02 Cells

Which of these three protein filaments are responsible for the movement of organelles within cells, the formation of the spindle during cell division, the movement of cilia and flagella, and are found at the base of the cilia or flagella? 1) Microtubules 2) Microfilaments 3) Centrioles

1) Microtubules

___________ are organelles that make energy available to the cells. 1) Mitochondria 2) animalcules 3) Unicellular 4) Biocellular

1) Mitochondria Mitochondria are membrane-bound cell organelles (mitochondrion, singular) that generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell's biochemical reactions. Chemical energy produced by the mitochondria is stored in a small molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Mitochondria contain their own small chromosomes

Which type of Endoplasmic Reticulum does not have ribosomes and its function is the synthesis of fatty acids and the detoxification of lipid? 1) Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum 2) Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum 3) Energized Endoplasmic Reticulum 4) Basic Endoplasmic Reticulum

1) Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum It is called "smooth" because it lacks the ribosomes that are attached to the surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

__________ are inside the body of the chloroplast. It contains embedded stacked, disk-like plates that are the site of which the photosynthetic reactions occur. They may also be called thylakoid stacks. 1) grana 2) stroma 3) plaque 4) chloroplasts

1) grana

__________is the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms. also the smallest and most basic unit of structure for all living things 1) Element 2) Cell 3) Atom 4) Neutrons

2) Cell

__________ are membrane-bound compartments that are formed during the process of endocytosis. They are formed when the plasma membrane of a cell surrounds a particle outside the cell. This process allows the cell to absorb larger molecules that otherwise would be unable to pass through the cell membrane. 1) Inner Vesicles 2) Endocytic vesicles 3) Exocytic vesicles 4) cell membrane

2) Endocytic vesicles

Which of these three protein filaments are double-stranded chains of proteins that serve to give structure to the cell? 1) Microtubules 2) Microfilaments 3) Centrioles

2) Microfilaments The main difference between microtubules and microfilaments is that microtubules are long, hollow cylinders, whereas microfilaments are double-stranded helical polymers.

A ________ organism may have many different types of cells that differ in structure to serve different functions 1) Diocellular 2) Multicellular 3) Unicellular 4) Biocellular

2) Multicellular

Which type of Endoplasmic Reticulum has attached ribosomes and is instrumental to protein synthesis. 1) Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum 2) Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum 3) Energized Endoplasmic Reticulum 4) Basic Endoplasmic Reticulum

2) Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

___________ is a term used in biology and chemistry to describe the concentration of solutes in a solution relative to a cell or a living organism. Specifically, it refers to the ability of a solution to cause a cell to either swell or shrink. 1) activation 2) Tonicity 3) Carbohydrates 4) Lipids

2) Tonicity

___________ is a physical quantity that refers to the ability of a system to do work. All living things require it. 1) atoms 2) energy 3) air 4) water

2) energy

The inner liquid portion of the chloroplast is called the ____________. 1) grana 2) stroma 3) plaque 4) chloroplasts

2) stroma

A ___________ is a rigid, protective layer that surrounds the cells of many organisms, including plants, bacteria, fungi. They only occur in plant cells and surround the cell membrane, providing strength and protection for the cell. 1) Cell gate 2) Nuclear membrane 3) Cell wall 4) Nuclear wall

3) Cell wall The cell walls are made up of cellulose and lignin, making them stronger than the cell membrane which is weak and flexible.

Which of these protein filaments have the function of forming new microtubules, and are small, cylindrical organelles found in most eukaryotic cells? They are typically composed of microtubules, which are long, thin, protein filaments that help to maintain the structure of the cell. 1) Microtubules 2) Microfilaments 3) Centrioles

3) Centrioles Centrioles are tubes constructed of a geometrical arrangement of microtubes in a pinwheel shape.

