercive measures to control the movement of designated items into or out of a nation or specified area. Depending on the geography, sanction enforcement normally involves some combination of air and surface forces. Assigned forces should be capable of complementary mutual support and full communications interoperability.
The SCO
is called by various names (e.g., the Office of Defense Cooperation, the security assistance office/organization, the military group) and is largely determined by the preference of the host country.
Irregular Warfare
is characterized as a violent struggle among state and non-state actors for legitimacy and influence over the relevant population(s).
Traditional warfare
is characterized as a violent struggle for domination between nation-states or coalitions and alliances of nation-states.
Special reconnaissance
is characterized as reconnaissance and surveillance actions conducted as a special operation in hostile, denied, or politically sensitive environments to collect or verify information of strategic or operational significance employing military capabilities not normally found in conventional forces
DCM
is chosen from the ranks of career foreign service officers, through a rigorous selection process, to be the principal deputy to the ambassador.
Objective
is clearly defined, decisive, and attainable. In GEF- and JSCP-directed campaign plans, objectives rather than an end state, define the path of the command's actions in contributing to national objectives.
Collaborative planning
is commanders, subordinate commanders, staffs, and other partners sharing information, knowledge, perceptions, ideas, and concepts regardless of physical location throughout the planning process.
Principles-based ethics
is defined in many ways, but one general definition is that one should not act according to the consequences of an action, but instead according to agreed-upon or settled values and principles.17 Kant states that "the moral worth of an action does not lie in the effect in which is expected from it or in any principle of action which has to borrow its motive from this expected effect." L102RB
Identity Intelligence (I2)
is gathered from identity attributes of individuals, groups, networks, or populations of interest. Regional and global trends have placed greater requirements on the JFC to be able to recognize and differentiate one person from another to support protection and intelligence functions. I2 activities help the joint force protect and control relevant populations. I2 products, such as biometric watch lists and persons of interest overlays, assist US forces, the HN, and PNs to positively identify, track, characterize, and disrupt threat actors.
attack zone
is given to a subordinate unit with an offensive mission, to delineate clearly where forces will be conducting offensive maneuver.
National Strategic Direction
is governed by the Constitution, US law, USG policy regarding internationally recognized law, and the national interest as represented by national security policy.
friendly force information requirement
is information the commander and staff need to understand the status of friendly force and supporting capabilities
Command authority for a MNFC
is negotiated between the participating nations and can vary from nation to nation. Command authority could range from operational control (OPCON), to tactical control (TACON), to designated support relationships, to coordinating authority.
Army forces strike the enemy using offensive action in times, places or manners for which the enemy_____
is not prepared to seize, retain, and exploit the operational initiative.
joint force
is one composed of significant elements, assigned or attached, of two or more Military Departments operating under a single JFC.
Foreign Internal Defense (FID)
is participation by civilian and military agencies of a government in any of the action programs taken by another government or other designated organization to free and protect its society from subversion, lawlessness, insurgency, terrorism, and other threats to its security. FID is an example of USG foreign assistance.
Logistics
is planning and executing the movement and support of forces. Logistics covers the following core functions: supply, maintenance, deployment and distribution, health services, logistic services, engineering, and operational contract support (OCS).
CT
is primarily a special operations core activity and consists of activities and operations taken to neutralize terrorists and their organizations and networks in order to render them incapable of using violence to instill fear and coerce governments or societies to achieve their goals.
DSCA
is provided by US federal military forces, DOD agencies, DOD civilians, DOD contract personnel, DOD component assets, and National Guard forces, when SecDef, in coordination with the governors of the affected states, elects and requests to use those forces in Title 32, USC, status, in response to requests for assistance from civil authorities for domestic emergencies, law enforcement support, and other domestic activities, or from qualifying entities for special events.
USTRANSCOM
is responsible for providing air, land, and sea transportation, terminal management, and aerial refueling to support the global deployment, employment, sustainment, and redeployment of US forces. USTRANSCOM serves as DOD's Mobility Joint Force Provider, DOD's Single Manager for Defense Transportation, and DOD's Single Manager for Patient Movement. USTRANSCOM is also responsible for synchronizing distribution planning for global operations in coordination with other CCMDs, Services, and agencies as directed. Additionally, USTRANSCOM serves as DOD's distribution process owner (DPO) responsible for coordinating and overseeing the DOD distribution system to provide interoperability, synchronization, and alignment of DOD-wide end-to-end distribution.
Operational Initiative
is setting or dictating the terms of action throughout an operation.
DSCA
is support provided by US federal military forces; DOD civilians, DOD contract personnel, DOD component assets, DOD agencies, and National Guard forces (when SecDef, in coordination with the governors of the affected states, elects and requests to use those forces in Title 32, USC status) in response to requests for assistance from civil authorities for domestic emergencies, law enforcement support, and other domestic activities, or from qualifying entities for special events.
support zone
is that area of the battlefield designed to be free of significant enemy action and to permit the effective logistics and administrative support of forces.
Liaison
is that contact or intercommunication maintained between elements of military forces or other agencies to ensure mutual understanding and unity of purpose and action
Fire superiority
is that degree of dominance in the fires of one force over another that permits that force to conduct maneuver at a given time and place without prohibitive interference by the enemy.
Culmination
is that point in time and/or space at which the operation can no longer maintain momentum. Integration and synchronization of sustainment with combat operations can forestall culmination and help commanders control the tempo of their operations.
A reserve
is that portion of a body of troops which is withheld from action at the beginning of an engagement, in order to be available for a decisive movement.
General support
is that support which is given to the supported force as a whole and not to any particular subdivision thereof
disruption zone
is the AOR of the disruption force. It is that geographical area and airspace in which the unit's disruption force will conduct disruption tasks.
