ZOO 3731 EXAM 1

fissure

Narrow slit between adjacent parts of bones through which blood vessels or nerves pass

Connective Tissue Function

connects and supports the body and its organs/ stores energy and fat/ provided immunity

gap junctions

connexins form tiny fluid‐filled tunnels called connexons that connect neighboring cells allowing passage of ions and small molecules

tight junctions

consist of weblike strands proteins that fuse adjacent plasma membranes to seal off passageways between cells

adherens junctions

contain plaque that attaches both to membrane proteins and to microfilaments of cytoskeleton

desmosomes

contain plaque that attaches to intermediate filaments

When the elbow is FLEXED the coronoid process articulates with:

coronoid fossa of the humerus

Cells are continuously shed and replaced by cells from the deeper strata

stratum corneum

Cells are extremely thin, flat and are called corneocytes

stratum corneum

Consists on average of 25 to 30 layers of flattened dead keratinocytes

stratum corneum

____ tissue has significant networks of blood vessels

Connective tissue

Which of the bone feature below is found in the sacrum?

-ala -articular facet -foramen -hiatus -canal

Which of the bone feature below is ONLY found in the cervical vertebrae?

-dens -transverse foramen -smallest centrum when compared to other vertebrae -largest vertebral foramen when compared to other vertebrae

Which of the bone feature below is ONLY found in the lumbar vertebrae?

-largest centrum when compared to other vertebrae -smallest vertebral foramen when compared to other vertebrae

Of the vetebrae bone feature below, choose the ones that are standard features, which means that it belongs to ALL vertebrae (cervical, thoracic and lumbar).

-transverse process -articular facets vertebral foramen

____large amount of extracellular material separates cells that are usually widely scattered

Connective tissue

thoracic

12

coccyx

3-5 fused

lumbar

5

sacral

5 fused

cervical

7

osteoprogenitor cells

Bone stem cells

Osteoclast

Cell that degrades bone

Osteoblast

Cell that deposits/builds bone

Osteocyte

Cell that maintains living bone tissue.

Basic building blocks of all living organisms

Cells

Proximal

Closer to the point of attachment (axial skeleton)

Lamella

Concentric sheets of bone in osteons

exceeded calcium: What effect does this hormone have on the kidneys?

Decreases uptake of calcium

1st step of endrochondral ossification

Development of cartilage model: mesenchymal cells develop into chondroblasts, which form the cartilage model

3rd step of endrochondral ossification

Development of primary ossification center: in diaphysis, bone tissue has replaced most of cartilage

5th step of endrochondral ossification

Development of secondary ossification centers: these occur in the epiphyses of the bone

4th step of endrochondral ossification

Development of the medullary (marrow) cavity: bone breakdown by osteoclasts forms the medullary cavity

______ many cells are tightly packed together with little or no extracellular matrix

Epithelial tissue

always forms surface layers and is not covered by another tissue, except within blood vessels

Epithelial tissue

tissue has no blood vessels

Epithelial tissue

6th step of endrochondral ossification

Formation of articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate: both structures consist of hyaline cartilage

Osteon

Functional unit of compact bone

sulcus

Groove along a bone surface that accommodates a blood vessel, nerve, or tendon

2nd step of endrochondral ossification

Growth of cartilage model: growth occurs by cell division of chondrocytes

Superior

Higher on the body, nearer to the head

Organs that gets rid of waste from blood

Kidneys

Inferior

Lower on the body, farther from the head

Organ system that lets you move

Muscular

crest

Prominent ridge

tuberosity

Rough projection

foramen

Rounded opening through which blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments pass

Shaft

Same as diaphysis

fossa

Shallow depression

spinous process

Sharp, slender projection

facet

Smooth, flat articular surface

condyle

Smooth, rounded articular surface at the end of a bone

Epiphyseal line

The area of bone where the epiphyseal plate used to be between the diaphysis and epiphysis. Was cartilage, in maturity it's bone