Which of these vacuoles does the specific function of expelling waste and excess water from single-celled organisms? 1) Central vacuole 2) Sap vacuole 3) Contractile vacuole 4) Inner vacuole

3) Contractile vacuole

__________is all the organelles outside the nucleus but within the cell membrane and exist in the cytoplasm. 1) Prokaryotes 2) animalcules 3) Cytoplasmic organelles 4) eukaryotes

3) Cytoplasmic organelles

________________ are packets of material made by either the Golgi or the endoplasmic reticulum. They carry substances that are produced in the cell such as protein. 1) Golgi cells 2) Microfilaments 3) Secretory vesicles 4) Packaged vesicles

3) Secretory vesicles

A single organism consisting of just one cell is __________ 1) Diocellular 2) Multicellular 3) Unicellular 4) Biocellular

3) Unicellular

______________is a jelly-like substance that fills the cells of living organisms, including plants, animals, and bacteria. It is the site where many of the cell's metabolic processes take place, such as protein synthesis, energy production, and cell division. 1) Prokaryotes 2) animalcules 3) cytoplasm 4) eukaryotes

3) cytoplasm It is made up of organelles suspended in the gel-like cytosol. in addition to its metabolic functions, the cytoplasm also plays a role in maintaining the shape of the cell and in facilitating the movement of cellular materials within the cell. It is also involved in various cellular processes such as signaling, cell division, and differentiation.

Which of these cell organelles contain digestive enzymes and break down not needed material within a cell, damaged organelles, or materials that have been absorbed by the cell for use? 1) Cell membrane 2) Ribosomes 3) Golgi 4) Lysosomes

4) Lysosomes The lysosomes are the cell's "garbage disposal."

The nucleus which contains chromosomes can be found in what type of cell? 1) Prokaryotes 2) animalcules 3) Unicellular 4) eukaryotes

4) eukaryotes

All of the following are statements are true about the cytoskeleton, EXCEPT that it: A. is not required for mitosis. B. maintains the cells shape. C. Gives the cell mechanical. support D. Is composed of microtubes and microfilaments. E. is important for cell motility.

A

Grana is/are: A. sacks of membranous sacs B. chloroplast pigments C. fluid found in the chloroplast. D. the space between the inner and outer membrane of chloroplasts. E. the membrane-bound compartment of chloroplasts

A

The cell is the basic unit of function and reproduction, because: A. subcellular components cannot regenerate whole cells. B. cells can move in space. C. Single cells can sometimes produce an entire organism. D. Cells can transform energy to do work. E. A new cell can arise by the fusion of two cells.

A

Within the inner membrane of a chloroplast, stacks of thylakoids are surrounded by: A. stroma fluid B. grana C. chloroplast D. thylakoids E. cristae

A

inorganic compound

A compound that does not contain carbon

Interconnected sacs of membrane suspended in a thick fluid are: A. stroma B. thylakoids C. chlorophyll D. grana E. stomata

B

The overall shape of a cell is determined by its A) cell membrane. B) cytoskeleton. C) nucleus. D) cytosol. E) endoplasmic reticulum.

B.

Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes contain: A. A plasma membrane B. Ribosomes C. A plasma membrane and ribosomes D. Ribosomes and Peroxisomes E. A plasma membrane, ribosomes, and peroxisomes

C

The difference between "free" and "attached" ribosomes is that: 1. Free ribosomes are in the cytoplasm, while attached ribosomes are anchored to the endoplasmic reticulum. 2. Free ribosomes produce proteins in the cytosol, while attached ribosomes produce proteins that are inserted into the ER lumen. 3. Free ribosomes produce proteins that are exported from the cell, while attached ribosomes make proteins for mitochondria and chloroplasts. A. 1 only B. 2 only C. 1 and 2 only D. 1, 2, and 3 E. 1 and 3 only

C

The _________ is a thin, semi-permeable membrane that encloses the contents of a cell and separates it from the external environment.

Cell membrane(Also called plasma membrane) The cell membrane plays a critical role in maintaining the internal environment of the cell, regulating what enters and exits, and communicating with other cells and the external environment.

____________________ is a fundamental principle of biology that states: 1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells. 2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in all living organisms. 3. Cells arise from pre-existing cells.

Cell theory Cell theory is one of the most important concepts in the field of biology, as it provides a framework for understanding the structure, organization, and function of all living organisms.

_____________ pigment molecules are responsible for giving chloroplast its green color. Though the chloroplast also consists of yellow and red but are not visible till fall.