The ambassador
is the President's personal representative to the government of the foreign country or to the international organization to which accredited. As such, the ambassador is normally the COM and recommends and implements national policy regarding the foreign country or international organization, and oversees the activities of USG employees in the mission. The COM has authority over all USG personnel in country, except for those under the command of a CCDR, a USG multilateral mission, or an international organization.
Operational Reach
is the ability to achieve success through a well-conceived operational approach
Framing
is the act of building mental models to help individuals understand situations and respond to events.
Task-organizing
is the act of configuring an operating force, support staff, or sustainment package of specific size and composition to meet a unique task or mission
Synchronization
is the arrangement of military actions in time, space, and purpose to produce maximum relative combat power at a decisive place and time
Planning
is the art and science of understanding a situation, envisioning a desired future, and laying out effective ways of bringing that future about
Planning
is the art and science of understanding a situation, envisioning a desired future, and laying out effective ways of bringing that future about. consists of two separate but interrelated components: a conceptual component and a detailed component.
Coordinating Authority
is the authority delegated to a commander or individual for coordinating specific functions and activities involving forces of two or more Military Departments, two or more joint force components, or two or more forces of the same Service (e.g., joint security coordinator exercises coordinating authority for joint security area operations among the component commanders). Coordinating authority may be granted and modified through an MOA to provide unity of effort for operations involving RC and AC forces engaged in interagency activities.
Law of War
is the body of law that regulates both the legal and customary justifications for utilizing force and the conduct of armed hostilities; it is binding on the US and its individual citizens.
function
is the broad, general, and enduring role for which an organization is designed, equipped, and trained.
Global strike
is the capability to rapidly plan and deliver extended-range attacks, limited in duration and scope, to create precision effects against enemy assets in support of national and theater commander objectives. Global strike missions employ lethal and non-lethal capabilities against a wide variety of targets. The UCP assigns CDRUSSTRATCOM the responsibility for global strike. CDRUSTRATCOM plans global strike in full partnership with affected CCDRs. The CJCS or SecDef determines supporting and supported command relationships for execution.
objective
is the clearly defined, decisive, and attainable goal toward which every operation is directed
Strategic direction
is the common thread that integrates and synchronizes the activities of the Joint Staff, combatant commands, Services, and combat support agencies; encompasses the processes and products by which the President, SecDef, and CJCS provide strategic guidance
running estimate
is the continuous assessment of the current situation used to determine if the current operation is proceeding according to the commander's intent and if planned future operations are supportable. Should always include recommendations for upcoming events.
Joint logistics
is the coordinated use, synchronization, and sharing of two or more Military Departments' logistics resources to support the joint force. The joint logistics enterprise (JLEnt) projects and sustains a logistically ready joint force by leveraging Department of Defense (DOD), interagency, nongovernmental agencies, multinational, and industrial resources.
J-2X
is the counter intelligence function
Administrative control
is the direction or exercise of authority over subordinate or other organizations in respect to administration and support, including organization of Service forces, control of resources and equipment, personnel management, unit logistics, individual and unit training, readiness, mobilization, demobilization, discipline, and other matters not included in the operational missions of the subordinate or other organizations
Operational reach
is the distance and duration across which a joint force can successfully employ its military capabilities.
hybrid threat
is the diverse and dynamic combination of regular forces, irregular forces, terrorist forces, or criminal elements unified to achieve mutually benefitting threat effects. Hybrid threats combine traditional forces governed by law, military tradition, and custom with unregulated forces that act with no restrictions on violence or target selection
Tactics
is the employment and ordered arrangement of forces in relation to each other
Flexibility
is the employment of a versatile mix of capabilities, formations, and equipment for conducting operations
Maneuver
is the employment of forces in the OA through movement in combination with fires to achieve a position of advantage in respect to the enemy. Maneuver of forces relative to enemy COGs can be key to the JFC's mission accomplishment. The goal of maneuver is to render opponents incapable of resisting by shattering their morale and physical cohesion (i.e., their ability to fight as an effective, coordinated whole) by moving to a point of advantage to deliver a decisive blow.
Depth
is the extension of operations in time, space, or purpose to achieve definitive results
Piecemeal commitment
is the immediate employment of units in combat as they become available instead of waiting for larger aggregations of units to ensure mass, or the unsynchronized employment of available forces so that their combat power is not employed effectively.
Cueing
is the integration of one or more types of reconnaissance or surveillance systems to provide information that directs follow-on collecting of more detailed information by another system
Concentration
is the massing of overwhelming effects of combat power to achieve a single purpose.
Rational persuasion
is the most common and one of the most effective influencing techniques.
In-theater reconstitution
is the name for the extraordinary actions that commanders take to restore units to a desired level of combat effectiveness commensurate with mission requirements and available resources
Attach
is the placement of units or personnel in an organization where such placement is relatively temporary
close area
is the portion of a commander's area of operations assigned to subordinate maneuver forces. Operations in the close area are operations that are within a subordinate commander's area of operations.
support area
is the portion of the commander's area of operations that is designated to facilitate the positioning, employment, and protection of base sustainment assets required to sustain, enable, and control operations.
deep area
is the portion of the commander's area of operations that is not assigned to subordinate units. Operations in the deep area involve efforts to prevent uncommitted enemy forces from being committed in a coherent manner.
Protection
is the preservation of the effectiveness and survivability of mission-related military and nonmilitary personnel, equipment, facilities, information, and infrastructure deployed or located within or outside the boundaries of a given operational area
the SDO/DATT
is the principal DOD official and representative on country teams. In locations with no SDO/DATT, the chief of the security cooperation organization (SCO) may act as the SDO/DATT. The SDO/DATT is the COM's principal military advisor on defense and national security issues and the senior diplomatically accredited DOD military officer assigned to a US diplomatic mission.
main body
is the principal part of a tactical command or formation. It does not include detached elements of the command, such as advance guards, flank guards, and covering forces.