Diaphysis

The elongated shaft/body of a long bone

Epiphysis

The ends of the long bone that have articulations with other bones

Periosteum

The connective tissue covering/protecting the outside of bone

Endosteum

The connective tissue layer covering the inside of bone (one cell thick)

Central canal

The space in the center of the osteon to allow blood flow into bone tissue

Medullary cavity

The space inside bone that houses bone marrow

Metaphysis

The widened portion of the diaphysis where bone is added during growth

Cortical bone

Type of bone tissue with few spaces. Harder/denser. Has osteons

Trabecular bone

Type of bone with may spaces. Lighter, organized into trabeculae

head

Usually rounded articular projection supported on the neck of a bone

When the elbow is EXTENDED the coronoid process articulates with

X

When the elbow is FLEXED the olecranon articulates with:

X

Retro peritoneal

behind the peritoneum

Ventral

belly side

abdominopelvic cavity

abdominal cavity pelvic cavity

Mast cells

abundant along blood vessels. They produce histamine, which dilates small blood vessels during inflammation and kills bacteria

Inherited inability of an individual to produce melanin

albinism

Melanin is missing from their hair, eyes, and skin

albinism

Normal amounts of melanocytes

albinism

Vision problems

albinism

frontal

another term used to define coronal plane

horizontal

another term used to define transverse plane

forearm

antebrachial

___, ___ can be found in the right lower quadrant

appendix, cecum

reticular fibers

are made of collagen and glycoproteins. They provide support in blood vessel walls and form branching networks around various cells (fat, smooth muscle, nerve)

A blood vessel that pumps blood away from the heart

artery

hemidesmosomes

attach the epithelial cells to the basement membranegap junctions

Lateral

away from the midline

Distal

away from the point of attachment (axial skeleton)

Deep

away from the surface of the body

armpit

axilla

layer of the basement membrane closer to epithelium

basal lamina

two extracellular layers that form the basement membrane

basal lamina and reticular lamina

Posterior

back of body

cardiovascular

blood vessels, heart, blood

Indicates an increased number of blood cells carrying insufficient oxygen content

blue

skeletal

bones, joints, cartilages

arm

brachial

cranial cavity

brain vertebral column meninges

nervous

brain, nerves, spinal cord, eyes and ears

Indicates either a local or general increase in melanin production by melanocytes

brown

When the elbow is FLEXED the radial head articulates with:

capitulum and radial fossa of the humerus

When the elbow is EXTENDED the radial head articulates with

capitulum of the humerus

3rd step of intramembranous ossification

calcification of extracellular matrix

exceeded calcium: What hormone is secreted to counteract this condition?

calcitonin

wrist

carpal

neck region

cervical

lordosis

cervical and lumbar

System that moves blood and lymph around the body

circulatory

cells that form the reticular are present in this layer

connective tissue

Which of the bone feature below is ONLY found in the thoracic vertebrae

costal facets

Epithelial Tissue function

covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs, cavities and ducts/ mucus secreting cells

hip

coxal

exceeded calcium: What effect do all of these events have on blood calcium levels?

decreases calcium levels

2nd step of intramembranous ossification

deposition of calcium and other mineral salts

___, ___ can be found in the left lower quadrant

descending colon, sigmoid colon

Plasma cells

develop from B lymphocytes. They secrete antibodies that attack and neutralize foreign substances

