1

The Apgar Scale should be used to assess the health of newborns at

1 and 5 minutes after birth.

Babies have as many as ______ neurons when they are born.

100 billion

Organogenesis takes place primarily during the first ______ months of prenatal development.

2

Typical prenatal development lasts how many weeks?

38-40

Low birth weight infants weigh less than ______ at birth.

5 pounds 8 ounces

______ genotype-environment correlations occur when children seek out environments they find compatible and stimulating.

Active (niche-picking)

______ promotes an organism's survival in the natural habitat.

Adaptive behavior

Which of the following statements is NOT an idea held by evolutionary developmental psychologists?

All evolved mechanisms are adaptive in contemporary society.

______ try to figure out what is responsible for the differences among people: genes, environment, or a combination of these.

Behavior geneticists

Which theorist believed that development reflects the influence of five environmental systems?

Bronfenbrenner

______ are threadlike structures made up of strands of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

Chromosomes

Which of the following are true statements about the first stage of birth?

Contractions become more frequent and intense. The cervix dilates to approximately 10 cm.

_____ encompasses the behavior patterns and beliefs that are passed from generation to generation.

Culture

Which of the following is a double-helix shaped molecule that contains genetic information?

DNA

______ is the pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and continues through the human life span.

Development

______ theory states that behavior is tied to evolution, is strongly affected by biological influence, and is characterized by critical or sensitive periods.

Ethological

_______ genotype-environment correlations occur because a child's characteristics elicit certain types of environments.

Evocative

________ control the reproduction of cells and the assembly of proteins.

Genes

Which of the following statements is true about genetic expression?

It is affected by the environment.

According to which perspective does adaptive behavior promote an organism's survival in the natural habitat?

Natural selection

______ occurs around the 23rd prenatal week, when connections between neurons begin to form, a process that continues postnatally.

Neural connectivity

______ genotype-environment correlations occur because biological parents, who are genetically related to the child, provide a rearing environment for the child.

Passive

Which of the following is widely used to decrease the duration of the first stage of labor?

Pitocin

______ theories view development as being primarily the result of unconscious processes.

Psychoanalytic

The father of psychoanalytic theory is

Sigmund Freud

_____ policy is a government's course of action designed to promote the welfare of its citizens.

Social

______ status refers to a person's position within society based on occupational, educational, and economic characteristics.

Socioeconomic

Which of the following is true of the second stage of birth?

The baby's head moves through the birth canal.

True or false: An X-linked disease is more likely to harm men than women.

True

What happens if two events are strongly correlated?

We can make more effective predictions.

When a mutated gene is carried on the X chromosome, the result is called ________.

X linked inheritance

The "nature" part of the nature-nurture issue in development can be described as ______.

a biological and genetic perspective

How long does the postpartum period last?

about 6 weeks

Which of the following prescription drugs can function as teratogens?

acne medications antibiotics synthetic estrogen some antidepressants

In the third stage of birth, the placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes are expelled from the uterus. This stage of birth is called the

afterbirth

The "nurture" portion of the nature-nurture issue in development can be described as

an environmental perspective on how people develop.

Which of the following takes place during the germinal period of prenatal development?

attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall creation of the fertilized egg cell division

Which of the following are related conditions that pose threats to many newborns?

being small for date preterm birth low birth weight

An alternative to evolutionary psychology is a ______ view, in which environmental and biological conditions influence each other.

bidirectional

Investigators seek to determine whether adopted children's characteristics are

biological or environmental.

The main benefit of the case study approach to research is that case studies

can provide an in-depth look at a single person's life.

The growth of the human brain and gaining the experiences necessary to master the complexities of our human society takes place in the extended ________ period of the life span.

childhood

The threadlike structures found in the nucleus of each human cell and made up of deoxyribonucleic acid are called

chromosomes

One thing that the information-processing theory, Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, and Piaget's developmental theory have in common is that they are all ______ theories.

cognitive

The degree to which development involves either gradual change or distinct stages is described as a debate between

continuity and discontinuity.

Both the behavioral and the social cognitive theories emphasize

continuity in development.

Which of the following group's experience is not manipulated in a research study?

control group

A research strategy that simultaneously compares people of different ages is known as the ______ approach.

cross-sectional

Both the behavioral and the social cognitive theories of development assume that

development does not occur in a stage-like fashion.

The process of methylation can change the behavior of genes through ______.

diet exercise biochemical signals

A goal of the Human Genome project was to

discover the location of genes linked to certain functions and developmental outcomes.

According to the epigenetic view, development is

due to heredity and environment each affecting the other.

The neural tube develops out of the embryo's

ectoderm

The inner mass of cells of the blastocyst will eventually develop into the

embryo

The rate of cell differentiation intensifies, the support systems for cells form, and organs appear during which period?

embryonic

The ______ view states that development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and the environment.

epigenetic

According to ______, the presence or absence of certain experiences is especially important during specific time frames called critical periods.

ethologists

Which psychological approach emphasizes the importance of adaption, reproduction, and survival of the fittest in shaping behaviors?

evolutionary psychology

Which of the following has been linked to a lower incidence of preterm delivery?

exercise during pregnancy

Which prenatal period lasts about seven months?

fetal

The prenatal period that lasts about seven months in typical pregnancies, beginning two months after conception, is the ________

fetal period

In the trimester view of prenatal development, both the germinal and embryonic periods of development occur during the

first trimester

The notion that heredity and surroundings interact to influence development is known as the

gene x environment interaction.

The interaction of a specific measured variation in DNA and a specific measured aspect of the environment is known as the

gene × environment interaction (G × E).