Terrain management
is the process of allocating terrain by establishing areas of operation, designating assembly areas, and specifying locations for units and activities to deconflict activities that might interfere with each other.
Risk management
is the process of identifying, assessing, and controlling risks arising from operational factors and making decisions that balance risk cost with mission benefits. Steps: Identify Hazards, Assess Hazards to determine risk, Develop controls and make risk decisions, Implement controls, and supervise/evaluate
Targeting
is the process of selecting and prioritizing targets and matching the appropriate response to them, considering operational requirements and capabilities. Steps: Decide, Detect, Deliver, and Assess.
Airspace control
is the process used to increase operational effectiveness by promoting the safe, efficient, and flexible use of airspace
HD
is the protection of US sovereignty, territory, domestic population, and critical defense infrastructure against external threats and aggression or other threats as directed by the President.
HD
is the protection of US sovereignty, territory, domestic population, and critical defense infrastructure against external threats and aggression or other threats as directed by the President. DOD is the federal agency with lead responsibility, supported by other agencies, to defend against external threats and aggression.
Sustainment
is the provision of logistics and personnel services to maintain operations through mission accomplishment and redeployment of the force. Freedom of action, endurance and the ability to extend operational reach.
Joint interdependence
is the purposeful reliance by one Service on another Service's capabilities to maximize complementary and reinforcing effects of both (i.e., synergy), the degree of interdependence varying with specific circumstances.
Tempo
is the rate of speed and rhythm of military operations over time with respect to the enemy reflects rate of military action; controlling or altering that rate is essential for maintaining the initiative
Disarmament
is the reduction of a military establishment (e.g., the number of weapons and troops maintained by a state) to some level set by international agreement. Although disarmament always involves the reduction of military forces or weapons, arms control does not.
mission command warfighting function
is the related tasks and systems that develop and integrate those activities enabling a commander to balance the art of command and the science of control in order to integrate the other warfighting functions.
intelligence warfighting function
is the related tasks and systems that facilitate understanding the enemy, terrain, weather, civil considerations, and other significant aspects of the operations environment.
movement and maneuver warfighting function
is the related tasks and systems that move and employ forces to achieve a position of relative advantage over the enemy and other threats. tasks: Move, Maneuver, Employ direct fires, Occupy an area, Conduct mobility and countermobility, Conduct reconnaissance and surveillance, Employ battlefield obscuration.
protection warfighting function
is the related tasks and systems that preserve the force so the commander can apply maximum combat power to accomplish the mission
fires warfighting function
is the related tasks and systems that provide collective and coordinated use of Army indirect fires, air and missile defense, and joint fires through the targeting process.
sustainment warfighting function
is the related tasks and systems that provide support and services to ensure freedom of action, extend operational reach, and prolong endurance.
alliance
is the relationship that results from a formal agreement between two or more nations for broad, long-term objectives that further the common interests of the members.
center of gravity
is the source of power that provides moral or physical strength, freedom of action, or will to act
Combined arms
is the synchronized and simultaneous application of arms to achieve an effect greater than
Combat power
is the total means of destructive, constructive, and information capabilities that a military unit or formation can apply at a given time.
What is a Capabilities Development Document?
is the warfighter's primary means of defining authoritative, measurable, and/or testable capabilities for the Engineering and Manufacturing phase of an acquisition program.
What is the Capabilities Production Document?
is the warfighter's primary means of providing authoritative and testable capabilities for the Production and Deployment (P&D) phase of an acquisition program.
standardization programs
is to achieve the closest practical cooperation among multinational partners through the efficient use of resources and the reduction of operational, logistic, communications, technical, and procedural obstacles in multinational military operations.
control
is to manage and direct forces and functions consistent with a commander's command authority. Control of forces and functions helps commanders and staffs compute requirements, allocate means, and integrate efforts. Control is necessary to determine the status of organizational effectiveness, identify variance from set standards, and correct deviations from these standards.
Assign
is to place units or personnel in an organization where such placement is relatively permanent, and/or where such organization controls and administers the units or personnel for the primary function, or greater portion of the functions, of the unit or personnel
screen
is to provide early warning to the main body. Provides less protection than guards or covers. Defensive in nature.
employ fires
is to use available weapons and other systems to create a specific effect on a target. Joint fires are those delivered during the employment of forces from two or more components in coordinated action to produce desired results in support of a common objective. Fires typically produce destructive effects, but various other ways and means can be employed with little or no associated physical destruction.
combined arms team
is two or more arms mutually supporting one another, usually consisting of a mixture of infantry, armor, aviation, field artillery, air defense artillery, and engineers.
Parallel planning
is two or more echelons planning for the same operation sharing information sequentially through warning orders from the higher headquarters prior to the higher headquarters publishing their operation plan or operation order.
Reconnaissance Push
is used when commander have a relatively thorough understanding of the OE.
Reconnaissance Pull
is used when commanders are uncertain of the composition and disposition of enemy forces in their AO, information concerining terrain is vague, and time is limited
Mixing
is using two or more different assets to collect against the same intelligence requirement
Redundancy
is using two or more like assets to collect against the same intelligence requirement
battle zone
is where the OPFOR expects to conduct decisive actions.
linkup point
is where two infiltrating elements in the same or different infiltration lanes are scheduled to meet to consolidate before proceeding on with their missions
LandPower Tailored for the Joint Force
it is tailored for any combination of offensive, defensive, and stability or defense support of civil authorities task.
