ZOO 3731 EXAM 1
fissure
Narrow slit between adjacent parts of bones through which blood vessels or nerves pass
Connective Tissue Function
connects and supports the body and its organs/ stores energy and fat/ provided immunity
gap junctions
connexins form tiny fluid‐filled tunnels called connexons that connect neighboring cells allowing passage of ions and small molecules
tight junctions
consist of weblike strands proteins that fuse adjacent plasma membranes to seal off passageways between cells
adherens junctions
contain plaque that attaches both to membrane proteins and to microfilaments of cytoskeleton
desmosomes
contain plaque that attaches to intermediate filaments
When the elbow is FLEXED the coronoid process articulates with:
coronoid fossa of the humerus
Cells are continuously shed and replaced by cells from the deeper strata
stratum corneum
Cells are extremely thin, flat and are called corneocytes
stratum corneum
Consists on average of 25 to 30 layers of flattened dead keratinocytes
stratum corneum
____ tissue has significant networks of blood vessels
Connective tissue
Which of the bone feature below is found in the sacrum?
-ala -articular facet -foramen -hiatus -canal
Which of the bone feature below is ONLY found in the cervical vertebrae?
-dens -transverse foramen -smallest centrum when compared to other vertebrae -largest vertebral foramen when compared to other vertebrae
Which of the bone feature below is ONLY found in the lumbar vertebrae?
-largest centrum when compared to other vertebrae -smallest vertebral foramen when compared to other vertebrae
Of the vetebrae bone feature below, choose the ones that are standard features, which means that it belongs to ALL vertebrae (cervical, thoracic and lumbar).
-transverse process -articular facets vertebral foramen
____large amount of extracellular material separates cells that are usually widely scattered
Connective tissue
thoracic
12
coccyx
3-5 fused
lumbar
5
sacral
5 fused
cervical
7
osteoprogenitor cells
Bone stem cells
Osteoclast
Cell that degrades bone
Osteoblast
Cell that deposits/builds bone
Osteocyte
Cell that maintains living bone tissue.
Basic building blocks of all living organisms
Cells
Proximal
Closer to the point of attachment (axial skeleton)
Lamella
Concentric sheets of bone in osteons
exceeded calcium: What effect does this hormone have on the kidneys?
Decreases uptake of calcium
1st step of endrochondral ossification
Development of cartilage model: mesenchymal cells develop into chondroblasts, which form the cartilage model
3rd step of endrochondral ossification
Development of primary ossification center: in diaphysis, bone tissue has replaced most of cartilage
5th step of endrochondral ossification
Development of secondary ossification centers: these occur in the epiphyses of the bone
4th step of endrochondral ossification
Development of the medullary (marrow) cavity: bone breakdown by osteoclasts forms the medullary cavity
______ many cells are tightly packed together with little or no extracellular matrix
Epithelial tissue
always forms surface layers and is not covered by another tissue, except within blood vessels
Epithelial tissue
tissue has no blood vessels
Epithelial tissue
6th step of endrochondral ossification
Formation of articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate: both structures consist of hyaline cartilage
Osteon
Functional unit of compact bone
sulcus
Groove along a bone surface that accommodates a blood vessel, nerve, or tendon
2nd step of endrochondral ossification
Growth of cartilage model: growth occurs by cell division of chondrocytes
Superior
Higher on the body, nearer to the head
Organs that gets rid of waste from blood
Kidneys
Inferior
Lower on the body, farther from the head
Organ system that lets you move
Muscular
crest
Prominent ridge
tuberosity
Rough projection
foramen
Rounded opening through which blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments pass
Shaft
Same as diaphysis
fossa
Shallow depression
spinous process
Sharp, slender projection
facet
Smooth, flat articular surface
condyle
Smooth, rounded articular surface at the end of a bone
Epiphyseal line
The area of bone where the epiphyseal plate used to be between the diaphysis and epiphysis. Was cartilage, in maturity it's bone
Diaphysis
The elongated shaft/body of a long bone
Epiphysis
The ends of the long bone that have articulations with other bones
Periosteum
The connective tissue covering/protecting the outside of bone
Endosteum
The connective tissue layer covering the inside of bone (one cell thick)
Central canal
The space in the center of the osteon to allow blood flow into bone tissue
Medullary cavity