What term is used to describe the focus on the interdependence of two or more genes in influencing characteristics, behavior, diseases, and development?

gene-gene interaction

What unit of hereditary information is composed of short segments of DNA?

genes

The period of prenatal development that takes place in the first two weeks after conception is known as the ______ period.

germinal

Prenatal development is divided into what three periods?

germinal embryonic fetal

What is it called when individuals' genes may influence the types of environments to which they are exposed?

heredity-environment correlations

Interpreting the results of adoption and twin studies is difficult because of the complexities of

heredity-environment correlations.

The complete set of developmental instructions for creating proteins that initiate the making of a human organism is the

human genome.

A specific assertion and prediction that can be tested is referred to as a

hypothesis

According to evolutionary psychology, natural selection favors behaviors that

increase reproductive success.

What theory of development emphasizes individuals manipulating, monitoring, and strategizing about information?

information-processing theory

Which of the following are cognitive theories of development?

information-processing theory Piaget's developmental theory Vygotsky's sociocultural theory

Developmentalists believe that biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes _______

interact as people develop.

Vygotsky maintained that development

is inseparable from social and cultural influences

Children who are born preterm have higher rates of which of the following?

language disorder ADHD intellectual disability

The ______ adulthood stage of development is typically the longest.

late

Which of the following outcomes are associated with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders?

learning problems heart problems facial deformities

What type of research involves studying the same people over a period of time, usually several years or more?

longitudinal

Which of the following outcomes are associated with maternal use of caffeine during pregnancy?

low birth weight babies born small for gestational age

Recent studies found that prenatal marijuana exposure was related to lower birth weight and ______ in children.

lower intelligence

Which of the following are components of Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory?

mesosystem exosystem microsystem chronosystem macrosystem

During the germinal period, the zygote is undergoing rapid

mitosis

A(n) ______ gene is marked by cellular damage from an environmental agent such as radiation.

mutated

Environmental agents such as radiation, errors in the cellular machinery, and chance can all lead to a _______

mutated gene

Genetic variability is most important for which of the following processes?

natural selection

A scientist who emphasizes the role of ______ in human development would stress the importance of genetically programmed growth tendencies common among humans.

nature

The ______ tube is the beginning of the formation of the nervous system.

neural

The generation of new neurons that takes place beginning in the fifth prenatal week is known as

neurogenesis

The Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale is performed to assess the baby's ______ competence.

neurological

During prenatal development, what type of cells move to specific locations in the brain and start to become connected?

neurons

A researcher who emphasizes the role of ______ in human development would point to influences such as family, schools, nutrition, accidents, and pollution, among other things.

nurture

In a normal pregnancy, neurogenesis begins

once the neural tube has closed

What two processes underlie Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

organization and adaptation

The process of organ formation during the first two months of prenatal development is referred to as

organogenesis

Which of the following occurs during the embryonic period?

organs begin to appear support systems for cells begin to form

Used to stimulate contractions, Pitocin is the most commonly used synthetic form of the hormone

oxytocin

One potential limitation with using surveys in developmental psychology research is that

participants may answer untruthfully so as to give more socially desirable answers.

According to Scarr, which of the following genotype-environment correlations is more common in the lives of infants and young children?

passive

Observable and measurable characteristics such as height, hair color, and intelligence are aspects of a person's _______

phenotype

Most characteristics are determined by the interaction of many different genes; they are said to be ______ determined.

polygenically

The ______ period lasts from the end of delivery until the mother's body has returned to a nearly prepregnant state (in about six weeks).

postpartum

Infants born three weeks or more before the pregnancy has reached its full term are called _______

premature infants

Which term best describes infants that are born three weeks or more before the pregnancy has reached its full term?

preterm

A government's social policy is the course of action taken by the government to

promote the welfare of the country's citizens.

Genes direct cells to replicate themselves and to assemble

proteins

Genes direct cells to reproduce themselves, whereas ______ are the building blocks of cells.

proteins

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, a child's cognition is ______ different in one stage compared with another.

qualitatively

A dominant gene will override the potential influence of a

recessive gene

The synthetic hormone progestin has been found to be helpful for

reducing the odds of preterm birth.

The ______________ consists of the following steps: conceptualize a process or problem to be studied, collect research data, analyze the data, and draw conclusions.

scientific method

During the ______ stage of birth, the mother bears down hard to push the baby out of her body; this stage typically lasts about an hour.

second

Newborn Amanda gets a total combined score of 2 on the Apgar Scale. This signals

she is in a state of emergency, and she may not survive.

When a woman is or might be pregnant,

she should weigh the risks of undergoing an X-ray.

Which term best describes infants whose birth weight is below normal, compared to what would be expected given their gestational age?

small for date

One problem with surveys and interviews is the tendency of participants to answer in a way they think is

socially acceptable.

Some developmentalists believe that biological inheritance and early childhood experiences are crucial to development and that early traits and characteristics persist throughout life. These developmentalists have a ________ perspective on development.

stability

Any agent that can potentially cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive and behavioral outcomes is referred to as a _______

teratogen

A breech birth occurs when

the baby's buttocks are the first part to emerge from the vagina

Teratology is the field of study that investigates

the causes of birth defects.

Which framework outlines how research in life-span development should be conducted?

the scientific method

The placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes are detached and expelled during the ____ stage of birth.

third

Which of the following is NOT a reason for conducting research in life-span development?

to determine whether development is important

Prenatal development is sometimes described in terms of equal three-month periods called

trimesters

The outer layer of cells that will eventually provide nutrition and support for the embryo is called the

trophoblast

Behavior geneticists use ______ to research the effects of environment and heredity.

twins

Fatty tissues develop, various organ systems function more regularly, and the fetus grows longer and gains about four pounds during the last ______ of pregnancy.

two months

The fertilized egg is called the

zygote