National Security Council (NSC)
it is the principal means for coordinating executive departments and agencies in the development and implementation of national security policy. The statutory members of the council are the President, Vice President, Secretary of State, Secretary of Defense and Secretary of Energy. Advisers: CIA Director, Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff. Created by Law.
Air and Space Operations Center (AOC)
jointly staffed established for planning, directing, and executing joint air operations in support of the JFC's operations or campaign objectives provides operational level C2 of air and space as the focal point for planning, directing, and assessing air and space operations
Jus ad bellum
justice of going to war, politics
Jus in bello
law during war, conduct during war
Lines of Effort
links multiple tasks and missions using the logic of purpose— cause and effect—to focus efforts toward establishing operational and strategic conditions. Essential to operational design when positional references to an enemy or adversary have little relevance, such as in COIN or Stability activities. Valuable tool to achieve unity of effort for MNFs and civilian organizations.
Resilient organizations
maintain the collective capacity to make positive and rapid adjustments in spite of disruptions, stress, danger, and/or adversity.
Direct Authority for Logistics
maintained by the CCDR for assigned forces
A __________________ is a series of tactical actions, such as battles, engagements, and strikes.
major operation
Goal of movement to contact
make initial contact with a small element while retaining enough combat power to develop the situation and mitigate the associated risk. May also include preliminary diversionary actions and preparation fires
A decisive point is a geographic place, specific key event, critical factor, or function that when acted upon, allows the commander to gain a _______________________ over an adversary or contributes materially to achieving ____________________.
marked advantage, success
Joint Targeting Coordination Board
may be either an integrating center for this effort or a JFC-level review mechanism. In either case, it should be composed of representatives from the staff, all components and, if required, their subordinate units. The primary focus of the JTCB is to ensure target priorities, guidance, and the associated desired results link to the JFC's objectives. Briefings conducted at the JTCB should ensure that all components and applicable staff elements coordinate and synchronize targeting efforts with intelligence and operations.
Operational Pause
may be required when a major operation may be reaching the end of its sustainability. Useful tools for obtaining the proper synchronization of sustainment and operations. Primary drawback to operational pauses is that they risk forfeiture of strategic or operational initiative.
Audacity
means boldly executing a simple plan of action
Define Joint Operations - Verify
means military actions conducted by joint forces and those Service forces employed in specified command relationships with each other.
Compel
means to use, or threaten to use lethal force
3 Primary Categories of ROMO
military engagement, security cooperation, and deterrence; crisis response and limited contingency operations; and large-scale combat operations.
5 Principles that Govern the Law of War
military necessity, humanity, distinction, proportionality, and honor
Six Principles of unified land operations
mission command, develop the situation through action, combined arms, adherence to the law of war, establish and maintain security, and create multiple dilemmas for the enemy
The four primary offensive tasks are
movement to contact, attack, exploitation and pursuit
In each form of retrograde, a force ____
moves to another location
Planning guidance
must convey the essence of the commander's visualization, including a description of the operational approach.
Unity of command in the Armed Forces of the United States starts with what?
national strategic direction
parallel command structure
no single force commander is designated. The coalition leadership must develop a means for coordination among the participants to attain unity of effort. This can be accomplished through the use of coordination centers.
Critical Requirements
noun; the conditions, resources, and means that enable a critical capability to become fully operational
Military revolution 5
nuclear weapons and ballistic missile delivery systems; precision recon and strike, stealth, computerization and computer networking of C2, massively increased lethality of conventional munitions
Participation
occurs when the leader asks a follower to take part in a planning, brainstorming, problem solving, consensus building, or decision making process.
Consultation
occurs when the leader asks another person how a mission should be accomplished, a task carried out, or a difficult change implemented.
Collaboration
occurs when the leader offers the resources, equipment, or assistance needed to successfully complete a request.
Apprising
occurs when the leader tells the target how complying with his or her request will benefit the target personally or professionally or both.
Pursuit
offensive task designed to catch or cut off a hostile force attempting to escape, with the aim of destroying it
Attack
offensive task that destroys or defeats enemy forces, seizes and secures terrain, or both
Arranging Operations
often will be a combination of simultaneous and sequential operations to reach the end state conditions with the least cost in personnel and other resources. Commanders consider a variety of factors when determining this arrangement, including geography of the OA, available strategic lift, changes in command structure, force protection, distribution and sustainment capabilities, adversary reinforcement capabilities, and public opinion.
JSPS (products are NMS and JSCP)
one of the primary systems by which the CJCS, in coordination with the other members of the JCS and the CCDRs, accomplishes contingency planning and provides military advice to the President and SecDef and recommendations to the PPBE.
Strategic guidance can be vague, and the commander must interpret and clarify it of the staff. While national leaders and combatant commanders may have a clear strategic perspective of the problem, subordinate joint force commanders and their component commanders often have a better perspective of the situation at ____________ level.
operational
COIN
operations include civilian and military efforts designed to support a government in the military, paramilitary, political, economic, psychological, and civic actions it undertakes to defeat insurgency and address its root causes.
Recovery
operations may be conducted to search for, locate, identify, recover, and return isolated personnel, sensitive equipment, items critical to national security, or human remains
Intergovernmental Organizations (IGO)
organization created by a formal agreement between 2+ governments
Commanders add flexibility to their basic plans by
organizing their defense in depth, retaining reserves, designing counterattack plans, and preparing to assume the offensive
Punctuated Equilibrium
periods of violent change followed by periods of relative calm in which armies had adapted to major changes in their environment
Product of planning
plan or order-a direct action for the future
Four major activities of the operation process
plan, prepare, execute, and assess
Withdrawal operation
planned retrograde operation in which a force in contact disengages from an enemy force and moves in a direction away from the enemy
Common offensive control measures that a commander uses to synchronize the effects of combat power during the conduct of offensive tasks
position, assault time, attack-by-fire position, attack position, axis of advance, direction of attack, final coordination lines, limit of advance, lines of departure, objective, point of departure, probable line of deployment, rally point, support by fire position, and time of attack.