The space inside bone that houses bone marrow
Metaphysis
The widened portion of the diaphysis where bone is added during growth
Cortical bone
Type of bone tissue with few spaces. Harder/denser. Has osteons
Trabecular bone
Type of bone with may spaces. Lighter, organized into trabeculae
head
Usually rounded articular projection supported on the neck of a bone
When the elbow is EXTENDED the coronoid process articulates with
X
When the elbow is FLEXED the olecranon articulates with:
X
Retro peritoneal
behind the peritoneum
Ventral
belly side
abdominopelvic cavity
abdominal cavity pelvic cavity
Mast cells
abundant along blood vessels. They produce histamine, which dilates small blood vessels during inflammation and kills bacteria
Inherited inability of an individual to produce melanin
albinism
Melanin is missing from their hair, eyes, and skin
albinism
Normal amounts of melanocytes
albinism
Vision problems
albinism
frontal
another term used to define coronal plane
horizontal
another term used to define transverse plane
forearm
antebrachial
___, ___ can be found in the right lower quadrant
appendix, cecum
reticular fibers
are made of collagen and glycoproteins. They provide support in blood vessel walls and form branching networks around various cells (fat, smooth muscle, nerve)
A blood vessel that pumps blood away from the heart
artery
hemidesmosomes
attach the epithelial cells to the basement membranegap junctions
Lateral
away from the midline
Distal
away from the point of attachment (axial skeleton)
Deep
away from the surface of the body
armpit
axilla
layer of the basement membrane closer to epithelium
basal lamina
two extracellular layers that form the basement membrane
basal lamina and reticular lamina
Posterior
back of body
cardiovascular
blood vessels, heart, blood
Indicates an increased number of blood cells carrying insufficient oxygen content
blue
skeletal
bones, joints, cartilages
arm
brachial
cranial cavity
brain vertebral column meninges
nervous
brain, nerves, spinal cord, eyes and ears
Indicates either a local or general increase in melanin production by melanocytes
brown
When the elbow is FLEXED the radial head articulates with:
capitulum and radial fossa of the humerus
When the elbow is EXTENDED the radial head articulates with
capitulum of the humerus
3rd step of intramembranous ossification
calcification of extracellular matrix
exceeded calcium: What hormone is secreted to counteract this condition?
calcitonin
wrist
carpal
neck region
cervical
lordosis
cervical and lumbar
System that moves blood and lymph around the body
circulatory
cells that form the reticular are present in this layer
connective tissue
Which of the bone feature below is ONLY found in the thoracic vertebrae
costal facets
Epithelial Tissue function
covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs, cavities and ducts/ mucus secreting cells
hip
coxal
exceeded calcium: What effect do all of these events have on blood calcium levels?
decreases calcium levels
2nd step of intramembranous ossification
deposition of calcium and other mineral salts
___, ___ can be found in the left lower quadrant
descending colon, sigmoid colon
Plasma cells
develop from B lymphocytes. They secrete antibodies that attack and neutralize foreign substances
Macrophages
develop from monocytes and destroy bacteria and cell debris by phagocytosis
Organ system that breaks down food for cells to use
digestive
pharynx
digestive and respiratory
back
dorm
Organ system that regulates growth by producing hormones
endocrine
pancreas
endocrine and digestive
these cells secrete the basal lamina
epithelial
digestive
esophagus, liver, gallbladder, salivary glands, stomach
crista galli
ethmoid
4th step of intramembranous ossification
extracellular matrix develops into trabeculae
os coxa
falt and irregular
thigh
femur
cell junction that holds the epithelial cells to the basement membrane
hemidesmosomes
1st thin layer of epidermis
stratum corneum
these cells secrete collagen to form the reticular lamina
fibroblasts
ribs
flat bone
squamous epithelium
flat cells
6th step of intramembranous ossification
formation of periosteum from peripheral mesenchyme
5th step of intramembranous ossification
formation of spongy bone
Anterior
front of the body
supraorbital foramen
frontal
bone(s) connected by the coronal suture
frontal and parietal
cranial bones
frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid
buttocks
gluteal
big toe
hallux
Organ that pumps blood
heart
Cells present in granulosum
keratinocytes only
endocrine
hypothalamus, adrenal gland, thyroid gland
Organ system that keeps you healthy from disease
immune
lack of calcium: What effect do all of these events have on blood calcium levels?