Macrophages

develop from monocytes and destroy bacteria and cell debris by phagocytosis

Organ system that breaks down food for cells to use

digestive

pharynx

digestive and respiratory

back

dorm

Organ system that regulates growth by producing hormones

endocrine

pancreas

endocrine and digestive

these cells secrete the basal lamina

epithelial

digestive

esophagus, liver, gallbladder, salivary glands, stomach

crista galli

ethmoid

4th step of intramembranous ossification

extracellular matrix develops into trabeculae

os coxa

falt and irregular

thigh

femur

cell junction that holds the epithelial cells to the basement membrane

hemidesmosomes

1st thin layer of epidermis

stratum corneum

these cells secrete collagen to form the reticular lamina

fibroblasts

ribs

flat bone

squamous epithelium

flat cells

6th step of intramembranous ossification

formation of periosteum from peripheral mesenchyme

5th step of intramembranous ossification

formation of spongy bone

Anterior

front of the body

supraorbital foramen

frontal

bone(s) connected by the coronal suture

frontal and parietal

cranial bones

frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid

buttocks

gluteal

big toe

hallux

Organ that pumps blood

heart

Cells present in granulosum

keratinocytes only

endocrine

hypothalamus, adrenal gland, thyroid gland

Organ system that keeps you healthy from disease

immune

lack of calcium: What effect do all of these events have on blood calcium levels?

increases calcium levels

lack of calcium: What effect does this hormone have on the kidneys?

increases uptake of calcium

groin

inguinal

Cells present in lucidum

keratinocytes only

Cells present in stratum basale

keratinocytes, melanocytes, merkel cells, stem cells

vertebrae

irregular

Cells present in corneum

just keratinocytes

Cells present in spinosum

keratinocytes and Langerhan cells

facial bones

lacrimal, maxilla, zygomatic, palatine

proteins present in basal lamina

laminin, collagen, glycoproteins and proteoglycans

Fibroblasts

large flat cells that move through connective tissue and secrete fibers and ground substance

respiratory

larynx, lung, trachea

peritoneum

lines the abdominal cavity

Organ that gets rid of toxins in blood

liver

clavicle

long bone

lower back

lumbar

Organs that help you breathe

lungs

thymus

lymphatic and endocrine

Indicates the presence of carotene, which can result from eating a lot of carrots

orange

1st step of intramembranous ossification

organic extracellular matrix is secreted by osteoblasts

exceeded calcium: What cells, thus, are activated?

osteoblasts

transform into osteocytes

osteoblasts

bone(s) that form(s) the chin

mandible

mandibular condyle

mandible

infraorbital foramen

maxilla

bone(s) that form(s) the hard palate

maxilla and palatine

stratified epithelium

more than one cell

___,___ can be found in the right upper quadrant

most of liver, gallbladder

___, ___ can be found in the left upper quadrant

most of stomach, pancreas

functions in bone resorption

osteoclasts

lack of calcium: What cells, thus, are activated?

osteoclasts

mature bone cell

osteocytes

Organ system that controls muscle movement and your senses

nervous

become osteoblasts

osteoprogenitor cells

bone(s) that contain(s) the foramen magnum

occipital

hypoglossal canal

occipital

When the elbow is EXTENDED the olecranon articulates with

olecranon fossa of the humerus

simple epithelium

one cell layer

Organ system that gives your body structure

skeletal

lack of calcium: What is the name of the gland that secretes this hormone?

parathyroid gland

lack of calcium: What hormone is secreted to counteract this condition?

parathyroid hormone

Dorsal

pertaining to the back

Cephalic

pertaining to the head

sole of foot

plantar

thoracic cavity

pleural cavity mediastinum pericardial cavity

ethmoid

pneumatized bone

thumb

pollen

columnar epithelium

rectangular cells

Is a result of blood vessels in the dermis and a function of the thickness of epidermis.

red

gonads

reproductive and endocrine

Organ system that captures oxygen from the atmosphere

respiratory

layer of the basement membrane closer to the connective tissue

reticular lamina

Bones that protect the heart and lungs

ribcage

transitional epithelium

rounded cells; balloon-shaped cells

muscular

skeletal muscles

coronal

separates the gluteus and the pubis

transverse

separates the heart from the liver

sagittal

separates the right ear from the nose

midsagittal

separates the right eye from the left eye equally

patella

sesamoid bone

carpals

short

tarsals

short and irregular

integumentary

skin, nails, hair, sweat and oil glands

Bone that protects your brain

skull

Serous Membrane

slippery, forms a double layer membrane that lines a specific cavity

Organ that absorbs nutrients from food

small intestine

butterfly shaped bone(s)

sphenoid

sella turcica

sphenoid

lymphatic

spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils

cuboidal epithelium

square cells

exceeded calcium: What effect does this hormone have on bone?