Preparation involves
positioning forces in depth; improving terrain to favor the defense; wargaming plans; integrating available fires into those plans; organizing the force for movement and support ; rehearsing and taking measures to protect the force
assured mobility fundamentals
predict, detect, prevent, avoid, neutralize, and protect support the assured mobility framework.
Objectives
prescribe friendly goals that achieve the end state.
force protection
preserves the joint force's fighting potential in four primary ways. One way uses active defensive measures that protect the joint force, its information, its bases, necessary infrastructure, and LOCs from an enemy attack. Another way uses passive defensive measures that make friendly forces, systems, and facilities difficult to locate, strike, and destroy by reducing the probability of, and minimizing the effects of, damage caused by hostile action without the intention of taking the initiative. The application of technology and procedures to reduce the risk of friendly fire incidents is equally important. Finally, emergency management and response reduce the loss of personnel and capabilities due to isolating events, accidents, health threats, and natural disasters.
Deterrence
prevents adversary action through the presentation of a credible threat of unacceptable counteraction and belief that the cost of the action outweighs the perceived benefits. The nature of deterrent options varies according to the nature of the adversary (e.g., traditional or irregular, state or non-state), the adversary's actions, US national objectives, and other factors. Deterrence stems from an adversary's belief that the opponent's actions have created or can create an unacceptable risk to the adversary's achievement of objectives (i.e., the contemplated action cannot succeed or the costs are too high). Sustained presence contributes to deterrence and promotes a secure environment in which diplomatic, economic, and informational programs designed to reduce the causes of instability can perform as designed. Presence can take the form of forward basing, forward deploying, or pre-positioning assets.
A stability mechanism
primary method through which forces affect civilians in order to attain conditions that support establishing a lasting, stable peace (compel, control, influence, and support)
National Security Council
principal forum for national security policy requiring Presidential determination
Critical Asset List
prioritized list of assets or areas, normally identified by phase of the operation and approved by the joint force commander, that should be defended against air and missile threats;
Branches
provide a range of alternatives often built into the basic plan.
Purpose of establishing civil security
provide safety of host nation and it's population- internal and external threats
Air operations
provide the MNFC with a responsive and flexible means of operational reach. The MNFC can execute deep operations rapidly, striking at decisive points and attacking centers of gravity. Overall MNF air operations will normally be assigned to a multinational force air component commander (MNFACC) (the designation will be based on the type of multinational configuration used in the operation).
Amphibious Objective Area
provides a cut of air, land, sea for an amphibious force to operate
National Military Command System
provides the means by which the President and SecDef can receive warning and intelligence so that accurate and timely decisions can be made, the resources of the Military Services can be applied, military missions can be assigned, and direction can be communicated to CCDRs or the commanders of other commands.
Reconnaissance techniques
push and pull
reconnaissance by fire
reconnaissance elements place direct or indirect fire on positions where there is a reasonable suspicion of enemy occupation. The goal is to cause the enemy to react by moving or returning fire and disclose their disposition or willingness to fight. Use this when: Identifies a natural or manufactured obstacle with suspicion of enemy nearby. Detects an obvious kill zone. Identifies a suspected enemy position that fits the situational template. Determines signs of recent activity (such as track marks or trash). Locates probable enemy bunker complexes.
Arms control agreements
refer to the written or unwritten embodiment of the acceptance of one or more arms control measure by two or more nations. refers to mutually agreed upon and verifiable restraints between states on the research, manufacture, or levels of, and/or locations of, deployment of troops and weapon systems.
Descriptive morality
refers to actual beliefs, customs, principles, and practices of people and cultures. These deal primarily with the concrete moral practices of social groups and are considered cultural facts primary to the identity of a particular group. L102RA
Rationalization
refers to any action that increases the effectiveness of MNFs through more efficient or effective use of defense resources committed to the MNF.
Non-State Actors
refers to any participant in the international system that is not a government but may have an impact on the internationally related decisions or policies of one or more states. Examples are IOs, NGOs, MNCs, the international news media, armed elements attempting to free their territory from external rule or terrorist groups. They can also be individuals.
Social Structure
refers to the relations among groups of persons within a society and involves the arrangement of the parts that constitute society, organization of social positions, and distribution of people within those positions. 1. Races and ethnic groups are key aspects of social culture; 2. Networks may be an important aspect of as well as within insurgent organizations; 3. Groupe collectively engaged to complete a common task are called institutions. 4. JIPOE analysts must understand the dynamic among social groups to include formal relationships, informal relationships, divisions or cleavages, and cross cutting ties; 5. The means in which the subgroups within the cultural landscape communicate and receive information; 6. understand the importance of roles, status and norms within the society; location of police stations and jails.
Simultaneity
refers to the simultaneous application of integrated military and nonmilitary power against the enemy's key capabilities and sources of strength. Also refers to the concurrent conduct of operations at the tactical, operational, and strategic levels.
Ethical theory
refers to the systematic effort to understand moral concepts and justify moral principles and theories. It analyzes key ethical concepts such as right, wrong, and permissible. It also considers sources of moral obligation such as God, human reason, or the desire to be happy. It seeks to establish principles of right behaviors that serve as guides for individuals or groups. L102RA
Tendencies
reflect the inclincation to think or behave in a certain manner; not considered deterministic, but rather model the thoughts or behaviors of relevant actors; help identify the range of possibilities that relevant actors may develop with or without external influence
Information Related Concepts
reinforce and complement on another, and their integration is essential to mission accomplishment
Joint matters
relate to the integrated employment of US military forces in joint operations, including matters relating to: (1) National military strategy (NMS). (2) Deliberate and crisis action planning. (3) Command and control (C2) of joint operations. (4) Unified action with Department of Defense (DOD) and interagency partners. The capacity of the Armed Forces of the United States to operate as a cohesive joint team is a key advantage in any operational environment.