Chlorophyll In the fall, as chloroplasts loses chlorophyll, these pigments are revealed, and they give the leaves their red and yellow colors.

_____________ is a green pigment that is found in most photosynthetic organisms, such as plants, algae, and some bacteria. It is responsible for absorbing light energy from the sun and converting it into chemical energy through the process of photosynthesis.

Chlorophyll It is contained in the grana of the chloroplast

___________ are organelles found in the cells of plants and algae that are responsible for carrying out photosynthesis. They are the site of photosynthesis within plant cells.

Chloroplast

Which of the following organelles are enclosed in a double membrane? 1. nucleus 2. chloroplast 3. mitochondria A. 1 and 2 B. 2 and 3 C. 1 and 3 D. 1, 2, and 3 E. 1 only

D

Membranous structures found in chloroplasts are: A. organelles B. Grana C. stomata D. plasma E. thylakoids

E

RNA is NOT expected to be found in which one of the following structures? A. Nucleus B. Mitochondrion C. Prokaryotic Cell D. Ribosome E. Vacuole

E

Which of the following cannot freely diffuse through the semipermeable membrane? A. water B. small hydrophobic molecules C. small ions D. neutral gas molecules E. glucose

E

A ___________ is a large organization full of folded membranes which is responsible for the delivery of lipids, proteins, fats, and steroids to certain areas within the cytoplasm.

Endoplasmic Reticulum(ER)

The __________ is responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins and lipids ( The workspace for proteins and lipids) that are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and then transported to the parts of the cell where they will be used, or to the cell membrane for secretion from the cell.

Golgi Apparatus The Golgi Apparatus is constructed of folded membranes.

______are tiny, finger-like projections that extend from the surface of some cells, increasing the area available to absorb nutrients.

Microvilli. Microvilli is found in certain types of cells, for example, those involved in absorption ( such as the cells lining the intestine).

___________are small, membrane-bound organelles found in eukaryotic cells. They are often referred to as the "powerhouse" of the cell because they generate the majority of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is used as a source of energy for cellular activities

Mitochondria

____________ Allow the cell to selectively move molecules in and out of the nucleus. also act as gatekeepers, regulating the exchange of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.

Nuclear pores They form a passageway between the inside of the nucleus and the cytoplasm

What are the two main types of cells that make up living organisms on Earth

Prokaryotes and eukaryotes All cell types have a membrane(Cell membrane)

_________ are cellular organelles that are responsible for synthesizing proteins. They are found in all types of cells, including bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic cells. They contain rRNA and protein molecules, and the rRNA molecules provide the catalytic activity for protein synthesis.

Ribosomes Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis within cells.

prokaryote

a cell that doesn't have a nuclei

compound

a substance that is made up of two or more elements

eukaryote

an organism with cells characteristic of all life forms (except primitive microorganisms like bacteria) these cells have a nuclei

organic compound

any compound of carbon and another element

The __________ takes up most of the volume of plant cells, it is surrounded by a membrane and filled with a fluid that stores water and nutrients for the plant's use.

central vacuole

The _________ is a network of protein filaments that provides structural support and enables movement within cells. It is found in all types of cells, including animal, plant, and bacterial cells.

cytoskeleton. The cytoskeleton provides structural support to a cell. 3 types of cytoskeleton( Microtubules, Microfilaments, centrioles)

lipids

fats and oils

chloroplast

it captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into energy

The _____________ is the largest structure in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.

nucleolus The nucleus stores chromatin (DNA plus proteins) in a gel-like substance called the nucleoplasm. A rounded area within the nucleus of the cell.

ribosome

produces proteins from old materials for the cell (protein production factories)

enzymes

protein substances that speed up chemical reactions

cell wall

similar to a normal wall - provides protection and support for the cell

proteins

substances that help build and maintain cells

cell

the basic building blocks of all living things - a microorganism within all living things

cell membrane

the part of the cell that lets things in and out of the cell

Cell theory

the theory that all living things are made of cells

mitochondria

this is the "powerhouse" of the cell -- it produces energy for the cell