increases calcium levels
lack of calcium: What effect does this hormone have on the kidneys?
increases uptake of calcium
groin
inguinal
Cells present in lucidum
keratinocytes only
Cells present in stratum basale
keratinocytes, melanocytes, merkel cells, stem cells
vertebrae
irregular
Cells present in corneum
just keratinocytes
Cells present in spinosum
keratinocytes and Langerhan cells
facial bones
lacrimal, maxilla, zygomatic, palatine
proteins present in basal lamina
laminin, collagen, glycoproteins and proteoglycans
Fibroblasts
large flat cells that move through connective tissue and secrete fibers and ground substance
respiratory
larynx, lung, trachea
peritoneum
lines the abdominal cavity
Organ that gets rid of toxins in blood
liver
clavicle
long bone
lower back
lumbar
Organs that help you breathe
lungs
thymus
lymphatic and endocrine
Indicates the presence of carotene, which can result from eating a lot of carrots
orange
1st step of intramembranous ossification
organic extracellular matrix is secreted by osteoblasts
exceeded calcium: What cells, thus, are activated?
osteoblasts
transform into osteocytes
osteoblasts
bone(s) that form(s) the chin
mandible
mandibular condyle
mandible
infraorbital foramen
maxilla
bone(s) that form(s) the hard palate
maxilla and palatine
stratified epithelium
more than one cell
___,___ can be found in the right upper quadrant
most of liver, gallbladder
___, ___ can be found in the left upper quadrant
most of stomach, pancreas
functions in bone resorption
osteoclasts
lack of calcium: What cells, thus, are activated?
osteoclasts
mature bone cell
osteocytes
Organ system that controls muscle movement and your senses
nervous
become osteoblasts
osteoprogenitor cells
bone(s) that contain(s) the foramen magnum
occipital
hypoglossal canal
occipital
When the elbow is EXTENDED the olecranon articulates with
olecranon fossa of the humerus
simple epithelium
one cell layer
Organ system that gives your body structure
skeletal
lack of calcium: What is the name of the gland that secretes this hormone?
parathyroid gland
lack of calcium: What hormone is secreted to counteract this condition?
parathyroid hormone
Dorsal
pertaining to the back
Cephalic
pertaining to the head
sole of foot
plantar
thoracic cavity
pleural cavity mediastinum pericardial cavity
ethmoid
pneumatized bone
thumb
pollen
columnar epithelium
rectangular cells
Is a result of blood vessels in the dermis and a function of the thickness of epidermis.
red
gonads
reproductive and endocrine
Organ system that captures oxygen from the atmosphere
respiratory
layer of the basement membrane closer to the connective tissue
reticular lamina
Bones that protect the heart and lungs
ribcage
transitional epithelium
rounded cells; balloon-shaped cells
muscular
skeletal muscles
coronal
separates the gluteus and the pubis
transverse
separates the heart from the liver
sagittal
separates the right ear from the nose
midsagittal
separates the right eye from the left eye equally
patella
sesamoid bone
carpals
short
tarsals
short and irregular
integumentary
skin, nails, hair, sweat and oil glands
Bone that protects your brain
skull
Serous Membrane
slippery, forms a double layer membrane that lines a specific cavity
Organ that absorbs nutrients from food
small intestine
butterfly shaped bone(s)
sphenoid
sella turcica
sphenoid
lymphatic
spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils
cuboidal epithelium
square cells
exceeded calcium: What effect does this hormone have on bone?