Alliance
relationship that results of a formal agreement (e.g., treaty) between two or more nations for broad, long-term objectives that further the common interests of the members (ex. NATO, Axis of Powers)
FHA operations
relieve or reduce human suffering, disease, hunger, or privation in countries outside the US. These operations are different from foreign assistance primarily because they occur on short notice as a contingency operation to provide aid in specific crises or similar events rather than as more deliberate foreign assistance programs to promote long-term stability.
Legitimate
requests or legitimizing tactics occur when the leader makes requests based on his/her rank, position, or authority.
Means
resources required to carry out the objectives
Tenets of Multi-national Operations
respect, rapport, knowledge of partners, patience, mission focus, and trust and confidence
Mass atrocity
response is military activities conducted to prevent or halt mass atrocities.
Special operations
responsibility will normally be assigned to an MNF special operations component commander or to a TF within the MNF command structure.
Defensive Control Measures
security area, battle handover line, the main battle area with its associated Forward edge of the battle area, and the echelon support area.
Primary physical means for providing security is by the use of a
security force
depth
seeks to overwhelm the enemy throughout the OA, creating competing and simultaneous demands on enemy commanders and resources and contributing to the enemy's speedy defeat.
Defenders seek to ________ the enemy's forces so that selected enemy units or capabilities can be isolated and then ____,____, or ______
separate defeated, destroyed, or neutralized
Ways
sequence of actions to achieve objectives
Geographic Combatant Commander (GCC)
serve as the link between the Multinational Force and USG
The Joint Staff J-3
serves as the DOD joint deployment process owner (JDPO) and is responsible for maintaining the global capability for rapid and decisive military force power projection. As the JDPO, the Joint Staff J-3 is responsible for leading the collaborative efforts of the joint planning and execution community to improve the joint deployment and redeployment processes, while maintaining the overall effectiveness of these processes so that all supported JFCs and supporting DOD components can execute military force power projection more effectively and efficiently.
While strategic, operational or tactical considerations may require defending for a period of time, defeat of the enemy eventually requires ________
shifting to the offense
War
socially sanctioned violence to achieve a political purpose
Center of Gravity (COG)
source of power that provides moral or physical strength, freedom of action, or will to act. exist in an adversarial context involving a clash of moral wills and/or physical strengths.
Difference between a spoiling attack and a counter attack
spoiling attack impairs the ability for the enemy to launch an attack, while a counterattack prevents the enemy from exploiting success
Unity of command
strengthened through adherence to the following C2 tenets: clearly defined authorities, roles, and relationships; mission command; information management and knowledge sharing; communication; timely decision making; coordination mechanisms; battle rhythm discipline; responsive, dependable, and interoperable support systems; situational awareness; and mutual trust.
Stress Behaviors
stress related actions that can be observed by others
integrated command
structure is found in NATO where a strategic commander is designated from a member nation, but the strategic command staff and the commanders and staffs of subordinate commands are of multinational makeup.
Nuclear Command and Control System
supports the Presidential nuclear C2 of the CCMDs in the areas of integrated tactical warning and attack assessment, decision making, decision dissemination, and force management and report back.
Targeting
supports the process of linking the desired effects of fires to actions and tasks at the component level.
multinational environment, unified action
synchronizes, coordinates, and/or integrates multinational operations with the operations of other HN and national government agencies, IGOs (e.g., UN), nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and the private sector in an attempt to achieve unity of effort in the operational area (OA). When working with NATO forces, it can also be referred to as a comprehensive approach.
Coalition
tactics are used when the leader asks for the assistance or support of others to influence the target.
Pressure
tactics include threats, warnings, relentless reminders, persistent demands, constant checking, bothersome micromanagement, and other aggressive behaviors from the leader.
Main feature of offensive tasks is
taking and maintaining the initiative
At the operational level, the JIPOE process supports
target development by determining the anticipated times and locations where adversary targets are expected to appear.
Key Components to a Plan
task organization, mission statement, commander's intent, concept of operations, tasks to subordinate units, coordinating instructions, and control measures
Coalition structures
tend to have less control than those associated with alliances, they are ad hoc arrangements
Force oriented objectives allow greater freedom of action than
terrain oriented objectives
COG Analysis is a key step in the operational design Each COG should be
tested and validated, and Continually updated as the battle progresses.
Ethics
that branch of philosophy that deals with how we ought to live with the idea of the good, and with concepts such as 'right' and 'wrong. L102RA
Resiliency is a individual trait
that influences habitual patterns of individual thoughts, emotions, and behaviors regarding disruptions, stress, danger, and/or adversity which are relatively stable over time.
ARFOR
the Army component and senior Army headquarters of all Army forces assigned or attached to a combatant command, subordinate joint force command, joint functional command, or multinational command. provides administrative and logistics support to all Army forces and retains OPCON over Army units not subordinate to another component of the JTF.
DLA
the DOD executive agent (EA) for subsistence, bulk fuel, construction and barrier materiel, and medical material. DLA provides spares and reparables for weapons systems. DLA also manages a global network of distribution depots that receives, stores, and issues a wide range of commodities owned by the Services,
CCDRs and their staffs can coordinate most of their standing requirements with the ____________ and their JIACG (joint interagency coordination group) (or equivalent organization).
the Deputy Chief of Mission
Hard Power
the Influence that comes from direct military and economic means. Ability to induce another actor to perform or stop performing an action.