stimulates deposition

lack of calcium: What effect does this hormone have on bone?

stimulates resorption

Organ that contains acid and breaks down food

stomach

Adipocytes

store fats. They are found below the skin and around organs (heart, kidney)

4th thin layer of epidermis

stratum basale

5th thick layer of epidermis

stratum basale

Also referred to as stratum germinativum

stratum basale

Composed of a single row of cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes

stratum basale

Contains scattered intermediate filaments also known as tonofilaments

stratum basale

1st thick layer of epidermis

stratum corneum

Constant exposure of skin to friction stimulates increased cell production and keratin production in this layer, that results in the formation of a callus

stratum corneum

2nd thin layer of epidermis

stratum granulosum

3rd thick layer of epidermis

stratum granulosum

Composed of 3-5 cell layers

stratum granulosum

Keratinocytes start to undergo apoptosis

stratum granulosum

Presence of darkly staining protein granules called keratohyalin

stratum granulosum

Presence of membrane-enclosed lamellar granules that release a lipid-rich secretion

stratum granulosum

2nd thick layer of epidermis

stratum lucidum

Consists of four to six layers of clear, flat, dead keratinocytes that contain large amounts of keratin

stratum lucidum

Present in the thick skin of areas such as the fingertips, palms, and soles

stratum lucidum

3rd thin layer of epidermis

stratum spinosum

4th thick layer of epidermis

stratum spinosum

Appear to be covered with thornlike spines

stratum spinosum

Arranged in 8-10 cell layers of keratinocytes

stratum spinosum

Live, rounded cells with an abundance of tonofilaments, that shrink when prepared for microscopic examination

stratum spinosum

Presence of melanocytes projections in every individual independent of skin color

stratum spinosum

elastic fibers

stretchable but strong fibers made of proteins, elastin, and fibrillin. They are found in skin, blood vessels, and lung tissue

collagen fibers

strong, flexible bundles of the protein collagen, the most abundant protein in your body

head of rib articulates with

superior and inferior costal facets of thoracic vertebrae

Medial

toward the midline/closer to head

Interperitonium

surrounds most abdominal organs

A group of organs working together: organ ________

system

ankle

tarsal

bone(s) that contain(s) the mandibular fossa

temporal

zygomatic process

temporal

Superficial

toward the surface of the body

Caudal

toward the tail

Visceral layer

thin epithelium, covers organs

Parietal layer

thin epithelium, lines walls of cavities, exterior

Membrane

thin tissue that covers/lines/separates/connects structures

kyphosis

thoracic and sacral

exceeded calcium: What is the name of the gland that secretes this hormone?

thyroid gland

Groups of cells with a similar function that work together

tissue

rib tubercle articulates with

transverse costal facets of thoracic vertebrae

When the elbow is EXTENDED the trochlea articulates with

trochlear notch of the ulna

When the elbow is FLEXED the trochlea articulates with:

trochlear notch of the ulna

belly button

umbilical

Organ system that removes waste from your body

urinary

urinary

urinary bladder, kidney, ureter, urethra

reproductive

uterus, prostate, ductus deferens, vagina

Formation of skin patches

vitiligo

Loss of melanocytes may be related to an immune system malfunction in which antibodies attack melanocytes

vitiligo

partial or complete loss of melanocytes

vitiligo

lower portion of the nasal septum

vomer

bone(s) that form(s) the nasal septum

vomer and ethmoid

Neutrophils

white blood cells that migrate to sites of infection that destroy microbes by phagocytosis

Eosinophils

white blood cells that migrate to sites of parasitic infection and allergic responses