stimulates deposition
lack of calcium: What effect does this hormone have on bone?
stimulates resorption
Organ that contains acid and breaks down food
stomach
Adipocytes
store fats. They are found below the skin and around organs (heart, kidney)
4th thin layer of epidermis
stratum basale
5th thick layer of epidermis
stratum basale
Also referred to as stratum germinativum
stratum basale
Composed of a single row of cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes
stratum basale
Contains scattered intermediate filaments also known as tonofilaments
stratum basale
1st thick layer of epidermis
stratum corneum
Constant exposure of skin to friction stimulates increased cell production and keratin production in this layer, that results in the formation of a callus
stratum corneum
2nd thin layer of epidermis
stratum granulosum
3rd thick layer of epidermis
stratum granulosum
Composed of 3-5 cell layers
stratum granulosum
Keratinocytes start to undergo apoptosis
stratum granulosum
Presence of darkly staining protein granules called keratohyalin
stratum granulosum
Presence of membrane-enclosed lamellar granules that release a lipid-rich secretion
stratum granulosum
2nd thick layer of epidermis
stratum lucidum
Consists of four to six layers of clear, flat, dead keratinocytes that contain large amounts of keratin
stratum lucidum
Present in the thick skin of areas such as the fingertips, palms, and soles
stratum lucidum
3rd thin layer of epidermis
stratum spinosum
4th thick layer of epidermis
stratum spinosum
Appear to be covered with thornlike spines
stratum spinosum
Arranged in 8-10 cell layers of keratinocytes
stratum spinosum
Live, rounded cells with an abundance of tonofilaments, that shrink when prepared for microscopic examination
stratum spinosum
Presence of melanocytes projections in every individual independent of skin color
stratum spinosum
elastic fibers
stretchable but strong fibers made of proteins, elastin, and fibrillin. They are found in skin, blood vessels, and lung tissue
collagen fibers
strong, flexible bundles of the protein collagen, the most abundant protein in your body
head of rib articulates with
superior and inferior costal facets of thoracic vertebrae
Medial
toward the midline/closer to head
Interperitonium
surrounds most abdominal organs
A group of organs working together: organ ________
system
ankle
tarsal
bone(s) that contain(s) the mandibular fossa
temporal
zygomatic process
temporal
Superficial
toward the surface of the body
Caudal
toward the tail
Visceral layer
thin epithelium, covers organs
Parietal layer
thin epithelium, lines walls of cavities, exterior
Membrane
thin tissue that covers/lines/separates/connects structures
kyphosis
thoracic and sacral
exceeded calcium: What is the name of the gland that secretes this hormone?
thyroid gland
Groups of cells with a similar function that work together
tissue
rib tubercle articulates with
transverse costal facets of thoracic vertebrae
When the elbow is EXTENDED the trochlea articulates with
trochlear notch of the ulna
When the elbow is FLEXED the trochlea articulates with:
trochlear notch of the ulna
belly button
umbilical
Organ system that removes waste from your body
urinary
urinary
urinary bladder, kidney, ureter, urethra
reproductive
uterus, prostate, ductus deferens, vagina
Formation of skin patches
vitiligo
Loss of melanocytes may be related to an immune system malfunction in which antibodies attack melanocytes
vitiligo
partial or complete loss of melanocytes
vitiligo
lower portion of the nasal septum
vomer
bone(s) that form(s) the nasal septum
vomer and ethmoid
Neutrophils
white blood cells that migrate to sites of infection that destroy microbes by phagocytosis
Eosinophils
white blood cells that migrate to sites of parasitic infection and allergic responses