Joint Chiefs of Staff
the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff; the Chief of Staff, US Army; the Chief of Naval Operations; the Chief of Staff, US Air Force; the Commandant of the Marine Corps; and the Chief, National Guard Bureau.
Countermeasures -
the ability to counteract the potential disruptive activity of the friendly system through active and passive means
Combined Arms Manuever
the application of the elements of combat power in unified action to **defeat enemy ground forces, to seize, occupy, and defend land areas; and to achieve physical, temporal and psychological advantages over the enemy to seize and exploit the initiative. Physical Advantage-may include the defeat or destruction of enemy forces or the control of key terrain, population centers, or critical resources and enablers
mission command system
the arrangement of personnel, networks, information systems, processes and procedures, and facilities and equipment that enable commanders to conduct operations
Command
the authority that a military commander lawfully exercises over subordinates including authority to assign missions and accountability for their successful completion. Although commanders may delegate authority to accomplish missions, they may not absolve themselves of the responsibility for the attainment of these missions
operational art
the cognitive approach by commanders and staffs - supported by their skill, knowledge, experience, creativity and judgment - to develop strategies, campaigns, and operations to organize and employ military forces by integrating ends, ways, and means
Tactical success occurs when
the commander is able to first visualize the battlefield, understand the implications of existing friendly and enemy dispositions, and take effective action to impost the commander's will on the situation
ADCON
the direction or exercise of authority over subordinate or other organizations with respect to administration and support, including organization of Service forces, control of resources and equipment, personnel management, logistics, individual and unit training, readiness, mobilization, demobilization, discipline, and other matters not included in the operational missions of the subordinate or other organizations. ADCON is synonymous with administration and support responsibilities identified in Title 10, USC. This is the authority necessary to fulfill Military Department statutory responsibilities for administration and support. ADCON may be delegated to and exercised by commanders of Service forces assigned to a CCDR at any echelon at or below the level of Service component command. ADCON is subject to the command authority of CCDRs. ADCON may be delegated to and exercised by commanders of Service commands assigned within Service authorities.
Operational reach
the distance and duration across which a joint force can successfully employ military capabilities. Reach may be constrained by the geography, threats, and environmental conditions in and around the OA.
Mission command
the exercise of authority and direction by the commander using mission orders to enable disciplined initiative within the CDR's intent to empower agile and adaptive leaders in the conduct of ULO
Mission Command
the exercise of authority and direction by the commander using mission orders to enable disciplined initiative within the commander's intent to empower agile and adaptive leader in the conduct of unified land operations.
Philosophy of Mission Command
the exercise of authority and direction by the commander using mission orders to enable disciplined initiative within the commander's intent to empower agile and adaptive leaders in the conduct of unified land operations
Stress Response
the generalized, patterned, unconscious mobilization of the body's natural energy resources when confronted with a demand or stressor
Potential
the inherent ability or capacity for the growth or development of a specific interaction or relationship
Jus Gentium
the law of Peoples
Systems for the CCDR
the many system with which the CCDR operates with
The cognitive dimension of the information environment focuses on
the minds of those who transmit, receive, and respond to information, such as perception of people, factors such as leadership, the populace and leadership.
Dismounted Reconnaissance
the most time consuming method used by ground and air units, but permits the most detailed information collection about the enemy, terrain, civil considerations, and infrastructure. Consider using this when: Stealth is required or security is the primary concern. Time is available. Detailed information is required. The reconnaissance objective is a stationary threat, fixed site, or terrain feature. The unit expects, or has made, enemy contact through visual/electronic means. Reconnaissance vehicles cannot move through an area because of terrain or threat. Terrain creates a 'visual dead space' that prevents optics or sensors use. Vehicles are not available.
Embassy
the nerve center for U.S. affairs inside another nation (HQ of the mission) the headquarters of the U.S. ambassador and his or her staff Located in political capital city of host nation Focal point of IA coordination
Decisive Operation
the operation that directly accomplishes the mission. It determines the outcome of a major operation, battle, or engagement. The decisive operation is the focal point around which commanders design an entire operation.
Vulnerability
the physical susceptibility to damage, disruption, intrusion, interference, or other desired effects.
Joint Strategic Campaign Plan (JSCP)
the primary document in which the CJCS carries out his statutory responsibility for providing unified strategic direction to the Armed Forces. The JSCP provides military strategic and operational guidance to CCDRs, Service Chiefs, CSAs, and applicable DOD agencies for preparation of plans based on current military capabilities. Gives the CCDR a basis to plan.
Leadership
the process of influencing people by providing purpose, direction, and motivation to accomplish the mission and improve the organization
Risk management
the process to identify, assess, and control hazards arising from operational factors and make decisions that balance risk cost with mission benefits. helps commanders preserve lives and resources; avoid, eliminate, or mitigate unnecessary risk; identify feasible and effective control measures where specific standards do not exist; and develop valid COAs.
Strain
the product of accumulated stress, normally expressed in negative terms
DODIN
the set of information capabilities and associated processes to collect, process, store, disseminate, and manage information on demand for warfighters, policy makers, and support personnel, whether interconnected or stand-alone. CO are enabled by the DODIN, and DODIN operations are CO missions
Military End State
the set of required conditions that defines achievement of all military objectives. A point in time and/or circumstances beyond which the President does not require the military instrument of national power as the primary means to achieve remaining national objectives. Determined by JFC.
Combined Arms
the synchronized and simultaneous application of all elements of combat power that together achieve an effect greater than if each element was used separately or sequentially
What is IPB?
the systematic process of analyzing of METT-TC in the AI to determine their effect on operations.
Combined arms warfare is characterized by
the widespread application of highly accurate and lethal weapons, a high degree of tactical mobility, a dynamic nature, rapid situational changes, and the large spatial scope of unit areas of operations
Critical vulnerabilities
those aspects or components of critical requirements that are deficient or vulnerable to direct or indirect attack in a manner achieving decisive or significant results. They have to be linked to CR. Link it explicitly.
Unified Action Partners
those military forces, governmental an nongovernmental organizations, and elemenst of the private sector with whom Army forces plan, coordinate, synchronize, and integrate during the conduct of operations
Transnational Threats
threats to the international system that cross state borders. Two broad categories: Direct threats from human beings (terrorism, organized crime); 2. Threats from impersonal forces (disease and international pandemics, population growth and migration, resource shortfalls)
common fundamental purpose
to achieve or contribute to national objectives.
Assess
to better understand current conditions and determine how the operation is progressing.
Purpose of security
to coordinate and synchronize the defense, to prove early warning, and to begin the process of disrupting the integrity of the enemy attack as early as possible
Purpose of the Offense
to defeat, destroy, or neutralize the enemy force
Joint Doctrine Purpose
to enhance the operational effectiveness of joint forces by providing fundamental principles that guide the employment of US military forces toward a common objective. C301 RB
Aim of the commander in the offense is
to expedite the outcome
MILDEC
to mislead enemy decision makers and commanders and cause them to take specific actions or inactions.
Reasons for conducting a defense include
to regain decisive terrain or deny a vital area to the enemy, to attrit or fix the enemy as a prelude to the offense, in response to surprise action by the enemy, or to increase the enemy's vulnerability by forcing the enemy to concentrate forces
Additional purposes of conducting offensive tasks
to secure decisive terrain, to deprive the enemy of resources, to gain information, to deceive and divert the enemy, to hold the enemy in position, to disrupt his attack and to set the conditions for future successful operations.
"right versus right" dilemmas
truth versus loyalty, individual versus community, short term versus long term, and justice versus mercy. L102RB
Crisis response and limited contingency operations
typically are focused in scope and scale and conducted to achieve a very specific strategic or operational-level objective in an OA.
Risk
unacceptable consequences or chance of failure
What makes Western militaries different
unique ability to change and the power to finance
Consequences-based ethics
utilitarianism, which is closely aligned with the philosopher John Stuart Mill. Ethical decisions determined under this basis are made on the likely consequences or results of the actions. "Decisions are judged by their consequences depending on the results to be maximized-security, happiness, pleasure, dignity, and the like."21 The utility of an action, or how that action produces happiness, is "the ultimate appeal on all ethical questions" that is "grounded on the permanent interests of man" according to Mill. L102RB
Critical Capabilities
verb; considered crucial enablers for a COG to function as such, and are essential to the accomplishment of the adversary's assumed objective(s)
forward defense
when a higher commander directs the commander to retain forward terrain for political, military, economic, and other reasons. Alternatively, a commander may choose to conduct a forward defense when the terrain in that part of the AO—including natural obstacles—favors the defending force because— The best defensive positions are located along the FEBA. Strong natural obstacles are located near the FEBA. Natural EAs occur near the FEBA. Cover and concealment in the rear portion of the AO are limited
Support of governance- when will military support be necessary to support the state
when host nation government can't perform basic civil functions; When supporting governance focus on restoring public administration and resuming public services
ethical dilemmas
when virtues come into conflict with each other or when you have to make a choice that either upholds one "right virtue" or another "right virtue." L102RB
Resilience is a cognitive skill
which may be further developed to assist an individual to positively adapt their thoughts, emotions, and behaviors regarding disruptions stress, danger, and/or adversity.
Contested Norms
will feature adversaries that credibly challenge the rules and agreements that define the international order
Persistent disorder
will involve certain adversaries exploiting the inability of societies to provide functioning, stable, and legitimate governance
Suitability
will the stragy's attainment accomplish the effect desired
Five Forms of Reconnaissance
zone, area, route, reconnaissance by force, and special reconnaissance
War is a human endeavor
—a fundamentally human clash of wills often fought among populations. It is not a mechanical process that can be controlled precisely, or even mostly, by machines, statistics, or laws that cover operations in carefully controlled and predictable environments.
The operational approach is a result of the application of operational art and has three purposes: What are they?
• Basis of the Commander's planning guidance • The model for execution of a campaign or operation • Better understanding of the environment and problem
Marine's Core Competencies - verify
• Conducts persistent forward naval engagement and is always prepared to respond as the Nation's force in readiness. • Employs integrated combined arms across the range of military operations and can operate as part of a joint or multinational force. • Provides forces and specialized detachments for service aboard naval ships, on stations, and for operations ashore. • Conducts joint forcible entry operations from the sea and develops amphibious landing force capabilities and doctrine. • Conducts complex expeditionary operations in the urban littorals and other challenging environments. • Leads joint and multinational operations and enables interagency activities.
JIPOE's Role in Operational Art and Design
• Define and analyze the Operational Environment. • Identify the enemy's likely strategic and operational objectives. • Identify adversary strategic and operational centers of gravity (COG). • Identify broad enemy capabilities. • List the full set of possible enemy courses of action (COA).
What are the Tenets of Unified Land Operations?
• Flexibility • Integration • Lethality • Adaptability • Depth • Synchronization
What are key roles of Dept of State, how can they assist DOD
• Manage U.S. relations with foreign governments, international organizations, and foreign citizens. • Represent the U.S. overseas; convey U.S. policies and information. • Negotiate agreements and treaties. • Coordinate and support U.S. international activities including of other USG agencies. • Promote mutual understanding between U.S. and international people.
Examples of RMA
• Swedish improvements in volley fire, Union use of the railroad, the needle gun
What are the Operational Design Key Components?
• Understand the Operational Environment • Define the Problem-Problem Statement • Operational Approach
